Talk:Austria-Hungary/Archive 8

Post-RM commentary
Austria and Hungary were not a country. There were no common citizenship neither passport. In international law, they were separate countries, that's why they had different peace treaties.

Read this article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867#Terms

With the exception of the territory of Bosnian Condominium, Austria and Hungary did not form a common sovereign territory in international law. (Ie. Kingdom of Hungary and Empire of Austria were different countries) Thus regarding to territorial changes during peace treaties, the Empire of Austria and Kingdom of Hungary had to act independently as independent countries: A delegate from the Austrian parliament had right to sign peace treaties related to territorial changes of the Austrian Empire, and respectively, a delegate from the Hungarian parliament had right to sign peace treaties regarding to territorial changes of the Kingdom of Hungary.[48] See: Treaty of Saint-Germain and Treaty of Trianon

Austria–Hungary, as a common entity, had no jurisdiction and legislative power, which was shaped by the fact that there was no common parliament. The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. The delegations had 60 members from the Imperial Council, and 60 members from the Hungarian parliament, and the ratios of various political fractions exactly and proportionally mirrored their own political parties of their parliaments. The members of the delegations from the two parliaments had no right to give speeches, to debate, or introduce new ideas during the meetings; thus they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. The only function of the delegates was to cast their votes according to the previously made decisions of their political factions in the Austrian and the Hungarian parliaments. All common decisions had to be ratified by the Austrian parliament to be valid on Austrian territory, and by the Hungarian parliament to be valid on the territory of Kingdom of Hungary.[47] The Austrian and Hungarian delegations hold their joint meeting in Vienna in every odd year, and in Pest in every even year.--Pharaph (talk) 10:08, 31 July 2023 (UTC)


 * They had separate peace treaties at the end of WWI because of the Dissolution of Austria-Hungary. Earlier treaties were made by the whole empire as a unit - see Category:Treaties_of_Austria-Hungary for a list. Furius (talk) 20:06, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * But this is WP:NOTAFORUM; what action do you want to be taken? Furius (talk) 20:07, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Clearly, this is a continuation of the issues discussed in the dash-versus-hyphen question. —⁠ ⁠BarrelProof (talk) 20:12, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You have reading comprehension problems.
 * The cited text exactly wrote only about territorial changes of E. Austria and/or K. of Hungary.--The only true Austro-Hungarian territory in Europe was the Bosnian condominium.Pharaph (talk) 06:32, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that last remark is not a continuation of the issues discussed in the dash-versus-hyphen question. —⁠ ⁠BarrelProof (talk) 05:05, 8 August 2023 (UTC)


 * Austria and Hungary were a true common entity only during the era of military dictatorship (1849-1867). For further info and references see: Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 article.--Pharaph (talk) 20:19, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

content dispute about why the 1848 revolution broke out
User:DeCausa stated that the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 had broken out due to the fantasy, that Hungary wished "greater autonomy". The war of 1848-49 was broken out for greater democracy, due to the unconstitutional arbitrary revoke of the April laws by Franz Joseph, who was just an usurper in Hungary by the grace of Russian Tzar before his coronation. Kingdom of Hungary as a state had no reason to change its status, because it was not part of Austrian Empire before the 1848 revolution. The Hungarian state had higher status before the 1848 revolution than after the Ausgleich of 1867. See the "Historical background" section of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 article.--Pharaph (talk) 10:11, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * From the 1848 Hungarian revolution, when Magyars revolted from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to request their own political self-government. On the 3 March 1848, Lajos Kossuth, as leader of the radical-nationalist Magyar nobility in the Hungarian diet called for the liberation of Hungary from Austrian tutelage...Magyars merely seized upon the fall of the (somewhat unconstitutional) Metternich regime to reassert the Hungarian right of self-government. The point is that until Kossuth achieved the March/April Laws in 1848 Hungary was subservient to Austria for finances, budget foreign policy etc but with those laws - but those laws were achieved because of the granting of Hungarian autonomy in 1848.. DeCausa (talk) 10:53, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Wrong. You forget the most important element in the study of history: Chronology and chronological order of the events.

Your Kossuth quote is nothing to do with the First phase of the events of the year of 1848, the Revolution, but the reaction against an 1849 event, the >>> March Constitution (Austria) <<<. The arbitrary and unlawful Austrian march constitution of 1849 questioned the Hungarian state's right to exist.

