Talk:Criminal stereotype of African Americans/Archive 1

"Representation" vs. "ratio"
With regard to edits like this, I cannot make out what the rationale is for changing this. "Ratio" is an ambiguous term that can refer to comparative quantities or to the proportion of a quantity with respect to a whole. It is also not the best style. There seems to be some objection being raised here, but I cannot make it out. If you want to make this change, please provide a detailed explanation of your reasons here. Thanks. — Gavia immer (talk) 07:39, 7 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ratio means proportion, and
 * U.S. incarceration rates by race, June 30, 2006:
 * Whites: 409 per 100,000
 * Latinos: 1,038 per 100,000
 * Blacks: 2,468 per 100,000
 * http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_crime_in_the_United_States#Racial_demographics_of_the_US
 * I enjoy eggs (talk) 21:48, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

POV tag and the explanation
What POV issues remain? Regarding the explanation bit, the source is (page 277):
 * Welch, Kelly (August 2007). "Black Criminal Stereotypes and Racial Profiling". Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 23 (3): 276–288..

The relevant bit is:
 * "It is likely that the foremost contributor to the formation of the public's association between Blacks and criminality is the sheer number of Blacks represented in crime statistics and the criminal justice system. We would expect that if Blacks were disproportionately involved in criminal activity and consequently overrepresented as convicted criminals by the criminal justice system, they would be perceived as being more involved in crime and criminal justice measures than are others."

The sentence was originally sourced (without in-text), then deleted, then re-added without the source. I then added the source with in-text attribution (in case there are POV problems), and deleted the image. My edit was reverted (with summary "readd tag") and the reverter, Maunus, doesn't seem to have looked at my edit too carefully, because his second edit then removed the image and claimed that the sentence was unsourced. Christopher Connor (talk) 18:28, 6 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That is not a sufficiently reliable source for such a stroing claim. It is firsly a speculation "one might suspect" gives away that this is a personal speculation not backed by empirical research. There are also logical inconsistencies with it for example the stereotype is historically very old and probably predates the current criminal statistics. In short the claim is a WP:REDFLAG issue and would require a much better source to suggest that this is indeed the most widely believed explanation. Secondly the fact that the article doesn't discuss the historical development of the stereotype or how it is implicated in issues such as racial profiling, the general history of racial disparities in the American criminal justice system, the worldwide context of the stereotype (not all countries have it - e.g. in India Lower caste Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims are stereotyped as more criminal than others not Blacks), it also doesn't discuss the possible causal explanations apart from the speculation by Welch. All of this indicates persisting fundamental POV problems. ·Maunus· ƛ · 18:48, 6 April 2011 (UTC)


 * Also it turns out the source doesn't support the claim at all. Welch actually concludes: "The current recognizability of the image of a young Black criminal has been the result of various representations of crime. Contributions to this relationship that many identify between African Americans and criminality include actual involvement in crime, especially crack cocaine violations and violent offenses. Blacks do account for a disproportionate amount of crime arrests and are disproportionately convicted and incarcerated. But public estimates of Black criminality surpass the reality. The media perpetuate ideas linking race with criminality, which have also been reinforced by political agendas. The temporary efficacy of using a racial hoax to mislead law enforcement and the public has capitalized on and strengthened views about race and crime. All of these phenomena have served to solidify the stereotype of the young Black man as a criminal threat among the public in contemporary American society, which then fuels the practice of racial profiling by criminal justice officials. The prevalent typification of Blacks as criminals seems to justify law enforcement tactics that exploit race in criminal investigations. Only when criminal justice personnel recognize that the sources of these stereotypes are flawed or based on discriminatory practices themselves will the rationale for maintaining the unofficial policy and practice of racial profiling of criminals be negated. When the association between race and criminality ceases to be compelling, it will be apparent that racial profiling serves no useful purpose." (my emphases)·Maunus· ƛ · 02:40, 7 April 2011 (UTC)


