Talk:Aramaic original New Testament theory

Copyvio
Unfortunately I just removed some material that originally came from Christopher Lancaster's book on the Peshitta. We can put it back in only if we have his permission, due to copyright. Jdavidb 14:16, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * Actually, I think it might have been Chris Lancaster who put that it there! I had edited it a bit to make it more NPOV, but it still wasn't perfect, and perhaps should have been put under Rabbulas with a link from Aramaic Primacy. User:Carltonh

That's great, and I was hoping you'd say that. If Lancaster himself put it there, then by all means, have him declare so on this talk page and expressly grant permission for his material to be redistributed under the GNU FDL. Jdavidb 17:33, 26 Aug 2004 (UTC)


 * Someone might explain to these editors that 1. Greek was not simply the language of mainland Greece in the 1st century, and 2. that the Aramaic-speaking inner circle of Jesus are not often confused with the Greek-speaking authors of the books of the New Testament by many educated readers and 3. that the New Testament is a library of books with various histories, not one book. Scarcely worth discussing as it stands. --Wetman 05:00, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

I'll eventually be adding summaries of the works of Casey, Zimmerman, Black, Burney, Chilton, Crawford, and others, as well as deal with these three points. Especially relevant might be the work I'm doing concerning the Dialogues Source of the Gospel of John (it'd take care of #3 rather nicely). --The Thadman 1 July 2005 02:07 (UTC)

The three semitic utterances of Jesus are not Aramaic
We have three Semitic utterances of Jesus. Indeed there are Aramaic words in them, but that is not enough to conclude for Aramaic as the language of Jesus. Why? Because the used forms of the verbs speek for normal Hebrew. The form 'koum' (in Talitha koum) is equal in Hebrew and in Aramaic and is not decisive.


 * Agreed. But then again, it could also be Arabic. :-) However, talitha the word that precedes it, is the Aramaic form for "little girl" or "maiden." --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

As Aramaic is a semitic language anyway, and as languages naturally tend to develop local dialects, I suspect that some of these arguments are a little tenuous. The form 'sabachtani' (in Eloï Eloï lama sabachtani) is definitely Hebrew. In normal Aramaic and in Hebrew we would expect here 'sebachtani'. Without suffix the form is in Aramaic 'sebachta' and in Hebrew 'sabachta'. It is this Hebrew form that we recognize in 'sabachtani'. So we have here a less correct Hebrew form, but Hebrew anyway. Interesting is that the Aramaic word 'sebach' is used in the Mishna (Hebrew) instead of the old Hebrew word 'azab'. So the Aramaic 'sebach' was definitely a loanword in Hebrew in Jesus' days.


 * The word is shvaqtani/shbaqthani which is directly transliterated from Aramaic, not Hebrew. The shin became a sigma (as Greek does not have an "sh" sound), the beth became a beta. The qof became a kappa. The tau became a theta, the noon a nu, and the final yodh an iota. Vowels are liquid in Greek transliteration, especially between manuscript types. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

Than, last but not least: Effatha (Become open). In Aramaic this would be (two possibilities): Effetha (etpe'el) or Effattha (etpa'al). Comparing with Effatha we see in the first case 'e' instead of 'a', and in the second case 'double t' instead of 'one t'. The Hebrew form is 'Hiffatha', but in the Greek transliteration of the Greek New Testament and the Septuaginta (the old Greek translation of the Old Testament) 'Hi' becomes 'E'. And so the Hebrew Hiffatha becomes Effatha in Greek transliteration. The same is to see in the word 'Geënna' (place of the dead) which is in Hebrew 'Gehinna' (hi becomes ë). There are more examples to give for this phenomenon in Hebrew: Ezekia, Ennom, Ellel, Eddekel, etc.


 * The word could also be ethfathakh which is Aramaic. Alap, ayin, khet, and he were all pronounced similarly (like he) in Galilean Aramaic (or so claims the Mishnah). I can see that one could argue that it's too close to call between them, but not that it's exclusively Hebrew. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

The conclusion is the simple fact that Jesus used Aramaic loanwords when he spoke sometimes Hebrew. It is not possible to conclude from the Semitic utterances of Jesus that Aramaic was daily life language in Israel in the first century. Archaeological findings are neither conclusive for this standpoint. What is the meaning of this all? 1. The widespread idea that Jesus spoke Aramaic is a myth.


 * That's a mighty large claim to make without the qualification of evidence to support it. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

2. Hebrew and Greek were the two languages of the people in Jerusalem in Jesus time as we can learn from the two groups of Christians in the Jerusalem church: a Greek speaking and a Hebrew speaking group. Greek representing the lower social class and Hebrew representing the upper class. (Acts 6:1-2)


 * Describing that group as Hebrew-speaking is up to much debate. To make a truth claim either way concerning it would ignore all of the research that has been done on the subject. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

3. As Jesus spoke in public to the lost sheep of Israel he spoke surely Greek (to the lower social class).


 * Actually, there's very little evidence (given where he came from (Galilee), and the semitic-speaking cities he visited) that he knew much Greek at all. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

4. During the second temple Jews spoke Hebrew in Judea to keep the knowledge of the Old Testament (Hebrew) alive.


 * Taking a look at the Dead Sea Scrolls, we can see that Hebrew was no longer the vernacular language. For example, the Great Isaiah Scroll is riddled with Aramaic words, spellings, and grammar, as if the scribes spoke in Aramaic and knew Hebrew as an academic language. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

5. At home Jesus learned also Hebrew and he used it selectively, to people who had learned Hebrew at home, for instance, to the daughter of the overseer of the synagogue in Kafarnaüm to raise her from the dead.


 * This assumes too much to be a strong argument (ex: That Hebrew was a spoken language, that Jesus learned Hebrew at home, that he used it selectively, that other people at the time learned Hebrew at home, that talitha koum is exclusively Hebrew, etc.). --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

6. The teachings of Jesus in the gospels are not translations from Aramaic and even not of Hebrew. So we meet the original words of Jesus in the Greek New Testament.


