Talk:Cladosporium oxysporum/Archive 1

Anniescng's Peer Review
- I think the overall flow of your article is good, but "Habitat and ecology" seems to be a little out of place- perhaps this would be better following "Growth and morphology" - How serious are human infections? How common are infections? Are there any known treatments? How does the fungus infect humans; is it through airborne or contact transmission?

- What does Biosafety Level 1 imply? - You listed "saprobic secondary invader in warmer climates" under "Pathogenicity," but I think this would fit better under "Physiology" - Perhaps consider moving your bullet-point on hosts such as "Alnus, Bambusa, Citrus, Helianthus, and Pseudotsuga" to "Habitat and ecology," rather than leaving it under "Morphology" - Under "Physiology," you state that the fungus undergoes glucose oxidation. Is there a physiological importance for it? The reference that you used came from a patent; was there an invention/ significant finding that prompted the authors to file for a patent? - You forgot the doi for Jayasinghe, R. D. et al. (2017) - Reference 3 is from a wikipedia article; I'm not sure if you can use a Wikipedia article as a reference. There must be primary articles listed in the Wikipedia article, maybe try going through one of their references to see if you can back up your claim?

Pathogenicity: I found some more articles addressing pathogenicity of your fungus: 1. https://bjo.bmj.com/content/bjophthalmol/59/7/372.full.pdf - identification of dematiaceous fungi causing human keratin infections, specifically affecting the cornea - The authors also discuss treatment with various antibiotics 2. https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article/44/3/285/970347 - Cladosporium oxysporum causing cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis treated with potassium iodide - They also state that phaeohyphomycosis occurs after implanting the fungus from the environment to exposed tissue Applications: Here are a couple articles regarding clinical and biological usage of Cladosporium oxysporum. It looks like Cladosporium oxysporum could potentially be used as a cancer treatment, but I couldn't find any follow-up articles addressing this, so I'm not completely sure about the validity. 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25544183 - Endophytic Cladosporium oxysporum found to produce taxol - Taxol seems to have anti-proliferative effects in human colon cancer cell line HCT 15 2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167880986901222 - Here they're using extracts from Cladosporium oxysporum to kill plant pests

Nancy Yang Peer Review
General comments:
 * I think that your outline is very good overall -full of concise and straight-forward points. I feel it is lacking important details in some areas -but understandable since it only a outline.
 * Below are some of my suggestions, with a list at the end of the references I mention!

History and taxonomy
 * You can note that a book by Bessey, Ernst Athearn (1950) states there are over 160 describes species in this genus.
 * The first point regarding being used to make tempeh, seems slightly unsuitable for this section, unless it refers to being specifically discovered in Indonesia. Perhaps it would be better in another sub-heading labelled "Uses"?
 * I think that the second point would be suitable for the introduction of the article (the blurb that comes before the outline box) and not under this sub-heading.

Growth and morphology
 * The last point may be better suited as part of the "growth and morphology" sub-heading.
 * I noticed that you don't have a specific point addressing the shape of the conidia, and I found a paper in which Lamboy and Dillard (1997) described the conidia as "ranging in shape from oval or li-moniform".

Physiology
 * You could consider mentioning something described by Guan et al. (2016), who found that it produces extracellular xylanase when grown in decaying agricultural waste (this point could also be mentioned in "habitat and ecology", which can be induced by Mg2+ and inhibited by Cu2+. They elaborated that C. oxysporum xylanase was resistant to most of tested neutral and alkaline proteases. I think this is a significant point because as a novel xylanase producer, they have a potential function in textile processes or paper/feed industries. Therefore this point could possibility be fitting under an "Industrial Use" sub-heading.
 * The same group mentioned above that this species uses NH4Cl as a nitrogen source.

Pathogenicity
 * I think its great that you have many points about the diseases it causes. Perhaps you could look into the possible treatments for some of these diseases and provide another subheading labelled "Treatment"
 * In an article I mentioned earlier, Lamboy and Dillard (1997) also mentioned that this species is pathogenic to tomatoes, creating dark brown, angular lesions on its foliage known as "leaf spots". They also described C. oxysporum as a the causal agent of a leaf spot disease of pepper and also a storage disease of ripe tomato fruit. I think this is a significant point to consider because they are apparently highly infectious in a greenhouse setting, able to spread to healthy tomato plants in the vicinity within 3 weeks. I think this could have agricultural/commercial consequences.
 * In your fourth point you mention that it can cause cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. I was able to find a paper that elaborates on this saying that it can be treated with potassium iodide. This point could be mentioned with it, or in a separate sub-heading possibly labelled "Treatments". You could also elaborate that cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis is an infection of skin, subcutaneous tissues and internal organs of mammals caused by dematiaceous (melanized/dark coloured) fungi.
 * To give an idea of rarity this genus in causing human infections and therefore the significance of this species, you could mention that the only other members of Cladosporium implicated in human infections are C. cladosporioides, C. herbarum, C. sphaerospermum, C. elatum (Gugnani et al., 2006).
 * In a paper I found by Wilingham et al. (2002), they mention that it also produces scabs on passionfruit (and a possible treatment for it).