 * I don't see how that piece isn't a reliable source. According to this page, the journal is "guest-edited by an expert in the topic being studied and contains contributions from leading researchers and scholars. In this journal, you'll receive authoritative, balanced examinations on a variety of critical issues in criminal justice today, written and assembled by the most experienced and knowledgeable scholars." Kelly Welch herself is an assistant professor at Villanova University and holds an Ph.D in criminology from Florida State University . I can't see how the sentence is a red flag issue: if one group commits more crime than another group, it wouldn't be remarkable for there to be an association between that group and crime, a point Welch makes. I don't see the text you produced as contradicting the earlier text, merely elaborating on it; indeed, she reiterates the earlier point, while saying there are other reasons. Christopher Connor (talk) 05:23, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Also, what are the outstanding POV issues? Christopher Connor (talk) 05:27, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * It surely is a reliable source, but the source was misrepresented to support the opposite pov of the one she expressed! That is a POV problem and it runs through the entire article. The article does n ot adequately explain the history or the atucality of the stereotype, nor does it adequately summarise the conclusions of its own sources.·Maunus· ƛ · 11:59, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Your characterisation of what was in this article is not quite accurate given that it closely followed the wording of the Welch article. If anything, the Welch article seems to contradict itself by saying actual crime contributes but that the sources of the stereotype are flawed. In any case, how shall we summarise that article? As for POV problems, you'll have to give specific examples rather than general assertions. The lack of history is not in itself a POV problem. Christopher Connor (talk) 12:28, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes it cherry picked a quote that happened to give the opposite impression of her general conclusion. I have given sufficient examples.·Maunus· ƛ · 12:30, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * You don't seem to understand. A lack of information is not in itself a POV problem. At the very least, you will have to give relevant sources that contain what you think should be in the article. There really was no cherry picking involved. I hadn't read the whole article when writing that sentence. Christopher Connor (talk) 12:45, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * That is what cherry picking means.·Maunus· ƛ · 12:47, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * In that case, you need to look up the definition of cherry picking. Talking to you is becoming more and more pointless so unless you provide sources with information of what's missing in the article or give specific examples of POV in the article, I'll be removing the tag in due course. Christopher Connor (talk) 12:57, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Why would you include a quote from an article you havent actually read? If you remove the POV tag without fixing the problems I will of course have to reinsert it. I have stated my case, that you don't get it is really not my problem.·Maunus· ƛ · 13:00, 11 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I agree with Christopher Connor. Maunus, why did you delete the material on the stereotype having some factual cause? Miradre (talk) 13:03, 11 April 2011 (UTC)


 * Honestly, for this to be a reasonable article, it needs to have a LOT more research and scholarship done on it, and really it might be more properly merged with an article on racism. What about redlining in housing after World War II? What about early developments in the US colonies regarding class and color in the eyes of the law? There are a series of well-researched essays (here) that might help you in researching. -- Avanu (talk) 14:01, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

Cesare Lombroso
The work of this Italian criminologist is misrepresented, as he spent more time on criminal anthropometry, believing individual characteristics of skull, etc. were indicative of criminality, not race. He was more influential in Europe than the US, where sociological appraisals of criminality were more powerful; and a contemporary English researcher showed his work was statistically invalid. This much is in the Wikipedia article on him, suggesting how far off this current article is.Parkwells (talk) 16:09, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I added the lombroso material to show that there is a long history of scientific racism in criminology, going back to Lombroso often referred to as its founder.·Maunus· ƛ · 18:26, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I added more to show what he was writing about - Sicilians.Parkwells (talk) 02:02, 14 April 2011 (UTC)