 * I strongly suggest that you read up on the Aramaic phenomena of Jesus' discourse as well as the narrative elements in the Gospels. There was at least one Aramaic source employed in writing each of the Gospels as well as Paul's letters, regardless of what language they ended up in :-) --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

7. The final conclusion is that Christians possess the original words of Jesus, the founder of their faith, in contrast with the opinion of both liberal and orthodox theologians that Christians don't have the authentic words of Jesus (ipsissima verba) at all.


 * No one has the "original words of Jesus." We don't know of any scribe that sat down and wrote out what he talked about verbatim, nor do we have any works from his own pen. To say that any one group has the "authentic words of Jesus" is misguided, in my humble opinion. It would be like us saying that we have the original words of Socrates. --Steve Caruso 14:12, 15 March 2006 (UTC)

(The mass of implications of this position for New Testament theology I have discussed in my book: 'De vastheid van het gesproken woord.' B.J.E. van Noort, Importantia Publishing, Dordrecht, Netherlands, 2004. www.teologia.nl) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.234.63.113 (talk • contribs).

Expert Needed?
Bob_A, what do you feel needs to be revised? --Steve Caruso 13:46, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
 * the counter arguments section is underdeveloped, and its arguments are rather weak. Bob A 16:49, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

Stephen Silver
About Stephen Silver, he owns and operates;  http://www.dukhrana.com/    a Syriac/English website that's devoted to the Khabouris Codex. By User Albion_ G (Albion Guppy) 22:44 18 July 2007.

Is the Stephen Silver mentioned here the Stephen Silver the name links to? This seems to be a disconnect to me. --Steve Caruso 14:47, 26 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I don't know. I will remove it, and then if someone wants to prove there is a Stephen Silver significantly involved in Aramaic Primacy, somehow independently of other well-known writers who know of each other, then it could be added back. Carltonh 19:42, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Peshitta??
How can the Peshitta be the original version of the New Testament when the Peshitta didn't exist until centuries after the Diatessaron -- and since the Pehsitta was written in EASTERN Aramaic (i.e. Syriac), while Jesus spoke a form of WESTERN Aramaic? Also, mention should be made that the consensus of mainstream New Testament scholars is that there might possibly have been an original Aramaic "sayings document" (i.e. an unadorned list of quotations of Jesus) which influenced several of the Gospels, but no book of the New Testament as we have it today was translated directly from Aramaic or Hebrew to Greek...]

Phrasing
"claimed the Aramaic Peshitta was the original-language New Testament."

This is clumsy. I tried to fix it and then was reverted on interpretative grounds. Fine. But then interpret it for me: what on earth is this odd sentence supposed to mean? If you do know, please fix it. The last part is ambiguous and contains confusing grammar. Isn't there a connector missing beween "language" and "New Testament"? And what grammatical relationship is the slash bewteen "original" and "language" supposed to indicate? 201.37.71.146 17:13, 29 November 2006 (UTC)


 * "Peshitta" is the name of the extant version of the New Testament in the Aramaic language. All adherents of the theory of Aramaic primacy are making a claim about the original-language text of the New Testament.  (I don't really see how you can come up with a much less awkwared phrasing, because the whole point is that there's a disagreement about what the original language is.)  Anyway, while most believers in Aramaic primacy consider the New Testament "original" to be some Aramaic version, now lost, older than the Peshitta, there are a few who are willing to say, no, the Peshitta, the version we actually possess and which mainstream scholars consider to be a translation into Aramaic, is in fact the original version of the New Testament, from which all others derive, albeit usually indirectly.  I hope that provides the necessary clarification; I am not ambitious enough to attempt a better formulation myself.  As far as why your reverted edit was a misconstrual, the key point to understand here is that the sentence in question does not refer to a claim about the original language of the New Testament; rather, within the large group of those who believe that that language was Aramaic, the sentence refers to a minority sub-group, who believe that one particular Aramaic version (the Peshitta, as opposed to a conjectured older Aramaic version) is the original.  Wareh 17:35, 29 November 2006 (UTC)


 * P.S. I've gone ahead and changed the sentence to, "The Assyrian Church of the East and other Aramaic-speaking churches have historically claimed that the Peshitta is the original text of the New Testament."  Is this better?  It is redundant to say "the Aramaic Peshitta," and it's also redundant to specify that the NT's original version is the original-language version.  Wareh 17:41, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, it looks better. Thanks.201.37.71.146 17:48, 29 November 2006 (UTC)


 * I also added the piece above from Mar Eshai Shimun about the Peshitta and the Assyrian Church of the East.

User: Albion_G (Albion Guppy) 2247 18 July 2007.

Lamsa Criticisms: Better References Needed
I flagged the statement that most academics regard Lamsa's version as a bad translation with the tag, fully assuming that the statement was true and that references could and would be produced. The references that have been added, however, are unscholarly and do not sustain the statement about "most academics." First of all, they are not references to the published works of academics! Rather, we have (1) the pastor John Juedes, (2) a webpage by some person who writes poorly ("on account of many reasons") and who uses Juedes as his only source, (3) an article on "Syriac computing" in which I find a dismissal of Aramaic primacy, i.e. the soundness of Lamsa's agenda, but not a criticism of the quality of his translation work, and (4) an online bibliography of Syriac Orthodox Resources (not attributed by name to any scholar) that makes the offhand, unsupported comment that there is a better translation of the Peshitta.

I still believe that it would probably be easy to find support for the statement, but this is a travesty of what real support would look like. The obvious place to look is in reviews of Lamsa's translation, published in reputable scholarly journals in the fields of Biblical research and philology. So I'm removing the claim and the footnote. I will welcome the return of the statement with proper citations to reliable scholarly sources. Such citations can be found by Google, but this is the Google search you need, not the one that produced sources whose quality was the very opposite of the Cambridge University Press reference sitting next to them in the next footnote! Wareh 16:47, 20 February 2007 (UTC)


