Talk:Afro-Arabs/archive 1

Afro-Arab
What is the origin of this term? Are there significant numbers of individuals and/or communities who self-identify this way? Are there people who don't self-identify this way but are typically so labelled by the larger society they live in? These questions need to be answered here or this article is junk. Right now the article is vague and is making some big claims (like questions of denied Afro Arab identity are responsible for the Sudan genocide...

I am afraid, nobody self identifies with this term, its just an American/British term to categorize and racially split Arabian people.Maybe caused by Afrocentrists? The word is definatly not in use anywhere in the Arab world.African Union? Well......I doubt it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.176.138.3 (talk) 12:50, 17 February 2009 (UTC)

POV, this article is biassed
Yo man. YOM, same guy from arab slave trade, bringing your POV here, drop the POV or i will edit the article. Bringing the conflict in Sudan is completely out of context and un-necessary, this article is about AFRO-ARABS - there are millions. AFRICANS, and ARABS mixed, having intermarriage and children - simple as that. Gmflash
 * What are you talking about? I didn't refer to the conflict in Sudan. The only edits I had on this page were 4 correcting the false claim that Eritreans, Somalis, and Djiboutians were Afro-Arab and including data on the Rashaida (the only Arabs in the region, who are only "Afro-Arab" in the sense that they reside in Africa and are Arabs). I also had one edit reverting an IP removing info about variations in ancestry and appearance of Arabs. So, I think you have my edits confused with those of somebody else. As for the Arab slave trade, the only thing I really did there was to correct info on the slaves coming out of the border regions of Ethiopia and the Arab presence as traders on the coast. I never removed the neutrality tags and the like that you added, so do not confuse my actions with those of others. It's all in the page histories, so you can review them for yourself. &mdash; ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 08:54, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Ok I see, I apologize you didnt put those things in, but you didnt change them either. You were perfectly happy to go along with the biases in both the Arab Slave trade article and this one. Instead of people fixing minor grammar, how about fixing the main source of factual innacuracy and unsourced propaganda? I would rather have a correct, unbiassed article with incorrect grammar than a false, propaganda article with correct grammar. Gmflash 03:35, 5 February 2007 (UTC)


 * I didn't want to get involved in either of those issues because I don't consider myself informed enough to make a good decision. I have my own idea as to what Afro-Arab should refer to, but not enough information on its historical and current usage. Likewise with the name of the eastern slave trade (Arab, Muslim, whatever) and what it's historically been referred to as. &mdash; ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 21:27, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

---
"they have long lost african identities"?? WHO said this? name ONE afro-arab who says they have long lost African identity. This is a contradiction in the nature of AFRO-ARAB, their definition is AFRO - arab, so how can they lose half of their identity. Ofcourse they claim they are ARABS. because they ARE Arabs. They speak ARABIC and have arab blood, but they also have African blood. People in Africa, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East have mixed bloods for thousands of years, resulting in Afro-arabs, afro-berbers, berber arabs, islamic africans, etc. etc. it could go on. just like Black Brazillians, wont say we are black - brazillian, just afro-brazillian, or to a non-brazillian, would not even say that, they wood just say "brazillian" cos they speak Portugese and have brazillian culture and most likely have non-african blood as well (ie. native american or portugese as well). So too, afro-arabs or Africans living in Arab countries adopt arabic culture, (many through Islam), and gradually became Arabic - ie. islamic/arab names. inter-marriage etc.

You are sick. you are exploiting the situation in Sudan to trick black people into hating arabs and "afro-arabs". You are trying to make it out as an arab/afro-arab conspiracy to hate and kill blacks, or at least put people in that frame of mind. But how can this be? Afro-arabs ARE Black. Your arguments are weak and your logic is twisted, wont be tolerated. Get real man, stop being such a damn fool and grow up. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gmflash (talk • contribs).

Bias
"The largest group of Afro-Arabs were acquired through Arab conquest" (?? what does this statement really mean? What is it implying? That Afro-Arabs are some sort of outcast breed? That somehow because they have an arab mix they can no longer be considered African?).Where is the evidence for this? It doesnt even make any grammatical sense. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gmflash (talk • contribs).

Afro Arab
There is another definition of Afro Arab, which is people who are culturally Arab but racially African, like people who have lived in Arabia for thosands of years. Arab isnt a race so i think we need to add this hear because to be Afro-Arab doesnt mean not to be 100% African. Just like African-American most def doesnt mean not to be African.--Halaqah 13:22, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

- Yeh I see what you mean. Yeh, exactly, well "race" is a subjective term in itself, because it can only be measured in comparison to other "races", and this is all arbitrary really. ie. Cavalli-Sforza population genetics study. Arab is not a race as such, definitely a language, but its a collection of similar traits, customs, culture etc. united by the Arabic language, similar to notion of "Latino" in the Americas. but how to phrase this in the article? Gmflash

I disagree. A person who is 100% African is not Afro-Arab. In order to be Afro-Arab you must have Arab blood.

Reverted edits
/Man, where can i start? You havent sourced anything yet your article is making some peculiar claims. That an ancient arabian tribe looked like modern day African Americans?? I dont see why only African American, why not just African? And even so there is no proof for such things, and if there is, provide your source. Also, there is no history of ancient Aryan tribes going into and enslaving people in the Arabian peninsula or Africa, yes they had protectorates, vassal states, but generally people under Persian rule were treated well, ie. Cyrus charter for human rights, the first ever human rights record in history of human civilisation, so that even conquered people would have a chance to live in peace. see - history of Iran. Please dont make such claims as they are offensive. Also,

"present day arabs are a mixture of iranians and tribes of iranians from india and in no way are the ancient arribi(arabs) The ancient arribi were the yaruba tribe. This is why the transliteration name sounds the same because they are the same people and they got kicked out of mecca and crossed into what today is called africa"

This is just ignorance, Arabs and Persians speak a different language, (arabic for arabs, farsi for persians). They have different customs, culture, etc. but share a common religion, Islam. The arabs have inhabited the arabian penisula for recorded history, maybe they werent as light skinned but certainly, since Arabic language is the unifying factor among arabs, it is very likely that there were both light and dark skinned arabs inhabiting the Arabian peninsula since ancient times. ie. Look at Somalians, they speak Arabic, or Arabic-related languages, but are also black, but also share some Arab features as well. As for iranians, they are united by the common language of farsi, and trace their ancestry back to ancient Iranian empires, (Aryans, Cyrus, Darius, etc.) but also probably share ancestry with Arabs, (through Islam), Kurds, Turks, Mongols (Mongol invasions of Iran), and Punjabis (Pakistan, etc.)