Habitat and ecology
 * According to Gugnani et al. (2006), you could mention that in general, Cladosporium species are widely distributed, growing in soil or organic matter

A possible additional sub-heading


 * Upon my investigations, I was able to find a paper by K.Gokul Raj et al. in which they were able to find that this species can make taxols, and evaluated its anticancer properties in human colon cancer cells. Interestingly they found that the taxol made could suppress the growth of the cancer cells as well as effectively combating both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Considering that antibiotic resistance has fueled lots of research in recent years to find new molecules secreted by interesting and new microbes that could be antibacterial, this could be an interesting point to add to the article. I also think its anti-cancer properties are interesting and worth mentioning!
 * Another reason to support this sub-heading is that I found two other articles that suggest Cladosporium oxysporum can be used in bioremediation. The first (Mukherjee and Mittal, 2005) discuss its implications in water bioremediation through targetting Endosulfan. The second paper describes an unidentified toxin that is produced that can act as a potential biocontrol agent against certain homoptera (Samways and Grech, 1986). Because this paper is old, it might be worth looking into if this "unidentified" toxin has been uncovered.
 * From these 3 papers, it seems that this species has antibacterial, anti-cancer, bioremediation, and biocontrol applications that could be worth mentioning in additional sub-heading potentially called "Therapeutic potential", or "biological remediation applications".

References The papers I mentioned above are here:
 * https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2016/4575024/abs/ (Production and Partial Characterization of an Alkaline Xylanase from a Novel Fungus Cladosporium oxysporum)
 * https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/abs/10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.2.228D (First Report of a Leaf Spot Caused by Cladosporium oxysporum on Greenhouse Tomato).
 * https://academic.oup.com/mmy/article/44/3/285/970347 (Cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Cladosporium oxysporum and its treatment with potassium iodide)
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1071/AP02036 (Combinations of strobilurin fungicides and acibenzolar (Bion) to reduce scab on passionfruit caused by Cladosporium oxysporum)
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386142514016953 (Anti-proliferative effect of fungal taxol extracted from Cladosporium oxysporum against human pathogenic bacteria and human colon cancer cell line HCT 15).
 * https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00128-005-0853-2?LI=true (Bioremediation of Endosulfan Using Aspergillus terreus and Cladosporium oxysporum).
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167880986901222 (Assessment of the fungus Cladosporium oxysporum (Berk. and Curt.) as a potential biocontrol agent against certain homoptera)

Leading Section

 * Be sure to include a leading section containing high-level information that best describe your fungus.

History and Taxonomy

 * The "t" in taxonomy (in the heading) should be lowercased
 * Do not need to hyperlink "Indonesia"
 * The first two bullet points do not fit neatly under either "history" or "taxonomy". Perhaps add this information into the leading section instead.
 * What should be included in history? Information such as...
 * Who first identified the fungus?
 * When was the fungus first identified?
 * What it part of a different classification at first? Why/how did it change?
 * If placing the first two bullet points elsewhere (such as the leading section), considering changing the section from "History and taxonomy" --> "Taxonomy"

Growth and morphology

 * Consider hyperlinking "fluccose"
 * It is sufficient to hyperlink "conidiophore" the first time you mention it only i.e., you do not have to hyperlink to the same article more than once
 * http://www.padil.gov.au/maf-border/pest/main/143009 contains a lot of information regarding the morphology of your fungus

Physiology

 * “glucose oxidation”, “osmotolerant” and “cellulose decomposing” can be used as sub-headings under the heading “Physiology” as it could potentially not flow well if they are used in the same paragraph
 * This section seems quite important, so it would be beneficial if you could expand (provided that the literature is available, of course!

Pathogenicity

 * Be sure to expand on each of the types of infections the fungus can cause. Perhaps considering including:
 * The mechanism of infection
 * Who do they mainly target? (Kids, Adults, Immunocompromised individuals?)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Saramirez-1 (talk • contribs) 02:40, 2 November 2018 (UTC)
 * There is a lot of information on human pathogenicity however, none about plant disease. Here are some resources that you may (or may not) find useful considering plant pathogenicity:
 * https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/20123100196
 * https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0167880986901222

Extra References

 * https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/13732 contains a lot of references + information that you may find useful!

Great job so far! Keep up the great work :) Saramirez-1 (talk) 02:42, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Peer Review by HeidiZL
Hi John, your outline is set up in an organized way and the content is clear and comprehensive. I think you probably need to include a Lead section where you could summarize key characteristics and critical points about Cladosporium oxysporum. It gives readers a general overview. In addition, it would be necessary to put some pictures of the fungus.

History and taxonomy:


 * It could be interesting for readers to know the difference between Cladosporium and black yeasts in order Dothideales.
 * An article that summarizes key features and could be used to distinguish species of Cladosporium. Here is the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11848674

Growth and morphology:


 * This section includes many detail information about the phenotypes of the fungus. I think it could be easier for readers to read if you could organize informations into subsections.

Physiology:


 * You may want to expand this section a little
 * I found this article that describes the high metal tolerance ability of the fungus. Here is the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567934
 * This article describes the fungus produce the enzyme,alkaline xylanase that could be used in paper industries. Here is the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27213150

Pathogenicity:


 * you could expand this section by adding some key features about the infection, such as route of entry, anti fungal treatments and the effectiveness of those treatments.
 * This article include the virulence factor produced by the fungus that induces apoptosis in human cell line. Here is the link: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25169499

You did a good job! Hope my points are useful. Good luck with your assignments!

HeidiZL (talk) 22:43, 2 November 2018 (UTC)

Some suggestions
Medmyco (talk) 19:29, 17 November 2018 (UTC)
 * references and formatting look OK
 * binomial_authority = Berkeley., Curtis. (1869) --> check that this is the correct format
 * you potentially could get some more references if you browse [[]]
 * all Latin names should be in italics (e.g., Alnus, Bambusa, etc.)