Talk:Equine therapy

Student edits to begin
Greta Munger (talk) 14:53, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy

I want to update the definition and show how it is distinct from hippotherapy and therapeutic horseback riding.

Central themes throughout all the research articles that will be explored:

- Horses are non-judgmental and unbiased.

- They mirror the participant’s behavior and emotions, which help the participant be more aware of himself. - Their nature as prey and herd animals makes them hyper vigilant and sensitive, thus making them keen observes.

- The ability of a psychotherapist to use the horse as a metaphor for other issues.

- The barn as a safe space.

- Touch and proximity that is not possible with human psychotherapists.

Here are some articles that I will be including in my explanation of the central themes:

Bachi, K. (2013). Application of attachment theory to equine-facilitated psychotherapy. Journal Of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 43(3), 187-196. doi:10.1007/s10879-013-9232-1 - Bachi is one of the primary researchers in the EFP field and this is his most recent publication. This research explains similarities between attachment theory psychotherapy and EFP and in so doing, enriches the list of strategies that therapists can implement in EFP.

Bachi, K. (2012). Equine-facilitated psychotherapy: The gap between practice and knowledge. Society & Animals: Journal Of Human-Animal Studies, 20(4), 364-380. doi:10.1163/15685306-12341242 - This article focuses on the gap in research in EFP. Bachi explains that research is lacking and that the research that is done lacks statistical power because of small convenience sampling. He calls for more research, more quantitative research and an overall “EFP theory” that will unify the therapy.

Yorke, J., Adams, C., & Coady, N. (2008). Therapeutic value of equine—human bonding in recovery from trauma. Anthrozoös, 21(1), 17-30. doi:10.2752/089279308X274038 - These participants suffered severe physical trauma which left them paralyzed in varying degrees. The participants were all horse riders before their accidents and did not participate in EFP precisely but rather speak to the healing power of human-equine interaction holistically. Participants explained that the unconditional responsiveness, attachment and mutual trust were important in regaining their self-esteems. “Riding focuses on ability, not disability”.

Vidrine, M., Owen-Smith, P., & Faulkner, P. (2002). Equine-facilitated group psychotherapy: Applications for therapeutic vaulting. Issues In Mental Health Nursing, 23(6), 587-603. doi:10.1080/01612840290052730 - This research looked at group EFP and proposed that therapeutic vaulting (the act of standing, dancing, doing gymnastics, on the back of the horse while another person is in charge of directing the horse) is a good strategy for group EFP. These participants were 7-10 year old foster children. The article has a great example of using horses as a metaphor: “One child was having great difficulty discussing an upcoming move to a different foster home. She was, however, able to offer many suggestions for how to help a horse that was being sold feel more comfortable in his new environment”.

Meinersmann, K. M., Bradberry, J., & Roberts, F. (2008). Equine-facilitated psychotherapy with adult female survivors of abuse. Journal Of Psychosocial Nursing And Mental Health Services, 46(12), 37-42. - This was an interview case study of 5 women who had experience physical, verbal and/or sexual abuse and used EFP as part of their recovery. The four main patterns that developed during the interviews were 1.	“I can have power” – The participants felt like they had regained control and no longer felt powerless. 2.	“Doing it hands on” – The participants reported enjoying that the EFP was applying the skills that they learned in psychotherapy talk sessions. 3.	“Horses as co-therapists” – This centered on the idea that horses were non-judgmental mirrors of the participant’s behavior and emotions. 4.	“Turned my life around” – the participants explain that they found the EFP to be more intense, focused and intimate than traditional talk therapy. One participant argued that EFP is a faster way of doing psychotherapy.

Garcia, D. M. (2010). Of equines and humans: Toward a new ecology. Ecopsychology, 2(2), 85-89. doi:10.1089/eco.2009.0042 - This looks at two aspects of EFP, 1) how horses communicate and how human interprets the communication and 2) how horses help humans create community. The author explains how both two aspects help patient well being and ecological awareness.