 * "They were small and slender and had oval faces with long limbs and slight chin with aquiline nose slanted to round eyes, curly to frizzy kinky hair and black skin to dark brown and brown skin."

This is complete speculation, and rather irrelevant to the article anyway. There is no way you could know or describe how inhabitants of ancient Arabia looked like, especially not to that detail, where is the source>?.


 * Somalis speak Somali, an Afro-Asiatic language that's only distantly related to Arabic. &mdash; ዮም  |  (Yom)  |  Talk  • contribs • Ethiopia 21:30, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

Yes i know somalis speak Somali, however many also speak Arabic as a second langusge (its taught in schools and is a large part of formal literature etc.). The fact that Somali and Arabic are both Afro-Asiatic languages, and many words are shared infact shows that they are closely related, I have Somali friends and when i hear them speak it sounds very much like Arabic, I could not tell the difference between ppl speaking Somali and Arabic.

Gmflash 13:15, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

What large Afro-Arab population does Egypt have?
Egypt doesn't have a sizable Afro-Arab national population along the lines of Mauritania. If it is Nubians that this article meant, then Nubians (by all definitions of the word including self identification) are not Arabs. There are dark skinned Egyptians, but even they are clearly distinct even from the most Arabized Northern Sudanese and they neither self identify as African nor are they identified as such by the rest of the Arab world or by African populations. There is though a small number of people who are clearly of African ancestry, Arabized, and not Nubian, but nothing similar to Mauritania or even Morocco. I have removed reference to Egypt, be my guest to reformat the statement to satisfy above reservations.

On another note, this article is extremely weak. What exactly is the central piece of information it tries to translate? What is the main argument? Is it racial? Because for most Arabs race is marginal to culture and language. So is it history? I recommend this article be deleted or restructured and reworded fundamentally.

--Karkaron 08:31, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Sudan
From my understanding and from the encyclopedias I read, Sudanese people are not afro arabs by the defintion of being mixed with Arab. They said those mixed with arab are about 1% of all arabs however the population does have lots of africans who are of arabic culture.
 * Yes, and Afro-Arab does not only mean people who are mixed, but also black people who identify as Arabs on cultural and linguistic grounds. After all, Arabs are not a race. Funkynusayri (talk) 14:09, 22 March 2008 (UTC)

"The Darfur conflict is among Arab and non-Arab speaking black Africans of many ethnicities in Sudan."

The janjaweed militia is from Darfur. The rebels are from Darfur. They all speak Arabic (and may also speak other languages, depending on tribal affiliation). The conflict is not about race, religion, or ethnicity, because the people fighting amongst one another do not differ in race, religion, or ethnicity. One of the references[] for this statement specifically refers to this "Arab versus African" classification as inaccurate, dangerous, and troubling, so you're basically contradicting your alleged source of information.Shirazness (talk) 06:33, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

This Article is a start
There is little reason to go askew on this topic. While one can discuss the demographics of Sudan, the Darfur conflict could easily dominate and cloud out this topic. It is known that the African presence in North Africa to the Middle East is due to several factors:


 * Salt trade
 * Slave trade
 * Pilgrimages

A good study of Afro-Arabs can be done by studying those in Iraq and Saudi Arabia. There were several detailed reports in the news over the last two years of Afro-Arabs in Iraq. Also Saudi soccer player Reda Tukar who is of Nigerian descent (2nd or 3rd generation). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.231.240.106 (talk) 06:15, 10 September 2008 (UTC)

Afro-Arabs???
Mostly of Egyptians, Algerians, Libyans, Moroccans, etc...are arabs (because they speak arab) and Africans (because they were born in the african continent) and are not black. This article should be renamed "black arab". —Preceding unsigned comment added by MucosoPucoso (talk • contribs) 07:10, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * yes, caucasoids of northern africa are africans, because not are blacks; in the middle brain, all africans are blacks, but it´s not is the reality..in africa have diversity of races; in anciet madagascar have mongoloid race of southeast asia, in anciet north africa whites, etc..)!the colonial france destroied the mongoloids of madagascar with black slaves (genomic genocide) and the berbers via false borders..  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.64.33.193 (talk) 19:44, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Changes done
I tried to improve the article by removing the irrelevant Darfur issues which had nothing to do with this subject.The darfur issue has its own wikipedia article.I also added, that Afro-Arab may actually mean an Arab of full or partly African ancestry, but also an African of full or partly Arabian ancestry.Please do not try to impose United States racial standards upon the people of Africa and Arabia.Those that may be conidered "black" in the US might be considered "white" on the Arabian Peninsula".Personally I find, there is much less "colour awareness" in Saudi Arabia then in India for example.Even if people of different skin tone do not often marry. Please note that not all dark skinned Arabs are of recent African ancestry, even if they got black skin and frizzy hair.Some dark skinned groups may actually represent ancient indigenous people of Arabia, of which ALL Arabs are a to some extend more or less a mixture. Arabs are not a race but a mix of a multitude of races. I also added two more sections linking to the Zunj rebellion and Antar Ibn Al Shaddad, a famous "Afro-Arab" hero of pre-islamic times.If nobody objects, I will remove the neutrality tag and the expansion tag ???. Please comment.

