Talk:Avaris

Population figures
It is difficult and sometimes even impossible to rank the world´s top five largest cities in ancient times. The Chandler list is based on some very general assumptions.--JFK 12:39, 10 April 2006 (UTC)


 * It is believed that Avaris was the largest city in the world from 1670 to 1557 BC.
 * Removed until verified. --JFK 11:33, 12 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Some of the Egyptian nomes population records have survived in the form of tax records and the distributions of fields. In the 18th Dynasty of Egypt the average size of the population for a nome might have been about 23,810 people and for a town about 566 people not counting women and children I used to have an old published thesis paper on this but have long since misplaced it. Cities like Thebes, Memphis, Tanis, the nome capitals, and Avaris might have had populations that approached 50% of the total for the whole nome. Rktect 17:38, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Map needed
Where was this in Egypt? – Quadell (talk) (random) 19:52, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

You can google map Avaris as a large field in the eastern delta between Faqus and Didamun —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rktect (talk • contribs).

Pronunciation
As Pi-Ramesses does not have it's own page it might be appropriate to include it's pronunciation here considering how it is pronounced doesn't even resemble how it looks like it should be. I have no idea how to do IPA so could someone else do it? It is pronounced Peer-a-mess. Wayne (talk) 04:24, 26 March 2009 (UTC)


 * According to whom? Cush (talk) 07:31, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Although the original Egyptian pronunciation is unknown it's the pronunciation used by Egyptologists. I've heard it used by many including Bietak and have never heard any other pronunciation. If I remember correctly the heiroglyph for Pi-Ramesses is Pr-ra-ms-s which could explain why this pronunciation is used. Wayne (talk) 16:06, 27 March 2009 (UTC)


 * Peer-a-mess may well be the American chewing gum version of the name, but I doubt that it is any kind of proper pronunciation. · CUSH · 15:50, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually the "American chewing gum version" as you call it is Pi-Ramses (Pi as in the Greek letter, or PIE). The previous poster is correct.  European egyptologists (and maybe American ones as well) do indeed pronounce it Pyramess (Pyr being pronounced like pyramid) as above.  You can hear the pronunciation in Part one of "Lost Cities of the Ancients," which is available here; part one being "The Vanished City Of The Pharaoh,"  which is the story of the discovery of Pi-Ramses.  Please note this is a BBC series, with British and French Egyptologists speaking.  I don't think there are even Americans in it, but there might be.  The pronunciation is uniform throughout this documentary.  Rifter0x0000 (talk) 17:50, 6 July 2010 (UTC)

Anachronistic
Philistia did not exist as a province until the reign of Rameses III, it was Canaan, not PHilistia. Canaan however was not much of a problem until after the Battle of Kadesh, when there was a brief revolt forcibly put down. John D. Croft (talk) 09:27, 1 July 2009 (UTC)

Hyksos capital
Shouldn't there be a section about Avaris being the Hyksos capital and their primary military stronghold? Cush (talk) 14:04, 1 November 2009 (UTC)


 * Should there not also be some mention of the work of Imanuel Velikovsky, re: this same subject? I.e. Avaris!69.92.23.64 (talk) 20:21, 3 November 2010 (UTC)Ronald L. Hughes


 * No. Velikovsky is pseudo-science. Same nutjob category as Erich von Däniken. &equiv; CUSH &equiv; 20:29, 3 November 2010 (UTC)


 * Dear Cush! Since Wikipedia is touted as an "encyclopedia", then perhaps your "superior" attitude is not a trait deemed necessary for one who manages or supports such an effort?  Just perhaps you might well read the definition of the word "Encyclopedia?", such as the one found (easily) here?  http://www.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia  As far as I see, there is no determination to leave out information that  you and others have deemed as "pseudo-science!"  If you can tell me a good reason for doing so, while following the definition of the word "Encyclopedia" then I would well like to see it?  Very little regards for such an attitude!69.92.23.64 (talk) 23:28, 3 November 2010 (UTC)Ronald L. Hughes