Selby, A., & Smith-Osborne, A. (2013). A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines. Health Psychology, 32(4), 418-432. doi:10.1037/a0029188 - This meta-analysis revealed that Graham (2007) and Trotter et al. (2008) were the best quality EFP studies, ie most reliable and valid. I am in the process of locating these studies. Ah, Graham is an unpublished dissertation so off limits for this.

Ford, C. (2013). Dancing with horses: Combining dance/movement therapy and equine facilitated psychotherapy. American Journal Of Dance Therapy, doi:10.1007/s10465-013-9156-z - Similar to Bachi proposing the combination of attachment theory and EFP, Ford proposes the combination of dance movement therapy with EFP. Interviews of practicioners were conducted and coded and revealed that combining DMT and EFP can increase creative expression, provide opportunities for healthy touch and increase the depth and breadth of the therapeutic relationship.

Bachi, K., Terkel, J., & Teichman, M. (2012). Equine-facilitated psychotherapy for at-risk adolescents: The influence on self-image, self-control and trust. Clinical Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 17(2), 298-312. doi:10.1177/1359104511404177 - This is one of the best quantifiable studies on EFP. The research was conducted at a residential treatment facility for at-risk adolescents. This is the first experiment that I have found that uses a control group! Before EFP started, the participants took self-image, self-control, trust, and general life satisfaction scales. They then participated in an intensive 7-month EFP program, and then took the same scales after completion. The scales revealed higher trust, self-esteem and general life satisfaction scores for the treatment group compared to the control group, with no significant difference between the two groups in the self-image measure. In addition to the scales, the researchers also did one year follow up questionnaires. They found that the treatment group had less behavior problems (measured in police records and marijuana use) than the control group.

Karol, J. (2007). Applying a traditional individual psychotherapy model to equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP): Theory and method. Clinical Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 12(1), 77-90. doi:10.1177/1359104507071057 - She makes a great point about how EFP is a good choice for young adolescents who are otherwise against traditional talk psychotherapy. She explains that going to the barn and spending time with horses seems less daunting for the children but can be just as effective.

Faa-Thompson, T. (2012). Safe touch using horses to teach sexually abused clients to value their bodies and themselves. In K. Trotter (Ed.), Harnessing the power of equine-assisted counseling: Adding animal assisted therapy to your practice (pp. 53-58). New York, NY US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. - Although they called is “equine-assisted coaching”, they found very positive results from equine use for participants recovering from sexual abuse

DePrekel, M. (2012). Equine facilitated psychotherapy for the treatment of trauma. In K. Trotter (Ed.), Harnessing the power of equine-assisted counseling: Adding animal assisted therapy to your practice (pp. 59-72). New York, NY US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. - This book identifies those suffering from attachment trauma and PTSD are good candidates for EFP

Mallon, G. P., Ross, S. r., Klee, S., & Ross, L. (2006). Designing and implementing animal-assisted therapy programs in health and mental health organizations. In A. H. Fine (Ed.), Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice (2nd Ed)(pp. 149-163). San Diego, CA US: Academic Press. - This chapter is a sort of “how to” guide for practicioners trying to decide whether to, and how to, implement a EFP program.

Equine-assisted psychotherapy

Based on the following articles, it seems that EAP and EFP are synonymous but EFP is used in America and EAP is in Europe.

Chardonnens, E. (2009). The use of animals as co-therapists on a farm: The child-horse bond in person-centered equine-assisted psychotherapy. Person-Centered And Experiential Psychotherapies, 8(4), 319-332.

Masini, A. (2010). Equine-assisted psychotherapy in clinical practice. Journal Of Psychosocial Nursing And Mental Health Services, 48(10), 30-34. doi:10.3928/02793695-20100831-08

Siporin, S. (2012). Talking horses: Equine psychotherapy and intersubjectivity. Psychodynamic Practice: Individuals, Groups And Organisations, 18(4), 457-464. doi:10.1080/14753634.2012.719744

Schultz, P. N., Remick-Barlow, G., & Robbins, L. (2007). Equine-assisted psychotherapy: A mental health promotion/intervention modality for children who have experienced intra-family violence. Health & Social Care In The Community, 15(3), 265-271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00684.x

Symington, A. (2012). Grief and horses: Putting the pieces together. Journal Of Creativity In Mental Health, 7(2), 165-174. doi:10.1080/15401383.2012.685017 - This article centers on EAP helping with grief, a theme that I have not seen in any of the other articles.