White Arabs?
Where is that article? How can it go one way? Most Arabs have African in them anyway so this title is null and void. Whites have been mixed in with Arab-related peoples which INCLUDES African, so where is that article? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.28.89.86 (talk) 15:53, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

this is the biggest joke i've never heard there is no arab who have african in them ! arabs are native indigenous semitic haplogroup J1 & J2 people they have nothing in comon and deal with african ! dont mix african with arab total different people,race culture,langage the only arab people who have african blood are not arab they are african slave desecnt living in the middle east or north africa ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.196.180.177 (talk) 15:01, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Afro-Arab=Arab
The modern Arabs are not a race but a multi-racial, broad ethnicity. If you were going to talk about Afro-Arabs, you have also to talk about Persian-Arabs, Aramean-Arabs, Hellenic and Roman Arabs, Coptic Arabs, Berber Arabs, Kurdish Arabs, Turkic Arabs, Indian-Arabs, etc. But no body talks about Arabs this way.


 * no, afro-arabs are arabs only in the culture, because not in the etnicity or race; are mullatoes of the arab expansion in the middle ages with black female slaves..ao contrario dos judeus em que a identidade se passa por via matrilinear, os arabes adotam a via patrilinear, enquanto a uma gota dos eua e mesmo as leis de nuremberg adotam ambas as vias.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.64.33.193 (talk) 20:03, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

biggest joke i've never heard ! there is nothing called turkic arabs or coptic arabs ahhaah !: arabs are a race an ethnic group of native people of the middle east ! turkic are central asian people,persian have nothing in common with arabs and kurdish have nothing to do with arabs you are the most idiot personn i've never saw ! roman arabs ahahahah or berber arabs ! you'll never see a berber saying that he is an arab !

the afro arabs are african descent people who live among the arabs ! arab is not multi racial arabs is uniracial there is only one type of arab.

Obama?
Should Obama be mentioned somewhere here? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.221.92.43 (talk) 02:28, 1 April 2010 (UTC)


 * he may have arab blood but kenya is not an arabic state culturally speaking or there is no arab identified people. so for me its a no. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ImASupaStar (talk • contribs) 00:51, 2 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Obama has nothing to do with Afro Arabs. He has an Arab name, but that is because of his father being a Muslim. FunkMonk (talk) 10:38, 2 April 2010 (UTC)


 * obama is a afro-arab.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.64.33.193 (talk) 19:51, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Zanj Revolt?
This part is useless so i think its better delete it cause it only concerns the Black Iraqis —Preceding unsigned comment added by ImASupaStar (talk • contribs) 01:09, 4 April 2010 (UTC)

Arab is defiantly a Race
'''Ancient Arabs were Semitic and that makes present day Arab ( particularly Arabs living in the peninsula AKA Arabians ) Semitic too not black or a mixed, and that BTW had been proven genetically and genealogically if u ppl think that black ppl are Arabs just because they speak Arabic then you must be stupid, YES there is something called afro-Arab. Arabs might not use this term but they defiantly act like it.'''
 * Semitic is a language family, not a race. FunkMonk (talk) 21:28, 25 April 2010 (UTC)


 * semitic is a etno-family, with semitic languages and east-mediterranean race armenoid and araboid.. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 187.64.33.193 (talk) 19:50, 26 August 2010 (UTC)

Actually I would wager that Arab doesnt exist anymore as a distinct race. Arabs have historically had a low population to begin with, and secondly, Islam and its Hajj pilgrimage requirement has mandated that people from as far away as Nigeria, Pakistan, India, China etc go to Mecca once during their lifetime. There have been literally billions of non-arabs moving into and out of Arabia/Mecca during the past 1400 years. Surely many of them chose to stay, or married a Arab during Hajj...The phenotype of many "arabs" definitely shows that to be the case...coastal "arabs" on the Red Sea tend to be almost black, while many coastal "Arabs" on the Indian Ocean side have a Indian type of look. 107.222.205.242 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 23:14, 20 April 2014 (UTC)
 * The above ip is correct, Maybe long time ago it "meant" something but today it is certainly not a race or even an true ethnic group like being Hausa or Zulu. It is almost as weakly grouped as being Jewish.--Inayity (talk) 16:16, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

I have never heard of such rubbish in my life. There is no term called Afro-Arab! As the person above said, the Arabs are a distinct Race. They trace themselves to the Arab tribes. These tribes are well known Semitic tribes. The blacks in Saudi Arabia are mainly pilgrims who decided to stay remain in Arabia or the remnants of the freed slaves. They are not ethnically Arab, they are children of black African parents. They are culturally Arab yes and so are all the other blacks who live in Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa. But they do not call themselves "Afro-Arabs", that is a made up term that is not aknowledged by Arabs or the West.

There are pure Arabs, if you want to use such a term. The Arabs of central Arabia rarely mixed with any other people. Yes some of the coastal people of Arabia and North Africa did mix with other people, but they are a minority and in most cases the majority of their genetic makeup is Arab, like 75% or 80% or 90% Arab, so these people are for all intents and purposes Arab, not Persian or Arab. The Indian or the Persian or the Asian looking people on the East Coast of Arabia, are not Arabs, they are the remnants of immigrants, many of whom have been living in Arabia for 100 years or so and who were given citizenship years ago. But that doesn't make them ethnic Arabs. Actually the only Asian looking Arabs in Eastern Arabia are those who have a little African heritage, like 10% or 15% African heritage and 85% or 90% Arab heritage, as an example. As for those in Western Arabia, they are mostly pure Africans and hence they are not ethnic Arabs.