Since the status of Hungarian state was not even a question in the 1848 events, when the revolution broke out, because pre-1848 Kingdom of Hungary was enough independent. The second phase of the conflict started due to the new arbitrary Austrian march constitution of 1849.

So it is important not to confuse what happened on March 1848,(when the revolution started for democracy), with the events of 1849, when the mere existence of the Kingdom of Hungary was questioned by the Habsburg's new arbitrary constitution. Because the events of 1849 transformed into a "to be or not to be" type of question for Hungary.--Pharaph (talk) 14:31, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * That's WP:OR which we don't take into account. DeCausa (talk) 14:32, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you directly cite leaders or press at the time emphasizing a drive for democracy rather than autonomy? Remsense  聊  14:50, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It is not original research, but the opinion of special experts on LEGAL history.

In a debate about references, the opinion of a general historian dealing with the period cannot have the same weight as a specialist scholar of legal history who is researcher of the period.

As it turned out with the help of chronology, You speaking about the events of 1849, and not about the events 1848.

The Causes of the 1849 events. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_Constitution_(Austria)

You can find the detailed status of Kingdom Hungary before the revolution in this article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867#1526%E2%80%931848

It is not possible to argue rationally like a real adult until you simply neglect (or you did not even read) the content of these two fundamentally important articles and the references found in these two articles. The legal historians' books in the references of these two articles say something completely different from what you want to say and interpret in this debate.--Pharaph (talk) 15:16, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Could you please name specific sources so that it is easier for people who are observing this discussion to meaningfully participate? The sources themselves, not just other articles. Remsense  聊  15:25, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The two articles all well provided with references and sources. You just need to move the cursor of your mouse, click on the two articles, and watch the references after the statements/sentences of the article, you can even read them with the help of Google Books, URLs are also provided in the references. Even in the case if the direct URLs are not inserted in the references, all the sources are on the google books, with author, title ISBN and even the exact page numbers of the books.--Pharaph (talk) 16:09, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * No, sorry. The onus is explicitly on the person making the claims, which includes providing sources in discussions when asked. That facilitates easier discussions on public talk pages, like this one. It isn't a place for you to specifically shout at a specific person, it's a place for the community to engage in a discussion as frictionlessly as possible. Remsense  聊  16:17, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

I also suggest to read the April laws article and the 12 points which were the ruling principles of this laws, which clearly prove that the revolution broke out due to the demand of democracy. Let's don't forget, on 15 March of 1848, the main goal of the revolutionaries were the 12 points. Hungary was the third country (after France and Belgium) were laws were enacted about democratic parliamentary elections, with the widest suffrage of contemporary Europe, wider than contemporary UK.--Pharaph (talk) 16:09, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I have removed the leading, unsourced annotations on the text on the 12 points article, and the only source for the annotations on the april laws article is an official hungarian government website, which does not seem sufficient. Remsense  聊  16:25, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Pharaph, I suggest you read WP:CIRCULAR. Other Wikipedia articles are not relevant - particularly ones you have heavily edited to your POV. I've cited three WP:RS secondary sources. You've cited nothing but bluster. No one is going to pay any attention to what you have to say until you starting properly citing sources. Until you do so you are just putting forward a POV based on WP:OR. DeCausa (talk) 16:27, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

You can not copy (impossible) other Wikipedia materials/conteents to the discussions of talk pages, because the Wiki system does not allow that. Why can't you go to the linked wiki articles and read the reference books?--Pharaph (talk) 17:02, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Because I want to know exactly which texts we are looking at, to avoid confusion. All that's necessary are titles and authors, not a full citation. Remsense  聊  17:02, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I will insist on page numbers or a link to a page. DeCausa (talk) 17:58, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

During the Middle Ages, the Duchy of Austria was an autonomous state within the Holy Roman Empire, governed by the House of Habsburg. In contrast, the Kingdom of Hungary was a sovereign state outside the empire. In 1526, Hungary was defeated and partially conquered by the Ottoman Empire. King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia died young in the Battle of Mohács, leaving no legitimate heir. Consequently, Louis II’s brother-in-law, Ferdinand I of Habsburg, was elected King of Hungary by a rump Parliament in Pozsony (now Bratislava) in December 15261. The Ottomans were subsequently driven out of Hungary by the cooperation of international Western Christian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy between 1686 and 1699. From 1526 to 1804, Hungary was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty as kings of Hungary, but remained nominally and legally separate from the other lands of the Habsburg monarchy. Unlike other Habsburg-ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an old historic constitution[1], which limited the power of the Crown and had greatly increased the authority of the parliament since the 13th century. The Golden Bull of 1222 was one of the earliest examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch[2], which was forced on the Hungarian king in much the same way King John of England was made to sign Magna Carta.