 * Velikovsky's claims have been scientifically debunked, and the remaining adherents now represent a fringe position that has no standing among archaeologists and historians whatsoever. Velikovsky's stuff clearly lacks notability and confirmation by reliable sources. "Encyclopedia" does NOT mean inclusion of random information. &equiv; CUSH &equiv; 14:16, 4 November 2010 (UTC)


 * There is a distinction between believing his Astronomical claims and his views on Ancient Chronology. His Arguments on Egyptology still stand up in the bias pillars but I disagree with many details.  Alternate theories should be acknowledged as long as their specified as alternate.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.25.176.92 (talk) 15:06, 26 March 2014 (UTC)

Pi-Ramesses and other Obnoxiousities
No one's been listening; I have numerous sources placing Pi-Ramesses in Qantir, not Avaris (See An Introduction to The Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Kathryn A. Bard, published 2009 by Blackwell Publishing). This distinction isn't even noted, not to mention how misleading it is to linking this to the series of Egyptian capitals. I'm a new user, someone help instead of just being crude and dismissive because I have no "wiki cred".Karooney (talk) 06:16, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * What's your problem exactly? Pi-Ramesse's extent includes Avaris (it's only 3 km apart), which in fact became the southern quarter of Pi-Ramesses. There is no need to make an artificial distinction that was not made even by the ancients. · CUSH · 11:36, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Now that my initial early-hour frustration is over, my problem that Avaris is included within the "Ancient Egyptian Capitals" list when Pi-Ramesses actually encompassed much more, and is a separate archaeological entity than Avaris. Although expanding articles is probably tough, I know that this was misleading while I was writing a large term paper. Truly, Pi-Ramesses should not redirect to Avaris although it might have overlapping boundaries with the site. This article makes it seem like they were one and the same place, even when both the stables and the palace seem to be at Qantir. Karooney (talk) 02:08, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * I'm listening, just haven't had a chance to work on this. An editor made a couple of massive changes with no edit summary and this ended up with terrible formatting (besides the lack of discussion or the fact that material was copied from one article to another with no attribution to the old article in the edit summary, and thus was copyright violation, each editor's edits need to be traceable). Give me a chance, I'll work on this today, ok? Breakfast, etc. first. Dougweller (talk) 06:46, 26 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Wonderful! I'm sorry, your morning is my 3 AM. If you need more sources, let me know. I'd edit it myself, but I can barely figure out how to format my own user page. Oh, and if you have Bard, it's p215.Karooney (talk) 07:10, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Cush, are you really suggesting that we should have a redirect from Qantir to Avaris? Take a look at . An article on Pi-Ramesses should have a discussion on the location debate, and I don't see that as proper within the Avaris article. Dougweller (talk) 11:47, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Of course we should have a redirect from Qantir to Avaris. Avaris covers the whole excavation area. This is like a question about including the Eiffel Tower in an article about Paris although it is a few kilometers from the city center. Pi-Ramesses was first built as a palace and temple extension of Avaris and then the settlement grew around the palace and the temples so that Avaris became a quarter of Pi-Ramesses (the old city so-to-say).


 * So carrying on with the Eifel Tower analogy, although we obviously should mention Qantir and Pi-Ramesses in this article, we should have a separate article for Pi-Ramesses, just as we have one for the EIffel Tower, right? I haven't looked into this much yet, what's your source for it being built first as an extension of Avaris? Or do you not actually mean extending Avaris (ie contiguous), but built outside of Avaris? Thanks Dougweller (talk) 16:41, 26 April 2010 (UTC)