 * OK, I was in a hurry (Intute has nothing on Lamsa, so I had to rely on Google Scholar to find anyone who bothers with it!). George Kiraz's comment is worth keeping though, that's why I put that one first — he is certainly a Syriac scholar. Working in the academic field of Syriac studies and having read Lamsa's translation, I know that I and my colleagues, here and elsewhere, think it is increadibly poor stuff. He doesn't refer to the Diatessaron or the Old Syriac versions (Peshitta primacy?), and translates the standard Peshitta with a little help from the King James Version. Lamsa's translation technique (speaking as one who translates Syriac as a day job) is simply poor — straightforward passages are given bizarre twists without any explanation, unusual passages in the Syriac are replaced by their KJV equivalent (he obviously couldn't work it out). Part of the problem of finding references is that Aramaic primacists have a reasonable web presence, whereas the academic community hardly ever feels that the subject is worth the effort, whether on the web or in print. I'll add the JSTOR article you referenced though. — Gareth Hughes 17:15, 20 February 2007 (UTC)


 * As an academic who works in ancient languages (not Syriac!) myself, I am sympathetic to the problem of having to correct misleading Wikipedia articles that fly in the face of scholarly common knowledge. On the other hand, this is a controversial topic, and I'm glad the article now cites actual views from academia&mdash;thanks for that.  When it comes to things that have been considered not to merit much scholarly attention, I'd propose the guidelines (1) correct any impression given by the article that unscholarly ideas issue from academic sources, (2) make the negative point that the ideas have not been recognized as worthwhile in any of the major scholarly journals, etc. (in my opinion, in this case the burden is on other editors to produce a counterexample).
 * I believe the statements in the lead could stand further improvement. Really, the lead is not the most appropriate place for arguing them, and it would be nice to see them developed in the body.  I wish you would take your expertise (and knowledge of reliable sources to cite) and make the needed points in the sections "Peshitta Primacy" etc. below.  Do they adequately present the reasons why the Peshitta should not be regarded as an independent witness to (even the Syriac) text?  Is the mention of Geza Vermes as a "Critical Aramaic primacist" presented with enough nuance?  Etc.  Wareh 19:16, 20 February 2007 (UTC)


 * Peshitta primacy was seriously considered at an earlier stage of Syriac NT scholarship (Gwiliam is the chief proponent of this). Because of the slight witnesses to the other forms of Syriac NT tradition — Diatessaron and Old Syriac — the exact history of Syriac NT versions is a difficult business. All forms, however, show influence from the Greek NT, which is generally regarded as translation from Greek to Syriac. This is the opposite of Aramaic primacy — thus putting the Peshitta first is a complete reversal of the best reconstructed textual history. What the article refers to as 'critical Aramaic primacists' is rather odd. Black, Casey and Vermes do have their fair share of controversy, but are mainstream academics. They work on finding Aramaic undercurrents to the NT in the belief that it came out of an Aramaic milieu. In varying degrees, they recognise that the NT was severally composed in Greek, but that parts of it draw on Aramaic sources that may have been written down (that stray quote of Papias that keeps popping up!). I'm not sure that all of them would be happy with the label 'Aramaic primacist' (maybe I'll ask one of them!). They've worked on the Aramaic milieu of first-century Galilee and Palestine, but I don't think they are this dogmatic. It looks like their Aramaic-positive approach is being tagged onto the more extreme approach to lend creadence to it. I think it may be this that has led to a growing Aramaic-negative approach, emphasizing the continuing place of Hebrew. It's the usual academic swings and roundabouts, but they never swing out as far as this Lamsa/Younan stuff. Perhaps, as you say, the lead should be more descriptive and less argumentative. I think that your suggestions for dealing with fringe theories that have the appearance of academic acceptibility are good ones. I took that lead on my last edit to the Paul Younan article. Any other suggestions? — Gareth Hughes 23:30, 20 February 2007 (UTC)


 * The quote from Papias was what first brought me into this article (at the time it was included in the Bible article). I went to the Greek and tried to give a fairer account of what Papias actually says (diff).  I also added the Hengel quote (diff), so that readers would see a standard and bland account of what a mainstream scholar supposes the impact of the "Aramaic milieu" is on the NT.  From what you say, I'd think another good contribution you could consider would be a short account, with references, of the standard view of the textual history of the various ancient versions in question&mdash;arguments about their Greek Vorlagen would obviously be particularly worth reporting.  I am not in a position to undertake any of this; if I were, Googling would lead me to try to mine Peter John Williams, Early Syriac Translation Technique And The Textual Criticism Of The Greek Gospels and Peterson's JBL review of Kiraz, Comparative Edition of the Syriac Gospels for something useful.  Wareh 01:19, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

AramaicNT.org
Since it is not in the spirit of Wikipedia to mess with references to oneself, I bring up the following request here on the talk page. AramaicNT.org is listed as a "collection of amateur articles on Aramaic priimacy." I do translate Aramaic professionally, it is my vocation, so to say "amateur" is misleading. However, I fully accept that my hypotheses are not mainstream. Also, "primacy" is misspelled, but I think that I'll go ahead and fix that as I doubt that it would draw criticism. :-) -- אמר Steve Caruso 05:54, 30 June 2007 (UTC)


 * In an academic field, a professional Aramaicist has qualifications in the field: money certainly is not the issue. I really do wonder how these blog and tatoo websites actually measure up to External links. — Gareth Hughes 20:10, 30 June 2007 (UTC)


 * I'm aware with how the academic field works, my problem was with the term "amateur" as it bears multiple connotations in this context. Also AramaicNT.org is not a blog. Wordpress just happens to be the Content Management System it runs on. Most of the articles posted there (which are now being reformatted and reposted one at a time as it has only recently been switched over to Wordpress) have been reviewed by other scholars, or are from authors who are published. Google ranks it 5th out of 50,700 sites. My personal website, The Aramaic Blog is a blog, albeit a research blog where Aramaic Designs is strictly a commercial site, so I believe that neither AramaicNT or Aramaic Designs would be appropriate here. אמר Steve Caruso 02:12, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Missing position
It's odd that the article doesn't even mention the hypothesis which has had some degree of "mainstream" academic respectability (at least in past decades) -- namely, the idea that while none of the canonical gospels were originally written in Aramaic, there did exist a very early written Aramaic "sayings document" (or largely unordered list of Jesus quotes) which had a certain direct or indirect influence on at least some of the canonical gospels... AnonMoos (talk) 11:55, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I know this comment is a bit late and after the fact, but yes I agree totally. This article needs a complete overhaul to express the growing body of consensus among academics and a change of title to "Aramaic Source Criticism" as a whole. אמר Steve Caruso 15:04, 24 December 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree completely: the Criticism section isn't very critical at all, and the same arguments present in the Criticism section of Greek Primacy are used here to refute all criticisms, and stand unrefuted in that page. Reading these sections, one comes away with the feeling that Aramaic Primacy should be the majority opinion! --Wtrmute (talk) 18:58, 13 March 2010 (UTC)