References:

1^ Robert Young (1995). Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780773565470.

2^ Francis Fukuyama: What's Wrong with Hungary? https://www.the-american-interest.com/2012/02/06/whats-wrong-with-hungary/

The old Hungarian constitution and public law provisions made it legally impossible to involve and integrate the Kingdom of Hungary into a different state.[3] The Hungarian parliament, which emerged as the supreme legislative institution in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s, was the most important political assembly since the 12th century.[4]

"The Diet had the lawful right to declare war and peace, and Hungary could have made peace with a power with which Austria was at war, if the kings had not falsified their oath by not assembling the Hungarian Parliament." [5]

The traditionally highly autonomous counties of Hungary posed a major obstacle in the construction of absolutism in Hungary. The counties were the centers of local public administration and local politics in Hungary, and they possessed a recognized right to refuse to carry out any “unlawful” (unconstitutional) royal orders. This made it possible to question the legality of a surprisingly high proportion of the royal orders which emanated from Vienna.[6]

References:

3^ Joshua Toulmin Smith (1861). Illustrations of the political and diplomatic relations of the independent Kingdom of Hungary; and of the interest that Europe has in the "Austrian Alliance.". W. Jeffs. pp. 19–23. https://books.google.com/books?id=CyxYAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22never+been+nor+are+a+part+of+the+Austrian+Empire%22&pg=PA19&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22never%20been%20nor%20are%20a%20part%20of%20the%20Austrian%20Empire%22&f=false

4^ Elemér Hantos: The Magna Carta of the English And of the Hungarian Constitution (1904)

5^ [From Kossuth's Speech at Copenhagen House, Nov. 3d, 1851.] https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/10691/pg10691.html

6^ Carlile Aylmer Macartney (2014). The Habsburg Empire, 1790-1918. Faber & Faber. p. 29. ISBN 9780571306299. https://books.google.com/books?id=CCWXBAAAQBAJ&dq=habsburgs+comitatus+hungary+autonomous&pg=PT29&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=habsburgs%20comitatus%20hungary%20autonomous&f=false — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pharaph (talk • contribs) 18:43, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

In 1804, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who also ruled the lands of the Habsburg monarchy, established the Empire of Austria, which included most of his so-called Erblande lands. However, the new Erblande term was not applied to the Kingdom of Hungary.[7]

Reference ^7: Michael Hochedlinger (2015). Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797. Routledge. p. XVII. ISBN 9781317887928. URL: https://books.google.com/books?id=X7pACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT17 — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pharaph (talk • contribs) 19:19, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

The Kingdom of Hungary was always considered a separate realm, and its status was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary’s constitution in 1790 during the phase of the composite monarchy. The article described the state as a Regnum Independens. From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty’s three main branches on both lines. From the perspective of the ország (the country), Hungary was regnum independens, a separate Land as stipulated by Article X of 1790. The Court reassured the diet that the assumption of the monarch’s newly adopted title (Emperor of Austria) did not affect the laws and the constitution on the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary in any sense.[8]

Reference 8. ."Zeilner, Franz (2008), Verfassung, Verfassungsrecht und Lehre des Öffentlichen Rechts in Österreich bis 1848: Eine Darstellung der materiellen und formellen Verfassungssituation und der Lehre des öffentlichen Rechts, Frankfurt am Main: Lang, p. 45

Thus, under the new arrangements, no Austrian imperial institutions were involved in its internal government.[9]

Reference ^9 Laszlo, Péter (2011), Hungary's Long Nineteenth Century: Constitutional and Democratic Traditions, Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV, p. 6

URL: https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hungary_s_Long_Nineteenth_Century/PcwyAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=orszag+and+empire+moved+on+different+planes&pg=PA6&printsec=frontcover

The Hungarian legal and judicial systems remained separate and independent from the unified legal and judicial systems of the other Habsburg-ruled areas. Consequently, the administration and structures of central government of the Kingdom of Hungary also remained separate from the Austrian administration and government until the 1848 revolution. Hungary was governed to a greater degree by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) in Pressburg (Pozsony) and, to a lesser extent, by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna, which was independent of the Imperial Chancellery of Austria[10].