right|thumb|240px (P.S., this map is awesome-thanks for posting) Karooney (talk) 02:10, 27 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, on neighboring islands and peninsulas. Avaris had always been scattered over a large area that was dissected by a multitude of arms and bayous of the Nile (the green parts in the map overlay were flooded during the inundation season). Pi-Ramesses was erected in the angle between two branches of the Nile, but the existing infrastructure of Avaris on the southern river bank was still used (especially the remains of the huge Hyksos fortress, cf. the small brighter inset in the map) and its major Seth temple extended (if not even replaced by a larger building). · CUSH · 18:57, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Thanks. This] describes them as adjoining sites. Ian shaws uses the word 'adjacent'. Bard's encyclopedia says "The area of ancient Pi-Ramesses, stretching over more than 30km2 within the region of Qantir/Tell ed-Dab’a" and refers to "Avaris/Tell ed-Dab’a". Dougweller (talk) 19:40, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * It is somewhat difficult to actually define the limits of Pi-Ramesse as such. This was not a walled fortress as Avaris had been in the Hyksos period, but a rather open settlement that was constantly surrounded by tent camps. After all, this and Tjafanet (Tahpanhes, Daphnae, Baal Zephon 30.86071°N, 32.17148°W) were the principal military bases used to control the Sinai and Canaan (and to maintain the safe passage along the via maris). · CUSH · 20:26, 26 April 2010 (UTC)


 * I definitely agree that Pi-Ramesses had (as most archaeological sites do) indefinite borders. And the term Avaris, as you have mentioned, is both referencing a walled fortress and a larger scattered Tell el-Daba area. That being said, my "problem" is that Pi-Ramesses from the "Capitals of Egypt" page redirects to Avaris, and conflates it with the Hyksos empire capital-a walled, defined fortress. I do not feel the geographical proximity of the two negates the need for two separate pages. As a student and a reader, this is confusing. Karooney (talk) 02:08, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * No reason was given for the redirect, and I think some good arguments have been made for removing it. Cush, I hope you are ok with this. It will keep irrelevant stuff out of the Avaris article and give us a cleaner set of articles. Dougweller (talk) 07:33, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Of course I am not ok with this. But my opinion is not necessarily relevant here. · CUSH · 11:14, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * I'm sorry you feel that way. Karooney (talk) 02:01, 28 April 2010 (UTC)


 * This is an old discussion but I thought I would clarify a bit.
 * Hyksos Avaris was built over a smaller Egyptian settlement with archæological remains including a statue of Sobekkaˀriˁa Sobekneferu (last queen of Dyn 12) and one of Qamaˀu Saˀaḥarneḏḥarjitef Ḥotepjibriˁa (Dyn 13). During the Hyksos period, smaller poorer houses are found in the northeast, while to the east are larger multilevel homes. Graves are in a Canaanite fashion, while servants were often buried in the same tomb at the same time that their master died (possibly sacrificed). Overcrowding became an issue and homes were built over grave yards and even incorporated tombs into their structure. Near the end of the Hyksos period, large defensive walls were added, presumably because they felt threatened by the Egyptians rising against them. There were temples located in the north end of the city, having a Syrian-like design to them, with a north-northwest to south-southeast orientation. Temple 1 is made of whitewashed mudbrick with blue painting.
 * After the Hyksos fell, Avaris became a location of massive storage facilities and silos, slave quarters, and finally a large military encampment. Pumice was found in the area of Ezbet Helmi, which was a palatial compound located on the eastern side of the area (Ezbet Helmi is where much of the Minoan styled decoration are located during the Hyksos period). The pumice is dated, archæologically, to around the time of Hatshepsut (Dyn 18), and speculated to come from Thera, however carbon dating from the Thera eruption is long before the time of Hatshepsut (by about a century), so the how-and-why of the pumice is uncertain.
 * Sometime after the period in which the pumice is found, there is a drop in activity and population.
 * The next time that Avaris again began to be built-up was during the reign of Horemheb (Dyn 18) under the direction of Pariˁamessu (later named Riˁamesses, the first king of Dyn 19). Pariˁamessu's family originated and had large land possessions in the Nile delta somewhere in the region of Avaris dating back to within the Hyksos period, were likely of Semitic extraction (Syrian?), were non-royal, but were a high ranking military family within the Egyptian society. Horemheb, who also was originally from a non-royal military family, selected him to be his future successor, possibly because Pariˁamessu already had a son (future Menmaˀˁatriˁa Seti I) to succeed him while Horemheb did not. Pariˁamessu began building up former Avaris, but sometime after the beginning of Dyn 19, construction was moved a few kilometers away to the Qantir location. Some materials from Avaris were brought to the new location, and it is this new location that is more properly Per-Ramesses/Pi-Ramesses ("Estate of Riˁamessu", possibly indicating it was built on the ancestral lands of Pariˁamessu's family). However, the new location continued to expand in size which eventually came to include sections of old Avaris (considered a separate archæological site from Qantir).
 * The Qantir location would eventually be abandoned, and poetically, materials from Qantir were also moved to a new delta residence (Dyn 21 & 22), Ḏanet (Tanis/Suan/Zoan). It was because of these hijacked materials relocated to Ḏanet (archæological site San el-Hagar) that caused initial excavators to think that Ḏanet/Tanis was the location of Avaris (which would be proved incorrect, eventually).
 * Summary: Tell el-Dabˀa and Qantir (Avaris and Per-Ramesses) are separate locations/sites where the latter, later, came to encroach on the former. What name did Avaris have after the fall of the Hyksos to the end of the 18th Dyn? I could not tell you that (although it likely took on the name of Per-Ramesses once the Qantir/Per-Ramesses location began to encroach on it).
 * — al-Shimoni  (talk) 02:16, 28 February 2013 (UTC)

