Talk:Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique

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First introduced by Syva Company in 1973, it is the first "homogeneous immunoassay" to be widely used commercially.
 * from lead

Homogeneous immunoassays can be carried out using exceptionally simple and rapid mix and read protocols. The most widely used applications for EMIT are for therapeutic drug monitoring (serum) and as a primary screen for abused drugs and their metabolites in (urine). The original US patents covering major aspects of the method, 3,817,837 and 3,875,011, have expired although US patent 6,455,288 that covers a major improvement is still valid. While still sold by Siemens Healthcare under its original trade name, EMIT, assay kits with different names that employ the same technology are supplied by other companies.

Like all immunoassays, EMIT uses antibodies that are specifically designed to bind the molecule(s) of interest (analyte) without binding to other substances in the sample. Its unique feature is the ability to detect this binding without resorting to a cumbersome separation of the bound component. This is accomplished by including (in the mixture of antibodies and sample) an enzyme that is attached to the analyte being tested for. Antibodies that do not become bound to the sample drug bind instead to this analyte-bound enzyme. The analyte-bound enzyme is designed so that when antibodies bind to its analyte portion, the enzyme is deactivated. Two general examples are here given:
 * 1) If a high amount of sample analyte is present, this sample analyte will bind a large portion of antibodies leaving a large portion of the analyte-bound enzymes free in solution. Much substrate will be converted by high concentration of free enzyme.
 * 2) If a low concentration of sample analyte is present, this small concentration of sample analyte will bind only a small portion of the antibodies, leaving a large portion of the antibodies to bind the analyte-bound enzymes and deactivate them. In this case, much of the substrate will not be converted.


 * Technique
 * 1) Combine a sample suspected of containing the drug of interest with a solution containing a known concentration of antibody and the enzyme substrate.
 * 2) After a short period (usually less than a minute) to allow binding, add a known concentration of the conjugate.
 * 3) Measure the rate of appearance of color or fluorescence.
 * 4) Determine the drug concentration by comparing the observed rate to the rates produced by known concentrations of the drug.

-- Jytdog (talk) 03:49, 21 December 2016 (UTC)