Aramaic oral primacy
"The fact that the Gospel of Mark in the Greek also has Jesus quoting Psalms 22:1 in Aramaic as shown above, is confirmation that an Aramaic rendering of the Old Testament already had established itself in popular oral tradition as documented by Zeev ben-Hayyim and others. Accordingly, other instances of Greek New Testament manuscripts not following the Hebrew text when they quote the Old Testament, indicate that further evidence exists to support Aramaic primacy in the spoken Word, if not the written. For example, not only do they not follow the Hebrew in all such instances, but they supply Greek readings that faithfully represent the Aramaic text even to the extent of contradicting the Hebrew. While such evidence is nonetheless inconclusive for any Gospel to have been written first in Aramaic, it is as impossible for oral accounts in Aramaic of Gospel events not to have been known to Gospel authors so as not to have influenced Greek readings, as it is impossible for oral accounts of official acts of war or terror to be unknown to its target audience, let alone non-existent in their native tongue, before they document it in a foreign one, as exemplified by Josephus in his Wars of the Jews."

(Moved from main page. Needs integration into the other sections of the article rather than a section of itself and removal of OR synthesis.) אמר Steve Caruso 14:55, 24 December 2009 (UTC)

"righteous" (רשינא ܪܫܝܢܐ)
Please, someone, help me find an Aramaic or Syriac dictionary that translates "reshyana" (רשינא ܪܫܝܢܐ) as "righteous"! I doubt it exists :) and therefore this claim should be removed. Chdn777 (talk) 21:43, 19 January 2011 (UTC)


 * True... Another issue is that Hebrew Aramaic was never written in Syriac script. I will remove the whole section for now.--  R a f y  talk 00:44, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

Section moved from Nazarene (sect)
Aramaic Primacy of the Gospel of Matthew

According to some accounts of Jesus in the Talmud one account of the life and teachings of Jesus dating from this time was written by a person named Matityahu. The book of Acts records a certain Matthias (Greek form of Matityahu) was chosen specifically for this task, while according to the Church Fathers, the author was instead the Apostle Matthew, but his account was written in Hebrew Origen wrote, "The very first account to be written was by Matthew, once a tax collector, but later an Apostle of Jesus Christ. Matthew published it for the converts from Judaism and composed it in Hebrew letters." Eusebius adds insight by explaining that the Apostles "were led to write only under the pressure of necessity. Matthew, who had first preached the Gospel in Hebrew, when on the point of going to other nations, committed the gospel to writing in his native language.  Therefore he supplied the written word to make up for the lack of his own presence to those from whom he was sent." Irenaeus gives us further insight into both the date and circumstances of this gospel by explaining, "Matthew also issued a written Gospel of the Hebrews in their own language while Peter and Paul were preaching at Rome and laying the foundations of the Church." Jerome wrote that Matthew, the tax collector and later an Apostle, composed his gospel near Jerusalem for Hebrew Christians. It was then translated into Greek but the Greek copy was lost. The Hebrew original was preserved at the Library of Caesarea, which Pamphilus diligently gathered. The Nazarenes transcribed a copy for Jerome which he used in his work. Jerome adds that Matthew's gospel was called the Gospel according to the Hebrews or sometimes the Gospel of the Apostles, and was used by the Nazarene communities. Jerome and Epiphanius both wrote how the Nazarene sect existed in their day, however, little is known concerning the disposition of the Gospel of the Nazarenes.
 * See also Jewish-Christian Gospels

END OF PASTE In ictu oculi (talk) 11:20, 18 June 2011 (UTC)

POVFORK
WP:POVFORK as above, notes that certain types of POV, where the article is about a POV are acceptable. Is there enough sourcing in this article to identify the origin of the "Aramaic primacy" POV? George Lamsa is cited, but is Lamsa's view the official view of the Syrian church? Can sources be provided? What does the Syrian church call the view? (doubtful that "Aramaic primacy" is the correct term). In ictu oculi (talk) 06:53, 20 June 2011 (UTC)
 * I haven't been around Wikipedia in a few years, though I returned to see that this article has changed to give the impression that the term "Aramaic Primacy" might not have even existed before I started this Wikipedia article in 2004. I am starting a little research to clarify that.  The website www.peshitta.net had a forum specifically called "Aramaic Primacy Forum" at least a few years before that. The older version of the forum was archived and removed in September 2003. Also note that the earliest usage recorded on Google is October 3, 1997, without the slightest implication that it was a new term or concept.  http://www.google.com/search?q=%22aramaic+primacy%22+%22james+trimm%22&hl=en&safe=off&client=ubuntu&channel=fs&sa=X&ei=P34sToe9Os2OsALntf29Cw&ved=0CAkQpwUoBg&source=lnt&tbs=cdr%3A1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1995%2Ccd_max%3A5%2F1%2F2004&tbm=#q=%22aramaic+primacy%22&hl=en&safe=off&client=ubuntu&channel=fs&prmd=ivnsfd&sa=X&ei=WH8sTuqvHvOnsAL85q2lCw&ved=0CA8QpwUoBg&source=lnt&tbs=cdr:1%2Ccd_min%3A1%2F1%2F1995%2Ccd_max%3A5%2F1%2F1998&tbm=&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=95fb8cc43d98ddf8&biw=1252&bih=623


 * Here is an older statement that doesn't include the word "primacy" but states an official religious statement of belief in Aramaic primacy, in this case specifically of the Peshitta:
 * "With reference to....the originality of the Peshitta text, as the Patriarch and Head of the Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East, we wish to state, that the Church of the East received the scriptures from the hands of the blessed Apostles themselves in the Aramaic original, the language spoken by our Lord Jesus Christ Himself, and that the Peshitta is the text of the Church of the East which has come down from the Biblical times without any change or revision."