Biblical Ramses?
I have a concern with this section being in the article on Avaris. If we are agreeing that The biblical Raamses is associated with Pi-Ramesses, and thus a period of time after Avaris and Hyksos rule, than logically it has no place in an article dealing with Avaris. I understand that Pi-Ramesses has been redirected to this article, however it seems that this association has opened up the door for sections of this article that are further and further away from the actual subject matter. I agree with Karooney in suggesting a separate page for Pi-Ramesses, which would also include the section on "Biblical Ramses". HoraceBronte (talk) 02:52, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * In the Bible "Raamses" is used indiscriminately for Avaris and Pi-Ramesse in any period. So what is your point, really?
 * And btw, the the Hyksos period does not necessarily preceed the Exodus. · CUSH · 11:13, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * If the understanding is that Ramses was in power during the exodus, as the name of the city Raamses might suggest, than it can be assumed that the period of time surrounding Exodus must at least precede the reign of Seti I if not Ramses I. Avaris is not mentioned in the Bible, nor is Hut-Waret or any linguistic variation. Raamses, however, has a possible association with both Ramses and Pi-Ramesses. Furthermore, whether or not my conclusions are invalid in your eyes, Cush, the section on "Biblical Ramses" itself makes no reference to Avaris, only to Pi-Ramesses, and so in its current state has no place in an article which is entitled "Avaris". HoraceBronte (talk) 20:58, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * The name Ramses is used even when Joseph brought his folks to Egypt (Genesis 47:11), over 200 years before the Exodus. Ramses does in fact refer to Avaris, simply because no king of the name Ramesses had reigned in or before the time of Joseph (in any chronology). The use of the name is anachronistic.
 * The Exodus took place at the end of the 13th Dynasty anyways, so no Ramesses yet for a very looong time. · CUSH · 21:25, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * I've restored the Pi-Ramesses article which still needs work but haven't yet worked on this one. I'm off to bed but will remove the biblical section now. Dougweller (talk) 21:07, 27 April 2010 (UTC)


 * Thanks! Karooney (talk) 02:01, 28 April 2010 (UTC)