The average, Moroccan, Egyptian and Yemeni has about 10% African heritage according to DNA samples, this just means you will find a the majority of people with around this amount of African heritage, with some having less than this amount and others having more than this amount. But either way, they are Arabs, calling them anything else would be ludicrous. Using the term "Afro-Arab" is also stupid, because no Arab country ever uses such a term nor would they ever. Southern Europeans show traces of African heritage, but they would never dream of calling themselves as Afro-Europeans, neither would the North African countries use the word Afro as a prefix to describe their race, that would be stupidity, despite the fact that they have more African ancestry than Southern Europeans. As for the blacks in Arab countries, they are ethnic blacks, children of black fathers and black mothers, so they don't have Arab heritage. These people are culturally Arabs, but they are not ethnic Arabs and even calling them Afro-Arabs would be stupid. Nobody calls them that and they do not call themselves that name.

Just because different races have small traces of other races in their genetic makeup, does not make them a part of the race, where that little genetic trace is from. In fact most races are not 100% pure. So should we start calling Africans who have 10% or 15% White European heritage, European Africans or Caucasian Africans? Would they like that? No, most Africans would not like that at all and they would rightly find such a suggestion as stupid and insulting in many cases. The bottom line is the term Afro-Arab is made up and it has no legitemacy as it is not used by anyone in the Arab world or in the West. This word is not even officially recognised. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.163.113.79 (talk) 05:21, 16 December 2019 (UTC)

Comorians are notAfro-Arabs in this sense
Comorians have Arab heritage but they would better be included in their own heritage or possibly the Swahili tribe.Domsta333 (talk) 08:29, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Ethnic Black (AlSud) VS Ethnic Arab Skin Color
This article describes dark skin north African ethnic groups as Black!!! it's true there are very few minorities have Sub-Saharan roots. But ethnic group like Amazigh, Arab, Coptic are still living in North Africa and in these cultures the genealogy is passed on the fathers side, so that doesn't make them ethnic Black. for instance in Egypt you can find ethnic Arabs (Bedouin) in Sinai and Upper Egypt, ethnic Coptic (Muslims and Christians) the majority, Ethnic Amazigh in Siwa Oasis and Ethnic Nubian in Nubian Lake, and each ethnic group is distinguish and proud of their culture, so no ones can really propose to call all these people Afro Arab (Al'Arab Al Sud) although they are living in Africa continent
 * Moreover in Pre Islamic Arabia there were numerous dark skin ethnic Arabs from Arab peninsula both Adnani And Qahtani, i.e: Ali Ibn Abi Taleb, Abd Allah al Nafs al Zakiyya, Mussa Bin Abdullah al Akmel and Azd, So basically the American one drop rule is not valid in MENA region. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.96.33.51 (talk) 06:55, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

lol since when ! the only dark skin people in arabian were the ethiopian slave! pre islamic arabs were still white/light skinned people as you can see the all the king or emirats,sultante are white skinned ! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.196.180.177 (talk) 14:56, 22 December 2013 (UTC)

Arabs were never white people, none of the sheikhs or kings fit the definition of "white." Pure Arabs are brown/dark skinned people. Akmal94 (talk) 19:33, 28 November 2016 (UTC)
 * @Akmal94 If tanned skin in the year-round scorching sun in a desert climate makes Arabs "non-white", then ONLY albinos can be considered "white people". HernánCortés1518 (talk) 15:18, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * White= Europeans
 * Period. And black people aren't technically white since they aren't as dark as charcoal. They are dark brown. Akmal94 (talk) 01:23, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * White= Europeans
 * Period.
 * And black people aren't technically black since they aren't as dark as charcoal. They are dark brown. Akmal94 (talk) 01:24, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Blackness and Whiteness are social constructs, meaning that in each society the perception of who is "Black" and who "White" depends on the specific ideas of that society. Rsk6400 (talk) 05:42, 13 August 2022 (UTC)

Arabs and Arabic in Africa
Africa

Madagascar

Islam in Madagascar

Arabic in Madagascar Kees Versteegh Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 64, No. 2 (2001), pp. 177-187 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657667

http://www.mohamedrabeea.com/books/book1_357.pdf

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/64617/wdg_1.pdf?sequence=1

http://archive.org/stream/jstor-1799385/1799385_djvu.txt

http://archive.org/stream/jstor-3025257/3025257_djvu.txt

http://archive.org/stream/jstor-3025288/3025288_djvu.txt

https://www.zotero.org/groups/substratejiljadid/items/itemKey/EJZIFEXK

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=85469

Rashaida

http://www.madote.com/2010/02/eritrea-rashaida-people.html

http://ancienthistoricalsociety.com.thesacredsociety.org/RashaidaTribe.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZrA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA345#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=djERCIDRnlQC&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=iIeCt3E3OiYC&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=SYsgpIc3mrsC&pg=PA438#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=54gyRnhIugkC&pg=PA195#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://campusweb.howardcc.edu/salih/culture/Arabic_2-7_Robert_Perdue-Rashayyida_Bedu.pdf

http://www.fao.org/ag/aga/agap/frg/feedback/war/u6600b/u6600b0s.htm

http://ethiopianewsforum.com/viewtopic.php?t=14758

http://www.shabait.com/about-eritrea/eritrea-at-a-glance/49-eritrea-at-a-glance

http://books.google.com/books?id=d33CuhKeiFAC&pg=PA87#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP-03-Eastern-Front.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZOr27Q84js4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7YwBn2zioY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k2-e4ikElrs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y47SQiajtnc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PhpFXxP04qE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4oM9wRZ8SA

http://www.familytreedna.com/public/alrashaidatribe/default.aspx?section=yresults