Reference ^10 Balázs, Éva H. Hungary and the Habsburgs, 1765–1800: An Experiment in Enlightened Absolutism. p. 320. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pharaph (talk • contribs) 19:49, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

In Hungary, the coronation of a new king was absolutely indispensable for his reign to begin, unlike in most Western European countries such as France and the United Kingdom, where the king’s reign began immediately upon the death of his predecessor. If the coronation was not properly executed, the Kingdom would remain “orphaned”. Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg-ruled areas, no Habsburg monarch could promulgate laws or exercise his royal prerogatives in the territory of Hungary until he had been crowned as King of Hungary[11]

^^11 Nemes, Paul (10 January 2000). "Hungary: The Holy Crown". Central Europe Review. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2008. URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20150511145632/http://www.ce-review.org/00/1/nemes1.html

Since the Golden Bull of 1222, all Hungarian monarchs were required to take a coronation oath during the coronation procedure. The new monarchs had to agree to uphold the constitutional arrangement of the country, preserve the liberties of their subjects, and maintain the territorial integrity of the realm [12]

Reference ^12 András A. Gergely; Gábor Máthé (2000). The Hungarian state: thousand years in Europe: 1000–2000. Korona. p. 66. ISBN 9789639191792. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pharaph (talk • contribs) 20:00, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * You don't seem to realise that's not the point. There's two fundamental problems with what you've said:
 * It's rather like quoting the North Korean constitution to classify N Korea as a democracy. The sources I cited are about political reality. As one of them said (and which I quoted above) what Kossuth was trying to do in March 1848 was the "the liberation of Hungary from Austrian tutelage".
 * For Wikipedia what you have tried to do is WP:SYNTH and is not allowed. It doesn't directly address the issue. You can't say X is the position pre-1848 and therefore your view of what 1848 was about must be right. You need to produce a source that specifically says the objective of 1848 was "democracy" not "self-government". Simple as that. try again.
 * DeCausa (talk) 20:02, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Or rather, it's putting an equals sign between 'Hungary was not actually an integral part of Austria' with 'Hungary meaningfully already governed itself' Remsense  聊  20:07, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Wrong. Kossuth was not against the Habsburgs at all in March 1848, in the era of the revolution. Let's don't forget The Hungarian revolution lasted only for two days (not years) between 15 and 16 of March, 1848. The full name of the conflict is After that the war of indenpendence was very slowly built up. Until around September, (Battle of Pákozd), the Hungarian government politiciand and public opinion was not even aware that the Habsburgs want a war and erase the April laws. They believed, that the dynasty accepted the democratic and societal reforms of the April laws. Kossuth was just a finance minister in the first government.

I think you like this Kossuth, but I think it would be better to read his simple Wikipedia article here: Lajos Kossuth.

LAJOS KOSSUTH  SENT  WORD  ... Papers delivered  on  the  occasion  of  the bicentenary of  Kossuth’s  birth

Edited by

lASZLO PETER,  MARTYN  RADY, PETER SHERWOOD

Hungarian Cultural  Centre  London School of  Slavonic  and  East  European  Studies University College  London

URL: https://archive.org/stream/SSEES0026/SSEES0026_djvu.txt

Quote: "When in  Hungary,  of  course,  he  had  been  a  consistent  monarchist.  In his  famous  speech  of  3  March  1848,  demanding  a  constitution  for  all  parts of  the  Empire,  he  had  referred  to  ‘our  beloved  dynasty’,  saying  that  all  the peoples  of  the  Monarchy  would  offer  their  blood  and  lives  for  it  (if  not  for the  politicians  of  Vienna);  indeed,  he  had  lavished  praise  on  the  young Franz  Joseph  as  the  dynasty’s  hope  for  the  future. "

An important quote from Kossuth speech during the Viennese revolution on March 13

Hungarian statesman Pm. Lajos Batthyány was part of a delegation of Hungarian Statesman to Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria who was also King Ferdinand V of Hungary, that insisted Hungary’s government be supreme in its territory.