Pi-Ramesses
I've deleted the long section on Pi-Ramesses as it's word-for-word the same as most of the material in the article of that name. In its place I've added a single-sentence note that PR was built adjacent to old Avaris some centuries later. (They're only the same place if you ignore the time dimension).PiCo (talk) 23:46, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * How so? Avaris was continuously inhabited, and also at the time that Pi-Ramesses was built around it.
 * The article has this sentence: "Avaris was abandoned after the Hyksos expulsion throughout most of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt and the capital moved back to Thebes in the Nile valley; the Nineteenth dynasty ruler Ramesses II moved the capital back to the Delta, building a new city, Pi-Ramesses, immediately adjacent to the remains of Avaris." I think that's as much as needs to be said - there's a whole article on Pi-Rameses elsewhere. PiCo (talk) 23:01, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Can we please have sources for the claim that Avaris was razed to the ground and abandoned? After all, only the ruling (foreign, Pelasgian) elite was toppled, while the population had always been native Egyptians. Why would Ahmose destroy a valuable military stronghold once he got hold of it? &equiv; CUSH &equiv; 07:04, 27 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It's unsourced in the article - which might be an accidental result of the editing I was doing a few days ago. On a quick look through other refs I found this - "After the conquest of Avaris by Ahmose c. 1530 BC the major part of the town was abandoned. The citadel, however, was destroyed and enormous storage facilities set up, among them numerous silos. On top of those remains traces of a camp with bonfires a, ovens and postholes of tents were encountered. Bodies probably of soldiers were buried without any offerings in pits. Also bodies of several horses were found in this stratum. On top of the camps and soldier graves a new palatial compound of the 18th Dynasty was constructed..." It might be better to quote that directly.PiCo (talk) 07:22, 27 July 2010 (UTC)

important info
If you can get hold of it (I had to pay not being associated with any institution) this article has important things to say about Avaris, Bietak and the dates of the Hyksos. It's at onlinelibrary.wiley.com if you don't have Archaeometry magazine in an accessible university library. Manning, S.W., and B. Kromer, “Radiocarbon Dating Archaeological Samples In The Eastern Mediterranean, 1730 To 1480 Bc: Further Exploring The Atmospheric Radiocarbon Calibration Record And The Archaeological Implications”, Archaeometry, Vol. 53, Issue 2, pp. 413-439, April 2011. 4.248.218.228 (talk) 22:44, 28 November 2011 (UTC)


 * Radiocarbon date report on Avaris: Bietak's stratigraphy is now questioned.

http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935413-e-64 100.15.117.207 (talk) 19:24, 12 August 2017 (UTC)

Contradiction in dates
In [Overview] the following is written:

"Towards the end of the Seventeenth dynasty, Kamose, the last king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, besieged Avaris, but could not dislodge the Hyksos, who were finally expelled some 18 years later (c. 1550 BC) by Ahmose I, the founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty"

In Kamose I's page his reign is given as c. 1555–1550 BC, when he died. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamose

However for Ahmose I his reign is c. 1539–1514 BC. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmose_I

The gap 1550-1539 BC (of 11 years) shows that either the reign dates or the explusion date ~1550 BC and period of 18 years are wrong. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.89.230.136 (talk) 09:35, 7 September 2016 (UTC)

Avaris has nothing to do with the "Exodus"
A list of the "Stations of the Exodus" is entirely inappropriate here. Nowhere is Avaris mentioned by name in the Bible. Any association with "Ramesses" is wrong, because any king named Ramesses didn't live until centuries after Avaris was abandoned at the end of the 15th Dynasty. This is an Egyptian archaeological site, and it's not mentioned in the Bible, period.

 • Archæogenetics TALK  16:26, 1 June 2017 (UTC)


 * Avaris is identical with Pi-Ramesse, which is clearly mentioned in the Bible as the starting point of the Exodus. Avaris was never fully abandoned, it only changed inhabitants after the expulsion of the Hyksos, and it was still settled when it was extended northward and later renamed Pi-Ramesse. The fortifications at Avaris were too important and useful to abandon. Btw, at the supposed time of the Exodus, no king of the name Ramesses had yet lived either. So the name would be anachronistic either way. The Bible does refer to the site, the used name is irrelevant.
 * If you want to remove the stations list, please find a consensus. &#9798; CUSH &#9798; 17:05, 1 June 2017 (UTC)