 * Mar Eshai Shimun
 * by Grace, Catholicos Patriarch of the East
 * April 5, 1957
 * Carltonh (talk) 20:31, 24 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Carlton, Thanks, could you add to article? I'm still concerned about the article title however. In ictu oculi (talk) 23:16, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Hi Carltonh, thanks for the above link. I noted that you searched James Trimm, President of SANJ, the Society for the Advancement of Nazarene Judaism as the likely source of the phrase. It doesn't seem to be published (and I couldn't see anything earlier than 2003). But I have just found this: The original language of the Lukan infancy narrative p31 Chang-Wook Jung - 2004 "In short, Farris's argument for a Semitic original is unconvincing. (2) The Aramaic Original Theory It is remarkable that many proponents for the existence of an Aramaic original for the Gospels and Acts do not propose the same for the ..." Aramaic original theory would be better sourced than Aramaic primacy. then re Daniel : Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology: 29 Society of Biblical Archæology (London, England) - 1907 "There is evidence in the language even of the Hebrew parts of Daniel, that the Masoretic text of the whole book was translated from an Aramaic original, thus, Professor Brown has collected a number of Aramaic forms from different parts " Anyway, interested to hear if you find anything. In ictu oculi (talk) 03:25, 26 July 2011 (UTC)


 * I contacted James Trimm because I know he was advocating Aramaic Primacy at least a decade before the 1997 reference. He confirmed that the term itself was not likely much older than that (1997) as about when he first heard the term, but that the concept was "MUCH older". I think the term as is should be allowed to stay, because the term itself helped to coalesce a movement around it that effectively already existed for millenia, just unknown to almost all of the Western World. However, it would be equally wrong to think that the Western World believed the entire New Testament was written in Greek, and that belief appears to have originated with Erasmus.  Before Erasmus, it was believed in the West that at least Matthew and probably Hebrews were written in Aramaic or Hebrew, whereas in the East, it was never believed that any part was in Greek.  Further, Erasmus' idea of "full" Greek primacy made it simpler for both critics and believers to argue their case, while at the same time oppose the Catholic position that a split language original NT justified a translation to a single 3rd language of Latin more official than either original language.  The belief such that the Synoptic Gospels derive from an Aramaic Original Q Document, but that the existing Synoptic Gospels were composed in Greek is a very different from the Aramaic Primacy concept and movement, even if some important arguments overlap. Carltonh (talk) 18:03, 6 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Hi, thanks
 * The problem is that James Trimm, (who I have never heard of till this Talk but it seems all he is is a guy with a webpage?) hasn't invented a term which "helped to coalesce a movement around it that effectively already existed for millenia" because the term still isn't being used in WP:RS scholarly sources, but WP:fringe publications. And the term itself is evidently a neologism. Hence in 2006:


 * So this view is only WP:notable on Wikipedia if it is a doctrine of a notable social or religious movement, eg the Syrian Church, in which case the article should use the term used by that movement, which appears to be Aramaic original New Testament (hypothesis) or something, but isn't "primacy". In ictu oculi (talk) 11:06, 7 August 2011 (UTC)

There is an Aramaic Matthew page which was redirected to Gospel of Matthew which doesn't even mention Aramaic, so I started an article there that may be relevant to this page. 75.14.215.128 (talk) 19:28, 9 August 2011 (UTC)
 * That's because the article mentions Hebrew. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:23, 10 August 2011 (UTC) ...however it now has "or Aramaic" fair point.

Nestorian church text block, as above moved into article
I've moved the Nestorian church Patriarch's statement above into the article and made the Nestorian church the first section. I've also tagged the followings sections with OR. Most of that content basically needs deleting. But a couple of months should be given - even though the article has a sources needed banner from 2008. In ictu oculi (talk) 10:32, 13 August 2011 (UTC)

punning between the words אבא, אברהם, עבד
In early Semitic languages, א is a glottal stop sound, while ע is a voiced pharyngeal, and these are two completely distinct and separate consonants. It's true that there came to be dialects of Aramaic which merged ע with א, but it's very dubious whether such dialects would have been widespread or prestigious in New Testament times... AnonMoos (talk) 06:27, 7 October 2011 (UTC)

This whole article is very interesting, but possibly biased in that it ignores the Greek puns in the NT! Vince Calegon 13:12, 3 February 2016 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vince Calegon (talk • contribs)

Move from "Aramaic primacy" to Aramaic New Testament
Well, finally did it, and moved from the self-referring Wikipedia neologism to a title which can be found in WP:RS. Following the discussion on the Talk page I hope it will be an uncontroversial move. If not we can revert and have an RM. The move gives opportunity to have a lede about something that actually exists - the Aramaic New Testament, while marshalling the various hypotheses underneath. In ictu oculi (talk) 22:59, 15 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The Greek primacy article should be similarly renamed as well.--  R a f y  talk 00:17, 17 January 2012 (UTC)

"All the kingdoms of the earth"
The following quote seems to have been added by a Greek Primacist and I don't believe is either NPOV or factual: The work in Greek is Kosmou, it does not mean "land or Earth", it means "world", what's going on here? As for "unlikely meaning", says who? The Greek Primacist in the source text? Even if it said "land", why would it only mean "Land of Israel" as in the borders of the Hasmonean kingdom as opposed to the surrounding regions as well? Why not address on WHY it is unlikely. This should be edited or deleted.

"However the same is true for Greek ge which can mean land or earth depending on context. Also since "all the kingdoms of the land of Israel" is seen as an unlikely meaning most commentators on Matthew have seen "all the kingdoms of the land of earth" as being either hyperbole or a vision.[15]"

Can anyone justify this being in the article? Very shady sounding. - B — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.83.18.177 (talk) 01:47, 5 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but what exactly is a "Greek primacist"? You mean someone who accepts mainstream academic sources? And what specifically is "shady" about the above? In ictu oculi (talk) 03:43, 5 March 2012 (UTC)

Removed Aramaic original POV
Removed a large chunk of IP edits. Probably need to go through the article further back and take out similar. This article needs to reflect academic mainstream and keep the Aramaic original theories to a small chunk at the bottom, along with why scholars dismiss such views as fringe. In ictu oculi (talk) 02:53, 6 November 2013 (UTC)