Cause
The article flatly contradicts the notion that the cause of the stereotype is the statistical overrepresentation of blacks in the American penal system. Firstly the stereotype exists outside of the US, secondly the article states that the stereotype goes back to slavery. It would require a very good secondary source to state that the cause is any one particular thing - as an unsourced statement it cannot even be included.·Maunus· ƛ · 12:16, 3 February 2011 (UTC)
 * No it doesn't say anything about "the stereotype goes back to slavery.", and it existing out of the US just drives the point home. There is another discussion about this higher in the talk page that has a source. I enjoy eggs (talk) 03:32, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * You will have t be a lot more specific than that. And as I said not just any source will do this is clearly a red flag issue that requires an extraordinarily good source that explicitly says that this is the cause of the stereotype.·Maunus· ƛ · 12:21, 4 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Though the stereotype exists outside the US, it is also true that blacks are overrpresented in the penal systems of virtually every state on earth in which they are a significant minority population. It is almost certainly true that the former at least contributes to the latter. It is certainly a more likely explanation than an appeal to the content of political speeches by Republicans that make no overt mention of race, yet we allow that causal argument to stand on the basis of an activist source. 72.201.98.201 (talk) 23:48, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Merge from Black brute
The articles are essentially about one and the same stereotype, one title being "poetic", the other one being formal. The contents both overlap and complementary, with BB being more focussed on history, while CBMS is more about modern times. Article merge will help to grasp the history of the concept. Staszek Lem (talk) 20:06, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
 * Weak oppose & suggest close - It looks to me like this would give undue weight to the relatively large amount of material there. Summary Style looks to me like a better approach here. It's been 5+ months, and mine is the only response to the suggestion. I suggest that the discussion be closed and the merge tags be removed. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:03, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Verifiability and Reliable Sources
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Criminal_black_man_stereotype&diff=430903506&oldid=430900189

The addition of the chart and this sentence "The main explanation for the presence of the stereotype in the United States is the hugely disproportionate number of black people in the criminal justice system" are being reverted because they are very strong claims with only 1 source. Besides there being many sources that dispute this, simple logic tells us that this wouldn't be the root explanation for such a stereotype. This sentence is putting the effect as the cause. Please check additional sources before re-adding this material. -- Avanu (talk) 15:22, 30 May 2011 (UTC)


 * Late to the table, I know. The stereotype is that people of color have a higher proclivity to criminal behavior.  Said criminal tendencies by this particular group of people is well-documented and there is a wealth of historical collocation by governmental regulatory and administrative agencies to substantiate these numbers.  But that's not the end of the story, of course.  These statistics represent actual people of color, who have systematically and disproportionate to other segments of the population, ACTUALLY behaved unlawfully within the populace over at least as many years as records can show us.  Their actions and behavior placed them into a statistical group which can be calculated.  Simple logic and deductive reasoning will certainly dictate then, that society's perception of this particular group of people can be shaped not necessarily by these numbers, but because the numbers show a clear and predictable pattern of behavior by this group of people.  We can see how the behaviors and tendencies of one group might affect public perceptions.  The fact that black people are widely over-represented at all levels in the criminal justice system, based on all available information, lends itself quite clearly to the stereotype that they commit an inordinate amount of crime.  Against other people.  Who form opinions based upon their experiences.  Which is how stereotypes are created.  Does that make more sense?  206.53.75.234 (talk) 17:47, 22 September 2015 (UTC)

Sources, etc.
It seems to me that this article has way too many unsourced statements. I'm reading and all I see is "historians have noted," and "research has revealed," and "according to numerous sources," and "according to research," and "some academic sources state," yadda yadda. So maybe let's back it up. 206.53.75.234 (talk) 14:39, 6 May 2015 (UTC)

Added by MintyFresh;

This part is in obvious error. At the time of slavery, blacks were about 9% at most of the population in the South.

"... of the white minority trying to dominate African Americans."

The whites were NOT the minority. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.179.15.45 (talk) 00:16, 6 June 2015 (UTC)

I agree that whoever wrote this article didn't have sources for several statements they wrote. The ones stated above were the most obvious, "historians have noted" that statement is very vague and has no true meaning. Johnbigley210 (talk) 15:43, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
Josetanb did a great job with the wiki page and added informative information into the different sections throughout the wiki article. Your consequences section is great and provides great detail with dates and statistics to back up the evidence you have presented. I would say something to keep in mind is maybe try to explore other countries where Blacks face the same level of discrimination as the United States if not more to help put things into a wider perspective. Another great source to get some great statistics and content about the mass incarceration and criminal justice system in regards to black individuals is from the movie 13th that is on Netflix. If you are struggling finding articles, that documentary is very factual and a reliable source to quote from. Overall, I think you are doing a great job so far on your wiki page and have contributed quite a bit2601:400:C200:F135:54BE:6118:9BAC:B2ED (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 02:47, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
josetan added adequate information that was well informed and properly cited — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ijacobson (talk • contribs) 19:45, 9 March 2017 (UTC)