Lizziestew (talk) 05:54, 19 April 2014 (UTC)lizziestew

Greta Munger (talk) 13:22, 22 April 2014 (UTC)
 * References look good. Is the organizational plan to have a sub-heading for each of your themes?  Think carefully about the order, putting what the research suggest is the most important aspect of equine theory first (so if you only read that one section, you'd know the most important thing).
 * Methods: what kind of research supports these theories?  Some sections will need more method details than others, helpful to keep in mind these descriptions: 3 research methods (experiments vs correlation vs descriptive); 2 data-collection (self-report vs observation); 2 research settings (lab vs field)
 * Figures and tables: be thoughtful.  Wikicommons has lots of pictures that might be useful, but don't just do lots of random horses.  You cannot copy directly from journal articles (copyright violation), but you can recreate a figure and then donate it yourself.


 * I agree, you have some great references. Organizationally, I think you will need to continue to pick out the most prominent themes throughout your articles. I like your idea of re-defining horse therapy to distinguish it from other therapies. The central themes you listed out pertain specifically to the role of the horse, which is definitely valuable information, but maybe you could condense that into one section? Glancing through your references, I was wishing you had mentioned in your plan to include some subsections highlighting different strategies of EFP (like dance), the purpose of EFP, and who participates (people recovering from abuse, trauma, etc.). Overall, I think this is an excellent start, just focus on how you want to organize it and I'm sure it will be great! Haschorr (talk) 19:44, 24 April 2014 (UTC)

Removed
Will editors here please review Wikipedia's medical sourcing guidelines. Text sourced to non-MEDRS removed:

Therapists who specialize in equine-assisted therapy adapt Cognitive Therapy as well as play and talk therapy. Depending on the disorder and its severity the Equine therapist is able to make decisions about the processes or techniques applied in the sessions. Main techniques used are Cognitive Therapy, practicing activities, activity scheduling, play therapy and story telling and talk therapy.
 * Cognitive Therapy: This type of therapy is often used as a treatment for anxiety. Horses sense danger and respond with heightened awareness of their surroundings, oftentimes trying to flee if the situation seems too dangerous to them. Individuals suffering from anxiety disorders may be able to feel these changes through observation, then allowing them to discuss anxious activities with the therapist. Focusing on the apprehension of the animal rather than oneself can greatly reduce the individual’s anxious response and allow them to challenge automatic thoughts. Throughout this process the patient would practice remaining calm and taking responsibility of his or her own thoughts.
 * Practicing activities: This technique allows an individual to choose an activity, which may be outside of their own skill level. The therapist or horse professional will then assist them as needed and talk with them about thoughts or feeling that are stimulated by these activities. For example, longeing, bathing, and feeding the horse are all activities that involve coordination, planning and active communication.
 * Activity scheduling: Oftentimes planning or developing a schedule to care for a horse throughout the day can teach an individual a sense of responsibility as well as flexibility because the physical needs of horses can change anytime.
 * Play Therapy and Story telling: Many horse characteristics can be identifiable to individuals including the instincts of play, curiosity, freedom and social drive. Play therapy allows and inspires creating relationships and setting limits. Story telling encourages developing stories about what the animal is thinking and conveying emotion. This is a great tool for encouraging the development of language skill and creativity.

Equine Assisted Therapy is often used as a team building exercise or as family or group therapy because horses also show interpersonal behavior. Also because equine therapy is often goal oriented, it allows the group to work together to achieve something.

Reliable medical sources
Some reliable secondary medical sources (WP:MEDRS) are listed here: please use them. Sandy Georgia (Talk) 17:58, 9 December 2014 (UTC)