Camel through eye of needle?
The article says:
 * Perhaps the most well known example that advocates of an Aramaic urtext for the Gospels cite is the parable of the "camel (καμηλος) through the eye of a needle." (Mark 10:25, Matthew 19:24, Luke 18:25) In Aramaic, the word for "camel" (גמלא) is spelled identically to the word for "rope" (גמלא), suggesting that the correct phrase was "rope through the eye of a needle,"

What Aramaic dictionary has this definition of the word גמלא? It's not in Jastrow's dictionary (which is of Jewish Aramaic which Jesus would have used), nor is it in Payne Smith's dictionary of Syriac. Not only that, but in the Eye of a needle article
 * Cyril of Alexandria claimed that "camel" is a Greek misprint; that kamêlos (camel) was a misprint of kamilos, meaning "rope" or "cable". However evidence for such a Greek term is weak, there is little or no Greek manuscript support, and it goes against the standard principle of textual criticism that errors tend to happen towards the easier reading, not against it.

So it looks like this whole thing about a camel being a rope argument, was referring to Greek words in the first place, and had nothing to do with Aramaic?Jimhoward72 (talk) 23:56, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Epiousios
The word "epiousios", usually rendered as "daily" in the Lord's Prayer, has been described as a hapax legomenon in Greek. Can people here reference any discussion of what the Aramaic or Syriac versions of the prayer use in this position? Can epiousios potentially be recognized as having an Aramaic origin? Wnt (talk) 15:27, 1 January 2015 (UTC)

Same old
Removed, yet again, large chunk of "Aramaic original" original research arguing against the unanimity of scholarship. In ictu oculi (talk) 13:11, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Copy edit
Since it's been a while between edits, I am going to try and clean up the article for prose, grammar, etc. Due to the length and some of the extensive issues, it may take a while...  Pax  Verbum  06:37, 19 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I've removed the copy-edit tag and added additional issue tags onto the article. This one probably shouldn't be tagged for copy-editing until those issues are mostly resolved.

Basic linguistic issue
The article in its current form doesn't seem to deal with the fact that the language of Jesus and his earliest followers -- 1st century Judean and/or Galilean Aramaic -- belonged to the subgrouping of Aramaic languages now called "Western Aramaic" by linguists, while the Aramaic New Testament under discussion in this article was written in Syriac, which is one of the Eastern Aramaic languages. Some "Aramaic primacy" advocates seem to blur such distinctions... AnonMoos (talk) 09:06, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

Moved long-standing OR section to Talk
Seems that no-one is going to wade through these Internet theory sections and clean them up. Tags have been on since 2011. Moved OR section to Talk page. The best place to clean it up is here. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:22, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

Methods of argument
Advocates of the hypothesis of an Aramaic original for the New Testament often invoke the following arguments.

No knowledge of Greek in the Jesus community
The 1st century AD historian Josephus states that his nation did not encourage the learning of Greek, which implies that a Jew who spoke Greek would have been rare in the first century.

Perceived logical improbabilities in Greek
One passage that it is argued contains a logical improbability in Greek is Matthew 4:8. There isn't a mountain high enough to view "all of the kingdoms of the earth" since the earth is round. The Hebrew word found in Ibn Shaprut's medieval translation of the Greek Gospel of Matthew in the appendix to The Touchstone (c.1380) uses "eretz" which can be translated as earth or land. By substituting the Hebrew word "eretz" into the passage makes it possible that "all the kingdoms of the land of Israel" were viewed from a high mountain such as Mount Tabor in Israel. However the same is true for Greek ge which can mean land or earth depending on context. Also since "all the kingdoms of the land of Israel" is seen as an unlikely meaning most commentators on Matthew have seen "all the kingdoms of the land of earth" as being either hyperbole or a vision.

Another proposed example concerns Matthew 24:51 and Luke 12:46. Agnes Smith Lewis (1910) noted that the verb used in all of the Syriac versions "palleg" has the primary meaning of "cut in pieces" and the secondary one of "appoint to some one his portion." The primary sense leads to the possible problem of how someone cut to pieces could then be assigned to something else. But, Smith argues, if we take the secondary meaning then we are may suggest that the Greek translator misunderstood a Syriac idiom by taking it too literally. The translation would be "and shall allot his portion and shall place him with the unfaithful" instead of the Greek "shall cut him in pieces and shall place him with the unfaithful." Hugh J. Schonfield (1927) notes that the Hebrew verb "bahkag" means literally to "break forth, cleave asunder" and concludes that the Greek translator has failed to grasp the sense in which the Hebrew word is here used.

Another proposed example involves the genealogy of Jesus in Matthew. Schonfield (1927) argues that the text of Matthew indicates three genealogical groups of 14 each. However, the Greek texts of Matthew have two groups of 14 and a final group of 13. The Syriac Curetonian and Syriac Sinaitic add the following to Matthew 1:13, "Abiud begat Abiur, Abiur begat Eliakim. Dutillet's Hebrew version of Matthew adds Abihud begat Abner; Abner begat Eliakim. In both Syriac and Hebrew the spellings between Abiud and Abiur are so close that during translation into Greek the second name could have been dropped mistakenly. In any case, all Greek texts contain only 13 names while possibly indicating 14 should be in the final portion of the list. The two Syriac texts and one Hebrew text have 14 names and indicate 14 should be in the final portion of the list.

Polysemy
Some treat "split words" as a distinctive subsection of mistranslations. Sometimes it appears that a word in Aramaic with two (or more) distinct and different meanings appears to have been interpreted in the wrong sense, or even translated both ways in different documents.

Perhaps the most well known example cited by advocates of an Aramaic urtext for the Gospels is the parable of the "camel (καμηλος) through the eye of a needle." (Mark 10:25, Matthew 19:24, Luke 18:25) In Aramaic, the word for "camel" (גמלא) is spelled identically to the word for "rope" (גמלא), as published in the works of Lamsa, a native speaker of Aramaic, whereby the correct phrase becomes "rope through the eye of a needle," making the hyperbole more symmetrical. The Aramaic word might also be translated as "beam", making a connection between this passage and the passage on removing a beam from your eye—Matthew 7:5; Luke 6:41–42.