Yemeni Adeni Arabs in Eritrea

http://www.madote.com/2010/04/adeni-arabs-of-eritrea.html

Baggara Shuwa Arabs

http://books.google.com/books?id=_SQqNlHA5hsC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.academia.edu/2558357/Migrations_Ethnogenesis_and_Settlement_Dynamics_Israelites_in_Iron_Age_Canaan_and_Shuwa-Arabs_in_the_Chad_Basin

http://www.academia.edu/2992628/Shuwa-Arab_Economics_Livestock_Management_and_Animal_Consumption

http://cnp.nonuniv.ox.ac.uk/pdf/NP_journal_back_issues/Strategies_of_environmental_adapation_and_patterns_of_transhumanance_U_Braukamper.pdf

http://ils.uofk.edu:8001/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=10475

http://search.library.wisc.edu/items/T4WNCSG6VCY2D8L

http://books.google.com/books?id=-QAJ0iu5PUQC&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=FFU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA119#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ZDCinRX01F8C&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=UU50AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA403#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=aWS7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://web.archive.org/web/20070629050127/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/volltexte/2006/3631/pdf/UDO_1993.pdf

https://sites.google.com/site/adaptationtoclimatechange/Home/the-shuwa-arabs

http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Kanem-Bornu.html

From the Nile Valley to the Chad Basin: Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa Arab Settlements

http://biblio.ebaf.edu/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=198364

http://books.google.com/books?id=_SQqNlHA5hsC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=From+the+Nile+Valley+to+the+Chad+Basin:+Ethnoarchaeology+of+Shuwa+Arab+Settlements&source=bl&ots=W4A_zXRGYb&sig=myhUhYYApzYHMyGafW71JaR1slo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HMY-VPv1INKHsQSp8YHIBA&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Nile%20Valley%20to%20the%20Chad%20Basin%3A%20Ethnoarchaeology%20of%20Shuwa%20Arab%20Settlements&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=frC8SAu9QxQC&pg=PA421&lpg=PA421&dq=From+the+Nile+Valley+to+the+Chad+Basin:+Ethnoarchaeology+of+Shuwa+Arab+Settlements&source=bl&ots=nshzrNB0-H&sig=LoET31Cr6wQcjZG5XZUk9XWS3p0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HMY-VPv1INKHsQSp8YHIBA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Nile%20Valley%20to%20the%20Chad%20Basin%3A%20Ethnoarchaeology%20of%20Shuwa%20Arab%20Settlements&f=false

http://www.mae.u-paris10.fr/prehistoire/IMG/pdf/DOAB_7_02_Holl_screen.pdf

http://www.academia.edu/2992628/Shuwa-Arab_Economics_Livestock_Management_and_Animal_Consumption

http://www.academia.edu/2558357/Migrations_Ethnogenesis_and_Settlement_Dynamics_Israelites_in_Iron_Age_Canaan_and_Shuwa-Arabs_in_the_Chad_Basin

http://books.google.com/books?id=O8FNOpalzU4C&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119&dq=From+the+Nile+Valley+to+the+Chad+Basin:+Ethnoarchaeology+of+Shuwa+Arab+Settlements&source=bl&ots=AFeRCZbhdd&sig=sfZadWhFery_VDhOt24Jmo_ld_o&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HMY-VPv1INKHsQSp8YHIBA&ved=0CDAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=From%20the%20Nile%20Valley%20to%20the%20Chad%20Basin%3A%20Ethnoarchaeology%20of%20Shuwa%20Arab%20Settlements&f=false

https://www.logos.com/product/38021/biblical-archaeologist-near-eastern-archaeology

From the Nile Valley to the Chad Basin: Ethnoarchaeology of Shuwa Arab Settlements Augustin F. C. Holl and Thomas E. Levy The Biblical Archaeologist Vol. 56, No. 4, Nomadic Pastoralism: Past and Present (Dec., 1993), pp. 166-179 Published by: The American Schools of Oriental Research Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3210370

https://www.koeppe.de/titel_details.php?id=202

Arabs and Arabic in the Lake Chad Region by Jonathan Owens Catherine Miller Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer, 1996), pp. 383-386 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028942

http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3732628&fileId=S0041977X00031797

http://www.amazon.com/Arabic-Region-Sprache-Geschichte-Afrika/dp/3927620238

http://books.google.com/books?id=DbdBAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=Arabs+and+Arabic+in+the+Lake+Chad+Region+by+Jonathan+Owens&source=bl&ots=KPyXWkBAPp&sig=i9RQ-WSht8HjqbfU6GSuhoyDcfk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Gc4-VOpIkOOwBNCqgogD&ved=0CCsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Arabs%20and%20Arabic%20in%20the%20Lake%20Chad%20Region%20by%20Jonathan%20Owens&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=dVUiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260&lpg=PA260&dq=Arabs+and+Arabic+in+the+Lake+Chad+Region+by+Jonathan+Owens&source=bl&ots=J_4rujKx9F&sig=7GGB6NcuWXA1zPPQm9N3w1784ek&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Gc4-VOpIkOOwBNCqgogD&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Arabs%20and%20Arabic%20in%20the%20Lake%20Chad%20Region%20by%20Jonathan%20Owens&f=false

http://www.academia.edu/7551378/West_Sudanic_Arabic_by_Jonathan_Owens_and_Jidda_hassan

http://books.google.com/books?id=hJBqfgl1nZYC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Arabs+and+Arabic+in+the+Lake+Chad+Region+by+Jonathan+Owens&source=bl&ots=4w_rI7KfaE&sig=Fzk23FOm5MoR9kQVrE7C_B3dO0M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Gc4-VOpIkOOwBNCqgogD&ved=0CDIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Arabs%20and%20Arabic%20in%20the%20Lake%20Chad%20Region%20by%20Jonathan%20Owens&f=false

Arabs and Arabic in the Lake Chad Region by Jonathan Owens Janet C. E. Watson Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 59, No. 2 (1996), pp. 359-360 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/619734

Shuwa Arab and Kanuri intermarriage

https://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/sgs/documents/on_the_economics_of_marriage/CH11.pdf

https://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/sgs/documents/econ_poly_1980.pdf

http://www.unc.edu/courses/2010spring/econ/586/001/Readings/Grossbard_1980_compres.pdf