Lajos Kossuth, another Hungarian Statesman, gave a speech to the government where he appealed to the hope of the Habsburgs, the incoming emperor: “our beloved Archduke Franz Joseph” (then seventeen years old), to perpetuate the ancient glory of the dynasty by meeting half-way the aspirations of a free people.

Encyclopedia Britannica 1911. URL: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kossuth,_Lajos — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pharaph (talk • contribs) 22:19, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Are you serious? You're wasting everyone's time. DeCausa (talk) 07:06, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The distinction between "democracy" and "self-government" / "autonomy" in this context seems to me to be extremely slight. Furius (talk) 16:34, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not, though. In the context of the upheavals of the mid-19th century, how people thought about organizing nation-states wrt democracy versus autonomy was extremely important. People who believed in one did not necessarily believe in the other.  Remsense  聊  16:40, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Sure, but Pharaph's not defined what they mean by "democracy" at all. Pharaph seems by "democracy" to mean that they wanted Franz Josef stop behaving like an autocrat. As I understand it Pharaph's objection to "self-government/autonomy" is totally based on the claim that since Hungary was not part of Austria (which everyone accepts), it already had dejure self-government. But this doesn't follow. It is completely logical to say that the Hungarians wanted greater defacto autonomy from their own king. But it really is very unclear what Pharaph wants... Furius (talk) 17:04, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * We are in agreement! Remsense  聊  17:19, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

Democracy in this case means laws, a legal frame, which allow it functioning. It is the April laws. The war was started by the Habsburgs, because they did not want to accept the April laws. Reference: https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/ac/aprilaw.htm István Deák: The Lawful Revolution. Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849. New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

--Pharaph (talk) 19:28, 6 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The April Laws, as stated in your source, are the framework for a constitutional monarchy. That is not the same thing as a democracy. An annual 'national assembly' does not by itself make a democracy, which only means "a government where general population holds power".This system may be significantly more democratic than the previous one in theory or practice (if it were allowed to manifest), but that does not mean 1) that it was what analysts would call a democracy full-stop, nor does it mean 2) that is what the intent was behind it, which is the crux of this whole discussion. Remsense  聊  19:35, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

The antithesis of democracy is the dictatorship. Dictatorships are authoritarian or totalitarian and they can be classified as military dictatorships, one-party dictatorships, personalist dictatorships, or absolute monarchies. Since the Habsburg power relied on their absolutism, which they wanted to introduce in an even harsher form, we can call it as a dictatorship.

So, groups of people or even countries are all fighting for democracy who are working to overthrow absolutism (ie dictatorship) to transform it into a democratic constitutional monarchy or a democratic republic. It is no coincidence that Kossuth was seen as the physical embodiment of democracy, and (it is no exaggeration) as a demigod-like figure by both the British and the Americans, when Kossuth visited these countries during his emigration. --Pharaph (talk) 20:55, 10 November 2023 (UTC)


 * That is a very specific ideological position that is not remotely universal, that is a conclusion you're coming to by synthesizing sources, it is not what any of the sources say. That's it. Just say exactly what the sources say, and no more. If you can't get what Wikipedia means with that in its policies, then I cannot help further. Remsense  聊  21:41, 10 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Agreed. There's no point continuing this. Suffice to say no one supports Pharaph's policy-free views. DeCausa (talk) 21:50, 10 November 2023 (UTC)

Lajos Kossuth got a bust in the US Capitol, as a man who fight for democracy.

http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/docs/AHF_USCongress_KossuthStatue_Dedication.pdf

There are hundreds of British and American books mention Kossuth, as a statesman who fought for democracy against the Habsburg absolutism. See google Books search: https://www.google.com/search?q=%22louis+kossuth%22+%22for+democracy%22&client=firefox-b-d&sca_esv=581513559&tbm=bks&sxsrf=AM9HkKnNvWHhrNEO1FhHeofxL7xK2SbAEg:1699710078410&ei=foRPZZfWGOnAi-gPgbmT4AQ&start=10&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwiXjce7ibyCAxVp4AIHHYHcBEwQ8NMDegQIDxAY&biw=2081&bih=1635&dpr=1