If anyone cares to source crime statistics..
Look no further than the FBI Crime Statistics https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/crimestats/

Half of all murders in the United States are committed by black American males. This cross section of the American populace only accounts for around 7% of the total population of the United States. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:345:4201:46E7:249F:2E7F:88CD:F976 (talk) 02:25, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * This is actually the perfect example of a criminal stereotype. The first thing somebody wants to do to stereotype African Americans is to use this statement. Leave this dog whistle "Blacks are the most dangerous group of people that ever existed." propaganda out of this article. In Correct (talk) 23:56, 5 January 2017 (UTC)
 * It also violates WP:Original research because the source doesn't draw any conclusions about what the statistics mean, so we can't infer that these stats are the reason the stereotype exists. Also, FYI African Americans make up almost 13% of the US population, not 7%. —PermStrump  ( talk )  00:54, 6 January 2017 (UTC)

The 7% is referencing the cross section, or demographic, specifically of black males - not the entire population. So 7% is an accurate statement. 71.201.146.58 (talk) 19:20, 30 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Criminal stereotype of African Americans. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110516032759/http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/2003/pagerquillianajs.pdf to http://www.northwestern.edu/ipr/publications/papers/2003/pagerquillianajs.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 13:24, 14 August 2017 (UTC)

Globalize
The article content is focused on the U.S., though the U.K. is mentioned. It seems to me that this topic might have wider application, so I've put a globalize hatnote in the article. I've done a bit of googling and found and   (a weak start, but I didn't spend much time on this). Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:34, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

'How the hell do you "globalize" an article about the "Criminal Stereotype of African Americans"? 2604:2D80:4032:818E:18D4:9635:6986:E074 (talk) 08:15, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

Reference citations may not be statistically significant
The problem I see here is that the research cited to in order to draw the conclusion that there is a racial disparity lacks to cite what the p-value was. Since the p-value indicates whether or not the research is generally accepted as statistically significant, it finds that the reference citations are dubious if not intellectually dishonest until we have that information. For that reason I recommend removal of all references to reference citations until and unless a p-value is cited for the work in question. 66.90.153.184 (talk) 19:27, 20 November 2019 (UTC)

"Consequences in other countries"
I renamed this section to "Situation in other countries" as "consequence" implies a result. Maybe racism was imported to Canada and Ecuador by imitating the US, but you haven't made it clear that the sources say that.

Really, this information should be moved to articles about stereotypes of each country's African diaspora. "African American" is not a synonym for black people, and this enshrines a US-centric bias in which all actions are believed to revolve around that country. An article about sexism in country X would not have a section about sexism in country Y as if all roads lead back to country X. Wallachia Wallonia (talk) 15:06, 10 June 2020 (UTC)

Proposed Topic
I am considering working on this topic for my Wikipedia assignment. I want to add two sections, one on the police killings of Black women, and another on the school to prison piepline. I've included a link to my user page here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:AHall08AHall08 (talk) 17:14, 10 September 2020 (UTC)

Vandalism
If you look at the last 10 edits, three of them were vandalism. Shouldn't we move this article one notch up the protection ladder? Trimton (talk) 02:41, 18 April 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Josetan. Peer reviewers: Ijacobson, Jantzenh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 18:40, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 August 2018 and 14 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Alasia shalyn.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 1 April 2019 and 14 June 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emilylam37, Dltn115, Callmestrawberry.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 2 April 2020 and 20 June 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AndrewLung.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 17 January 2020 and 11 May 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jayla.George.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 September 2021 and 3 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Kluci10.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:35, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Contemporary Black Popular Culture
— Assignment last updated by CJS77 (talk) 01:36, 10 December 2022 (UTC)