Shuwa Baggara Arabic language

http://books.google.com/books?id=hJBqfgl1nZYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=DGbWI5NRLhMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=DbdBAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=dVUiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Ih6b9iupT6oC&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.iu.edu/~celtie/Lessons/Arabic/B10/Basic_CHAD_Arabic.pdf

http://www.livelingua.com/peace-corps/Arabic-Chad/Peace Corps Spoken Chad Arabic.pdf

http://pages.uoregon.edu/tpayne/Chapter02-Morphological_Processes/ChadianArabic.pdf

http://books.google.com/books?id=C7aubGEqFOQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XCSQhGg1SaUC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2rhMIiGqmRkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=0hh1_PTuWWMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.academia.edu/913497/Counter-assertive_focus_in_Kordofanian_Baggara_Arabic

http://www.academia.edu/2309644/Dialect_mixing_and_dialect_levelling_in_Kordofanian_Baggara_Arabic_western_Sudan_

http://sites.middlebury.edu/arabicsociolinguistics/files/2013/03/versteegh-chapter-on-arabic-dialects.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tpmFLMbOdU

Arabic in Africa

http://books.google.com/books?id=nW2pAY07kYcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2tghviSsrF8C&pg=PA146#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=2tghviSsrF8C&pg=PA229#v=onepage&q&f=false

Creole Nubi Arabic in Uganda

http://books.google.com/books?id=o_RaOAR9YBMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

Creole Arabic: The Orphan of All Orphans Jonathan Owens Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 43, No. 3 (Fall, 2001), pp. 348-378 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028796

The Nubi Language of Uganda: An Arabic Creole in Africa by Ineke Wellens Jonathan Owens Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 49, No. 1 (Spring, 2007), pp. 86-94 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27641817

Nubi, Genetic Linguistics, and Language Classification Jonathan Owens Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1991), pp. 1-30 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028012

The Nubi Language of Kibera: An Arabic creole by Bernd Heine Jeffrey Heath Language Vol. 60, No. 4 (Dec., 1984), pp. 991-992 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/413827

The Origins of East African Nubi Jonathan Owens Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 27, No. 3 (Fall, 1985), pp. 229-271 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30032239

Arabic Sociolinguistics Jonathan Owens Arabica T. 48, Fasc. 4, Linguistique Arabe: Sociolinguistique et Histoire de la Langue (2001), pp. 419-469 Published by: BRILL Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4057667

Arabic in the Southern Sudan. History and Spread of a Pidgin Creole by ʾUshari Ahmad Mahmud Alan S. Kaye Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 108, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1988), pp. 175-176 Published by: American Oriental Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/603280

Arabs and Arabic in the Lake Chad Region, Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika by Jonathan Owens Pierre Larcher Arabica T. 44, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1997), pp. 327-329 Published by: BRILL Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4057356

Pidginized Arabic of Africa Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 14, A Bibliography of Pidgin and Creole Languages (1975), pp. 707-709 Published by: University of Hawai'i Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20006671

ARABIC BEYOND "ARABIC": THE CASE OF NIGERIA MAURO TOSCO Quaderni di Studi Arabi Vol. 12, (1994), pp. 207-212 Published by: Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25802745

The Unprinted Indigenous Arabic Literature of Northern Nigeria C. E. J. Whitting The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland No. 1 (Apr., 1943), pp. 20-26 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25221888

Case and Proto-Arabic, Part II Jonathan Owens Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), pp. 215-227 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3107650

Arabic Sociolinguistics Jonathan Owens Arabica T. 48, Fasc. 4, Linguistique Arabe: Sociolinguistique et Histoire de la Langue (2001), pp. 419-469 Published by: BRILL Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4057667

A Grammar of Nigerian Arabic by Jonathan Owens Salman Al-Ani Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 38, No. 4 (Winter, 1996), pp. 743-745 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30013060

Nigerian Arabic-English Dictionary by Alan S. Kaye Andrew Fox Language Vol. 64, No. 4 (Dec., 1988), p. 836 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/414603

A Dictionary of Nigerian Arabic by Alan S. Kaye Peter Abboud Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 107, No. 1 (Jan. - Mar., 1987), p. 184 Published by: American Oriental Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/602996

A Grammar of Nigerian Arabic by Jonathan Owens Alan S. Kaye Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 59, No. 1 (1996), pp. 150-152 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/619410

A Dictionary of Nigerian Arabic by Alan S. Kaye Aleya Rouchdy International Journal of Middle East Studies Vol. 16, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp. 285-286 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/163112

A Dictionary of Nigerian Arabic by Alan S. Kaye Andrew Fox Language Vol. 60, No. 2 (Jun., 1984), pp. 463-464 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/413676

Nigerian Arabic-English Dictionary by Alan S. Kaye Manfred Woidich Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 108, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1988), pp. 663-665 Published by: American Oriental Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/603172

A Nigerian Arab-English Dictionary, (Bibliotheca Afroasiatica, vol. 2) by Alan S. Kaye Aleya Rouchdy Middle East Studies Association Bulletin Vol. 23, No. 1 (July 1989), pp. 105-107 Published by: Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA) Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41888100

ARABIC BEYOND "ARABIC": THE CASE OF NIGERIA MAURO TOSCO Quaderni di Studi Arabi Vol. 12, (1994), pp. 207-212 Published by: Istituto per l'Oriente C. A. Nallino Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25802745

Arabs and Arabic in the Lake Chad Region by Jonathan Owens Janet C. E. Watson Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 59, No. 2 (1996), pp. 359-360 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/619734

Neighborhood and Ancestry: Variation in the Spoken Arabic of Maiduguri, Nigeria by Jonathan Owens Janet C. E. Watson Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 41, No. 3 (Fall, 1999), pp. 412-415 Published by: Trustees of Indiana University Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028716

THE PRESERVATION OF ANCIENT ARABIC MANUSCRIPTS: A REFLECTION ON SOME SELECTED PUBLIC REPOSITORIES IN NORTHERN NIGERIA Salisu Bala Islamic Africa Vol. 2, No. 1 (Spring 2011), pp. 1-10 Published by: Northwestern University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/42636167

Case and Proto-Arabic, Part II Jonathan Owens Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), pp. 215-227 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3107650