And Hundreds of contemporary British and American newspapers and magazines. Let's don't forget that Kossuth and Garibaldi were far the most popular foreign born men in 19th century UK and US. They were idolized in the English speaking world.--Pharaph (talk) 13:52, 11 November 2023 (UTC)


 * I don't care, you are not listening. If it is so obvious and so irrefutable, there must be a plethora of secondary sources emphasizing this particular point in these particular words. Quote me a scholarly secondary source that plainly states the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 was incited by a demand for democracy—using the word 'democracy', or a direct synonym for it—or this conversation is over. Remsense  聊  13:57, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

The revolution lasted only for two days between march 15-and 16. It's keyfigures were extra parliamentary radical democrat intellectuals, led by poet Sándor Petőfi. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Democracy_and_Myth_in_Russia_and_Eastern/vCUHwCwLAr8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pet%C5%91fi+%22for+democracy%22&pg=PA182&printsec=frontcover The Hungarian suffrage was much wider than the contemporary British.

The revolutionary crowd demanded democratic reforms: By democratic they meant a ministry responsible to the electorate, universal suffrage, equal treatment before the law, freedom of association and of expression, and taxation based upon the ability to pay https://www.google.com/books/edition/Harvard_Historical_Studies/bjM9AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22S%C3%A1ndor+pet%C5%91fi%22+%22democratic%22&dq=%22S%C3%A1ndor+pet%C5%91fi%22+%22democratic%22&printsec=frontcover

I think it is clear. I can cite hundreds of such books.--Pharaph (talk) 14:57, 11 November 2023 (UTC)


 * Genuinely, thank you. That is what we've been asking for, now we can compare the weight of sources on an equivalent basis. Remsense  聊  15:00, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * The reality is that there were two themes to the Revolution, as summarised in this source: The troubles in the Austrian Empire actually began in Hungary. On March 3 1848 Lajos Kossuth, a Magyar nationalist, attacked the Austrian domination of Hungary. His call was for Hungarian independence and a responsible ministry under the Habsburg crown. As with the revolution in the German states it was a mix of nationalism and radical liberalism. DeCausa (talk) 15:27, 11 November 2023 (UTC)


 * Hungarian independence from the despotic rule/aspirations of Habsburg dynasty. Hungary was not part of Austrian Empire, as I proved that above.
 * All contemporary liberals / democrats were also partially nationalist in the era. However Kossuth followed the enlightened Western type of liberal/civic nationalism, meanwhile Slavic groups with their imagined panslavist connationalist racial ideas represented the ethnic nationalism, based on racist world view.
 * About Panslavist and pangermanist beliefs, they built upon racism, and racial supremacy beliefs. Books about that:
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=gt26WR1zSxIC&pg=PT65&dq=Pan+Slavism+racism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-seew9uKBAxWM0QIHHSc0CZUQ6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Pan%20Slavism%20racism&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=DpJlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182&dq=Pan+Slavism+racism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-seew9uKBAxWM0QIHHSc0CZUQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Pan%20Slavism%20racism&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=0gZj0L4ucocC&pg=RA14-PA1&dq=Pan+Slavism+racism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDrZ-W-eKBAxWW0QIHHWDPAAY4ChDoAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q=Pan%20Slavism%20racism&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=lP8kKUKmOwAC&pg=PA187&dq=Pan+Slavism+racism&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiDrZ-W-eKBAxWW0QIHHWDPAAY4ChDoAXoECAsQAw#v=onepage&q=Pan%20Slavism%20racism&f=false
 * Civic nationalism is frequently contrasted with ethnic nationalism. According to Donald Ipperciel, historically, civic nationalism was a determining factor in the development of modern constitutional and democratic forms of government, whereas ethnic nationalism has been more associated with authoritarian rule and even dictatorship. Ipperciel, Donald (2007). "Constitutional democracy and civic nationalism". Nations and Nationalism. 13 (3): 395–416. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00293.x.
 * The 20th century revival of civic nationalism had key role in the ideological war against the racist and nazi ideologies. Reference: Nancy Foner; Patric simon (2015). Fear, Anxiety, and National Identity Immigration and Belonging in North America and Western Europe. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 38. ISBN 9781610448536. --Pharaph (talk) 17:09, 11 November 2023 (UTC)