Puns
Aramaic is one of the Semitic languages, a family where many words come from three-letter roots. As a result, speakers of the language employ puns that play on roots with similar sounding consonants, or with the same consonants re-arranged. In applying this principle, scholars have studied the dialogues of the New Testament and in some cases claim that how a choice of words that apparently seem completely unrelated or awkward in Greek may originate from an original Aramaic source that employed puns, or vice versa. Agnes Smith Lewis discusses how the Aramaic words for "slave" and "sin" are similar. "He who sins is a slave to sin"  John 8:34. She uses this to point out Jesus used puns in Aramaic that were lost in the translations.

For example, in the True Children of Abraham debate within the Gospel of John, some consider the conversation took place in Aramaic, note possible examples of punning between the words "father" (אבא, abba), "Abraham" (אברהם, abraham) and the verb "to do" (עבד, `abad):
 * John 8:39
 * They retorted and said to him:
 * "Our abba (father) is Abraham!"
 * Jesus says to them:
 * "If you are Abraham's children, `abad (do) as Abraham would `abad (do)!"

An alternate possibility is that the above conversation was actually conducted in Aramaic, but translated into Greek by the gospel writer. Portions of the oral sayings in Matthew contain vocabulary that may indicate Hebrew or Aramaic linguistic techniques involving puns, alliterations, and word connections. Hebrew/Aramaic vocabulary choices possibly underlie the text in Matthew 1:21, 3:9, 4:12, 4:21–23, 5:9–10, 5:23, 5:47–48, 7:6, 8:28–31, 9:8, 10:35–39, 11:6, 11:8–10, 11:17, 11:29, 12:13–15, 12:39, 14:32, 14:35–36, 15:34–37, 16:18, 17:05, 18:9, 18:16, 18:23–35, 19:9–13, 19:24, 21:19, 21:37–46, 21:42, 23:25–29, 24:32, 26:28–36, 26:52.

Absence or presence of Aramaic quotations and translations
In the Greek New Testament, a number of verses include Aramaic phrases or words which are then translated into Greek. In the Peshitta, sometimes the word or phrase is quoted twice in Aramaic, indicating that the words needed to be translated from one Aramaic dialect to another.

For example, Matthew 27.46 reads: "Peshitta — And about the ninth hour Jesus cried out with a loud voice and said: 'Ēl, Ēl, why have you forsaken me?'"

"Greek — And about the ninth hour Jesus cried with a loud voice, saying: 'Eli, Eli, lamma sabacthani?' that is, 'My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?'"

However, the parallel verse in Mark 15:34 reads in both in the quotation/translation form it has in the Greek: "Peshitta — And in the ninth hour, Jesus cried out in a loud voice and said: 'Ēl, Ēl lmānā shvaqtāni' that is 'My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?'"

"Greek — And at the ninth hour, Jesus cried out with a loud voice, saying: 'Eloi, Eloi, lamma sabacthani?' Which is, being interpreted, 'My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?'"

The evidence of these verses, some claim, tend to support the claims of St. Papias and Irenaeus that the Gospel of Matthew was originally written in Aramaic presumably for Aramaic speakers in Syria-Palestine, while the Gospel of Mark was written for the Greek speaking Christians of Rome, who would not have known Aramaic fluently; but, who might have become familiar with certain phrases from the preaching of the Apostles or the liturgy. This is in similar fashion to how the words "Alleluia", "Amen", "Abba", "Hosanna" and "Sabaoth" are still in common usage in the western liturgy.

On the other hand, while Mark 3:17 ("Boanerges") and Mark 15:22 ("Golgatha") is repeated and also slightly changed in the double quotation in the Peshitta, the verses Mark 5:41 ("Talitha koumi"), Mark 7.34 ("Ephphatha") do not include any doubling.

Although the aforementioned is a discussion concerning the inclusion of quotation marks, the Lamsa translated Peshitta for Matthew 27:46 reads: "And about the ninth hour, Jesus cried out with a loud voice and said, Eli, Eli, lamana shabakthani! which means, My God, My God, for this I was spared (or this was my destiny)."

Internal disagreements
Advocates of an Aramaic original New Testament are divided into several distinct camps in terms of their methods of researching and reconstructing the Aramaic layer of the New Testament.

Advocates of the primacy of the Peshitta
According to mainstream textual scholars, the Peshitta New Testament is translated from The Greek New Testament. However, some writers believe that the Aramaic Peshitta is the closest text to the original New Testament. Among those who side with this view were William Norton of North Devon (1880), the late Assyrian author George Lamsa, and the owners of several websites: Paul Younan (Peshitta.org), Andrew Gabriel Roth (Aramaic NT Truth), David Bauscher (aramaicnt.com). In modern day, this movement is primarily based on the internet, although some historical advocates of the priority of the Peshitta include several Aramaic-speaking churches.

For example, Mar Eshai Shimun, Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East was quoted: "With reference to....the originality of the Peshitta text, as the Patriarch and Head of the Holy Apostolic and Catholic Church of the East, we wish to state, that the Church of the East received the scriptures from the hands of the blessed Apostles themselves in the Aramaic original, the language spoken by our Lord Jesus Christ Himself, and that the Peshitta is the text of the Church of the East which has come down from the Biblical times without any change or revision."

Primacy of Aramaic oral tradition
The fact that the Gospel of Mark in the Greek also has Jesus quoting Psalms 22:1 in Aramaic as shown above, is confirmation that an Aramaic rendering of the Old Testament already had established itself in popular oral tradition as documented by Zeev ben-Hayyim and others. Accordingly, other instances of Greek New Testament manuscripts not following the Hebrew text when they quote the Old Testament, indicate that further evidence exists to support Aramaic primacy in the spoken Word, if not the written. For example, not only do they not follow the Hebrew in all such instances, but they supply Greek readings that faithfully represent the Aramaic text even to the extent of contradicting the Hebrew. While such evidence is nonetheless inconclusive for any Gospel to have been written first in Aramaic, it is as impossible for oral accounts in Aramaic of Gospel events not to have been known to Gospel authors so as not to have influenced Greek readings, as it is impossible for oral accounts of official acts of war or terror to be unknown to the targeted audience, let alone non-existent, in their native tongue before they document it in a foreign one, as exemplified by Josephus in his Wars of the Jews, which was written first in Aramaic.