Arabic as a Minority Language by Jonathan Owens Alan S. Kaye Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London Vol. 64, No. 1 (2001), pp. 129-130 Published by: Cambridge University Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3657568

Arabic Dialect History and Historical Linguistic Mythology Jonathan Owens Journal of the American Oriental Society Vol. 123, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 2003), pp. 715-740 Published by: American Oriental Society Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3589965

The Awlad Sulayman of Libya and Chad: Power and Adaptation in the Sahara and Sahel Dennis D. Cordell Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines Vol. 19, No. 2 (1985), pp. 319-343 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/484828

Chad Arab League

http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article9323

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7161907.html

http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90855/7161907.html

Eritrea

http://somalilandtimes.net/2003/52/5214.htm

http://awate.com/arabic-in-eritrea-its-history-and-its-reality-iii/

Azawad

Berabiche

Berabiche aka Barabish aka Barabiche, around Azawad and especially Timbuktu

Kunta aka Kounta and Telemsi Arabs around Gao. Uqba ibn Nafi is the ancestor of the Kunta.

http://books.google.com/books?id=q3mx8aAo6x0C&pg=PA171#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=6h8QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA687#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?q=record_ID:siris_sil_749957

http://books.google.com/books?id=YPK5oEz4X28C&pg=PA634#v=onepage&q&f=false

Kunta

http://books.google.com/books?id=BKulU4bzi7gC&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=jjBYQCpfCNkC&pg=PA637#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=46UdlxcCN6MC&pg=PA345#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=52mbA5bGB_cC&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false

Berbers Arabization, Yemeni Arabs.

https://fds.duke.edu/db/attachment/1220

Arab Movement of Azawad

http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i6a4SiLZylDF4A_7sPncjxei30WA?docId=bdf1f0a7-0d74-4ff0-aa8c-5b3d6a6fe063&hl=en

http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/africa/2013/11/05/Three-Malian-Tuareg-and-Arab-rebel-movements-announce-merger-.html

http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/108-pakistan-top-news/143072-malian-tuareg-arab-rebel-announce-merger.html

http://h-azawad.com/ar/?p=13042

http://albawabhnews.com/News/129346

http://www.albawabhnews.com/129346

https://ar-ar.facebook.com/azaouad.net

http://mnla-arabic.net/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PxASxntE3lw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sl-9yhH-8mM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ja8XdMiO1tk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cf8abTdisgM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7XQWVSoS3c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uveKGsQuljQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIr1WinQWkY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO3-x2BsgOE

Mali Hassaniya Arabic

http://books.google.com/books?id=dFavREUlIJcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://hal.inria.fr/docs/00/56/38/53/PDF/CTC_EALL_Hassaniyya.pdf

Mauritius

http://books.google.com/books?id=mYdJAiqt_kAC&pg=PA12#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=pyNiZqOosTMC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://iels.intnet.mu/discovery_mau.htm

http://mauritius.voyaz.com/history.htm

http://www.mauritius-holidays-discovery.com/discovery-of-mauritius.html

http://www.travelmauritius.info/history.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=JnIb2OCzDvEC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false

Oman, Arabs, Swahili Coast, and Portuguese.

http://books.google.com/books?id=_vvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&pg=PR47#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=mJWrVWZuUJEC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1pbOYuGWKJgC&pg=PT29#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=iPA8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA224#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=GCYrLnzeuZwC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA131#v=onepage&q&f=false

Ya'ariba Imamate conquers East Africa. Nasir bin Murshid Al Ya'arubi

http://books.google.com/books?id=dJMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false

Al Busaid vs Mazrui

http://books.google.com/books?id=iyw-_NMk0bgC&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=false

Joseph Okello

http://books.google.com/books?id=08OV704armMC&pg=PA1198#v=onepage&q&f=false

Karume

http://books.google.com/books?id=4p1KgNgkJQsC&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false

Ya'ariba Imamate, Al Busaid, Mazrui, Portuguese, East Africa.

http://islamweb.us/mazrui-mazrum.html

http://www.ajabuafrica.com/History- Mazrui Family Revolts.html http://www.ajabuafrica.com/History-%20Mazrui%20Family%20Revolts.html

http://www.africanmeccasafaris. com/kenya/mombasa/excursions/fortjesus.asp

http://www.kenyalogy.com/eng/info/histo5.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=iyw-_NMk0bgC&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=gNu4_uHo7CQC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=OOgzAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA517#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=5uo0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=oYhrCkGaxyUC&pg=PA115#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=c3KwnFB6kiEC&pg=PA144&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XRRzAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA117&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=BP1aAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA8&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CEUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=GrICAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=r2BIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=CnFyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CFUQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=5uo0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=hEvKopZ8a8kC&pg=PA282&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=dJMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA29&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=zvERAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA276&dq=Mazrui+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k2VxUuTAEo-2sATp2YDQDA&ved=0CGsQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=UB4uSVt3ulUC&pg=PA410&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PlNvUv7SPI-IkQfirID4AQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=H2qmAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA9&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x1NvUsmBIpDykQeF0YG4Dg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=JtgUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x1NvUsmBIpDykQeF0YG4Dg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=CnFyAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x1NvUsmBIpDykQeF0YG4Dg&ved=0CGMQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=iyw-_NMk0bgC&pg=PA85&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+liwali&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k1BvUsSDCYaskAeyx4GAAQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20liwali&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Nxns72ZbCGoC&pg=PA108&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+liwali&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k1BvUsSDCYaskAeyx4GAAQ&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20liwali&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=oYhrCkGaxyUC&pg=PA120&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+liwali&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k1BvUsSDCYaskAeyx4GAAQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20liwali&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=rB8ED4qApyYC&pg=PA83&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+liwali&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k1BvUsSDCYaskAeyx4GAAQ&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20liwali&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Yx6qLPZHyK0C&pg=PA84&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+liwali&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k1BvUsSDCYaskAeyx4GAAQ&ved=0CE0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20liwali&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=FHFyAAAAMAAJ

http://books.google.com/books?id=iyw-_NMk0bgC&pg=PA117&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PlNvUv7SPI-IkQfirID4AQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=D1riOLGZnJUC&pg=PT41&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PlNvUv7SPI-IkQfirID4AQ&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=99x5ea1Gq-cC&pg=PA451&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PlNvUv7SPI-IkQfirID4AQ&ved=0CGYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=JtHdYSV1OSMC&pg=PA48&dq=Mazrui+mombasa+arab&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PlNvUv7SPI-IkQfirID4AQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mazrui%20mombasa%20arab&f=false