 * , Pi-Ramesses says it was built near the old site of Avaris, and Avaris says Pi-Ramesses was incorporated into it. They aren't identical. Our article on Pi-Ramesses also says that it was "Ramesses" that the Bible says was the start of the Exodus, and that "The existence of the city as Egypt's capital as late as the 10th century makes problematic the reference to Ramesses in the Exodus story as a memory of the era of Ramesses II". And this article doesn't say it was never fully abandoned. I thought that was disputed. Doug Weller  talk 19:50, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Please mention the exact verses in the Bible where Avaris is mentioned by name Not some other name, but by any variant name of Avaris. If no one can find such a passage, please remove any references to the Bible.
 * Avaris is not a real name. It is the hellenized rendition of Hut-waret (with both feminine t silent), which is merely the designation for any site where administration was located. The actual ancient name of Avaris, before it was renamed Per-Ramessu is unknown iirr. Given the overall imprecision of the Biblical narrative about Egypt in the Pentateuch, the name as such is unimportant. &#9798; CUSH &#9798; 17:26, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Avaris Destroyed?
The current article includes the following statement:

It was occupied from about 1783 to 1550 BC, or from the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt through the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt until its destruction by Ahmose I, the first Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty.

Can someone provide a citation for the destruction of Avaris? Not a citation for the siege of Avaris, or the fall of the Hyksos dynasty, but a citation for the destruction of the city itself? (I decided not to place a Citation Needed on the article because I don't want to debate whatever citation is provided.)

I believe this is an error, as I understand it, it was not destroyed, but occupied by the Thebians, and continued to be occupied until Pi-Ramesses was built.

208.98.223.41 (talk) 21:54, 5 July 2020 (UTC)


 * Our Hyksos article says "However, excavations of Tell El-Dab'a (Avaris) show no widespread destruction of the city, which instead seems to have been abandoned by the Hyksos." with a source, and Marc Van de Mieroop says that "Despite Ahmose son of Ibana's claim that Avaris was sacked, archaeological work on the site shows no destruction except in the citadel. The town may have been abandoned". P. 160. Doug Weller  talk 14:58, 6 July 2020 (UTC)


 * And we both missed the fact that the actual body of the article says "Avaris was largely abandoned, its former citadel becoming the site first of enormous storage facilities". So I fixed the lead. Doug Weller  talk 15:02, 6 July 2020 (UTC)

What i find more mysterious than the enigmatic Avaris, whatever it's names or name; is the apparent lack of it's mention in Historical record. For a city that has been described as a mega city, with literally hundreds of thousands of inhabitants, it doesn't get a mention in any Sumerian, Babylonian or non Egyptian sources. That would be like turning on the news today and not hearing NY mentioned ever. Omissions speak loudly, especially ones of this paradoxical magnitude. Of course it is mentioned, but for some reason academia prefer to not speak of it, or insist that places such as Marhisi or other exotic sounding poorly translated GNs from cuneiform are somewhere in the Indus valley!! So lets be perfectly honest, no-one really wants to know. is it actually Marhisi? I don't know, its a possibility, amongst others such as ADAB possibly (or one of the Adabs as it should be obvious to all now studying this area that many cities were named the same name, on purpose to claim ownership by dynasties., but its definitely in the record and will have been mentioned plenty. Buts lets ignore that :-) The lack of curiosity about this issue of the missing Avaris is more bewildering than Avaris itself. Coldcall (talk) 13:45, 23 September 2020 (UTC)


 * Hi User:Coldcall. Interesting question, but new users often think these pages are here to discuss the subject of the article in the way a web forum would, but that's not the case. This page is just for discussing improvements to the article. See Talk page guidelines. Doug Weller  talk 14:30, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Thanks for the welcome. Perhaps there should be a section illuminating the odd disappearance of it from cuneiform records. We know it existed. But anyway sorry if that is off topic. But i think the mystery of its non-identification from all the city names we do possess, all far less important cities, at least in the chronological window shared with Avaris. Its odd as if one couldn't try harder not to find a place. Coldcall (talk) 20:52, 23 September 2020 (UTC)

Merge proposal
As the identification of Avaris with Tell El-Dab'a is now generally accepted, I suggest that we do not need two separate articles, there is a good deal of overlap between them. PatGallacher (talk) 17:09, 31 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I would not merge those articles. At Tell El-Dab'a there are early Middle Kingdom remains (we do not know the Ancient name) and later it became part of Pi-Ramesses. There is also a huge Late Period town on the site. Avaris and Tell El-Dab'a are not strictly identical.Udimu (talk) 08:09, 6 July 2022 (UTC)