Peshitta-critical approach
Peshitta-critical advocates of an alternative Aramaic original take both the Peshitta and the Syriac manuscripts and critically compare them, similar to how some scholars who hold the majority view that the language of the New Testament is Greek take a critical approach to determining which Greek text better represents the original. Notables who side with this view are James Trimm (S.A.N.J.), and Joe Viel. This movement is also primarily based on the internet.

Aramaic source criticism
Source-critical advocates of an Aramaic original research first-century Aramaic, culture, and psychology to reconstruct the New Testament sources in dialects contemporary to its authors. Prominent figures that side with this view are Matthew Black, Bruce Chilton, Maurice Casey, Geza Vermes, Frank Zimmermann, and Steven Caruso.

Modern Aramaic NT versions
There needs to be a section of modern versions/translations (although how we get reliable academic sources on Internet versions is a problem). In ictu oculi (talk) 09:23, 16 December 2017 (UTC)

The Queen of The South
There is one question I want to know about the various proposed Hebrew of Aramaic versions of Matthew (or other Gospels) when Jesus calls the Queen of Sheba the "Queen of the South" which of the up to 5 different Hebrew words of South is used? This issue has the potential play into debate about Sheba. The standard Yemen view has it likely Jesus said Yamin or Teman or possibly Yam. But those who try to make her an Egyptian Pharaoh would want to see Negev here to support their tying this quote of Jesus into Daniel 11. Meanwhile references to the South Wind like Luke 12:55 and 13:29 would probably use Darom.--JaredMithrandir (talk) 11:19, 21 March 2018 (UTC)

Is this article not pure OR?
it feels the article is pure OR. All the authorities quoted seem not to hold those theories; in fact, they seem not to even talk about it. Veverve (talk) 22:38, 8 September 2021 (UTC) Veverve (talk) 22:41, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

this article is a bizarre and confusing mixture between several arguments, often completely unrelated among each other. For example, it confuses the possible aramaic documents behind the Greek New Testament with the Peshitta (which is a translation of the Greek one); it quotes great scholars such as Martin Hengel with minor scholars such as George Lamsa. I believe this voice needs to be re-written in a more orderly way.--Karma1998 (talk) 22:56, 8 September 2021 (UTC)
 * From what I get, the only notable person to hold the view the NT was originally written in Aramaic are George Lamsa, and allegedly Shimun XXI Eshai (the source does not look realiable, and I have not found this quote elsewhere). The rest of the article is pure fluff, rambling, and OR to make it look credible. I think the article should be deleted, if only for WP:TNT. Veverve (talk) 23:54, 8 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Well, yes and no. The debate can be broken down in three points:


 * Those who think that the Peshitta is the original New Testament text. It's a fringe theory, whose main supporter was George Lamsa;
 * Those who think that the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles were originally composed in Aramaic, but reject the identification with the Peshitta. It's a minority opinion, supported by some respectable scholars (like the late Jean Carmignac of the École Biblique and the scholars of the Exegetic School of Madrid);
 * Those who think that the New Testament was composed in koine Greek, but used Aramaic sources. That's a position that has received the support of many respectable scholars, like Martin Hengel, Maurice Casey and John P. Meier.--Karma1998 (talk) 10:23, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks a lot for the clarification. So, the article is only about the fringe theory of Lamsa and the authors of the two theories after (Jean Carmignac, Martin Hengel, Maurice Casey) are used as fluff. Therefore, I maintain the article should be deleted. What do you think? Veverve (talk) 12:58, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * not deleted, but re-written. The "Peshitta primacy" of Lamsa should be strongly reduced and more space should be given to the other theories.--Karma1998 (talk) 14:12, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * if you are going to change the subject, almost entire content and title of an article, I think you might as well TNT it. Veverve (talk) 14:47, 9 September 2021 (UTC)
 * so, what are you planning to do with this article? Veverve (talk) 09:25, 16 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. I think WP should have an article on this theory, but unfortunately the article as it stands does not describe the theory and who supports it, but rather, attempts to promote, or at least evaluate the theory. The article should not be providing evidence for the theory, but rather describe the theory and the reactions to it, and its place in scholarship. Ashmoo (talk) 15:46, 16 December 2021 (UTC)

I think this theory (the New Testament was originally written in Aramaic) does not exist outside of very marginal blogs and websites (the Shimun XXI Eshai quote also comes from a marginal website). Does any of you know of a reliable source which talks about or even simply mentions this theory? Veverve (talk) 16:10, 16 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Interesting. I do not know of any sources. I am just an interested amateur. Is the theory has no support in academic it should be reported as such (provided we can find a source that states this). Ashmoo (talk) 15:25, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Lead
The lead should be completely rewritten... — Paleo Neonate  – 04:18, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * could you give more details on how you would change it? As a sidenote, the whole article needs to be completely rewritten. Veverve (talk) 04:21, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * You're probably right. Problems I can see: it's not a summary of the article's body, it includes strange claims like about political correctness, meaningless mention of "popular view" (is this the scholarly consensus, a popular view about the particular translation, etc).  It extensively uses quotes, it contains a bullet list...  — Paleo  Neonate  – 04:23, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I have cleaned up the lede :). Veverve (talk) 04:35, 18 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It's a small start.Face-smile.svg — Paleo  Neonate  – 01:10, 19 January 2022 (UTC)

Aramaic Likely Original Language of New Testament, Not Greek
Consider article from The Assemblies of Yahweh, published in the late 1970s, now available online as a pdf at https://assembliesofyahweh.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/D-2-Exploding-the-Inspired-Greek-New-Testament-Myth.pdf Article argues convincingly that Yahshua's disciples spoke and wrote in Aramaic, not Greek, so Greek copies came much later, but no original manuscripts or earliest copies (in any language) are extant; only copies of copies. 2600:6C5E:5500:730:5C60:76EC:69E7:526F (talk) 01:27, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Does the article insinuate that Paul wrote his epistles in Greek?
It seems to. If that is the message then perhaps it should be stated explicitly and no left for the reader to assume. 2600:8801:BE01:2500:F45B:FCC9:DC39:5DCF (talk) 18:27, 21 April 2024 (UTC)