Ali Mazrui

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G3a1DpG0q50

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6zbvrEu8vA

http://books.google.com/books?id=-sApBd4oG_UC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://vimeo.com/21806063

Bushiri bin Salim al-Harthi

http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00954.html

http://books.google.com/books?id=yF5KZPlooGIC&pg=PA203&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k4d4UvyiFfTfsATG04DYAQ&ved=0CC8Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=bushiri%20ibn%20salim&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=kMHmx89a-2wC&pg=PA18&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k4d4UvyiFfTfsATG04DYAQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=bushiri%20ibn%20salim&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=H2qmAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k4d4UvyiFfTfsATG04DYAQ&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=bushiri%20ibn%20salim&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=PA113&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYl4Uq_-I9TKsQSetIGwAg&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q=bushiri%20ibn%20salim&f=false

215

http://books.google.com/books?id=k1YYAAAAIAAJ&q=bushiri+ibn+salim&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYl4Uq_-I9TKsQSetIGwAg&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBTgK

http://books.google.com/books?id=_eJ6AAAAQBAJ&pg=PT227&dq=bushiri+ibn+salim&hl=en&sa=X&ei=VYl4Uq_-I9TKsQSetIGwAg&ved=0CFUQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&q=bushiri%20ibn%20salim&f=false

http://www.savageandsoldier.com/articles/africa/GermanWars.html

http://www.bagamoyo.com/history_bagamoyo+M5bb747ce2ec.html

http://homepage.univie.ac.at/walter.sauer/Publikationen-Dateien/Colonial_Exploration_and_East_African_Resistance.pdf

http://www.omanisilver.com/contents/en-us/d240.html

http://www.bagamoyo.com/famous_sights.html

http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-0400

Rajmaan (talk) 22:02, 15 October 2014 (UTC)

Greetings.
Ethnic groups are no longer supposed to have a "famous people" bar. If you don't believe me, just check out "Americans" or "Mexicans" etc.

--2001:4661:7FD5:1:58AB:EDD0:FFD2:D4E7 (talk) 07:14, 22 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I have just modified 2 one external links on Afro-Arab. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071030154919/http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Decisions/com/28CoM_1987a.pdf to http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Decisions/com/28CoM_1987a.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081002094307/http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity_to_union/pdfs/arab/aulasrepmay05.pdf to http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity_to_union/pdfs/arab/aulasrepmay05.pdf
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Use of the word "Negro" in the article
I am at a loss to understand why another editor continue to restore the word and like to Negro in the article. This edit summary implied that "African" is a wp:euphemism for "negro," however the Negro article begins with this lede: "Negro (plural Negroes) is an archaic term traditionally used to denote persons considered to be of Negroid heritage. It has various equivalents in other languages." Five sentences down it states "From the 18th century to the late 1960s, negro (later capitalized) was considered to be the proper English-language term for people of black African origin. According to Oxford Dictionaries, use of the word "now seems out of date or even offensive in both British and US English"." As I continue through the article, the word "negro" may be the same, but the meaning clearly isn't. I believe that changing "negro" to "African" is current usage, despite the comment in this edit stating "this is an anthropological term the source uses," it is not a direct quote from the 1897 source, and it's not necessary or accurate to use that specific word in 2018 -- BCorr | Брайен 03:19, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that word "African" does not mean "black African", which is obviously what the sources are getting at by using terms like Negro. -Indy beetle (talk) 03:29, 13 January 2018 (UTC)
 * The exact wording is-- "Of this second Arab dominion the most important centres were the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba; and from these islands, as the result of the mingling of Arab and negro blood, a race of black Arabs sprung." "Negroes" denotes a subset of the inhabitants of Africa, not all Africans. Soupforone (talk) 03:45, 13 January 2018 (UTC)

Makes 0 Sense
This whole article makes very little sense and feels like it was written by an American or someone who knows little about Africa and the Arab World. This article is talking about Black Arabs, which I guess is a legitimate sub-group if you care that much about skin color, but it is not at all interchangeable with "Afro-Arab". Using Afro-Arab as a euphemism for dark-skinned Arabic-speakers (or people of mixed Arab and black African descent) is ignorant of the fact that there are millions of non-black inhabitants of North Africa, the majority of whom identify as Arab, and non-black Arabs living in other African countries (such as the Arab tribesmen of East and Central Africa).

I propose you either delete this ignorant article or change the title to "Black Arabs", since that at least makes some sense even if it is still probably redundant.--Zofthej (talk) 15:54, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

Ungrammatical
What happened Rsk6400? It seems your "grammatical pedantry" has disappeared somewhere and now you are returning an obvious violation of the English language (in sociology, the word "Black" has recently been capitalized when referring to the demographic category of black citizens in the English-speaking Western Countries, and not Africans in Africa in the context of "descent" which is purely old-school racial classification). And yes, according to wp:bold I shouldn't reach a consensus every time I change something in an article. HernánCortés1518 (talk) 14:54, 4 June 2022 (UTC)


 * MOS:RACECAPS Rsk6400 (talk) 15:38, 4 June 2022 (UTC)


 * This is the second rule that you interpret in your own way, besides overlink, lol. HernánCortés1518 (talk) 16:48, 4 June 2022 (UTC)