Talk:Female genital mutilation/references

Female Genital Cutting

Quote:" What is female genital cutting (FGC)? Female genital cutting (FGC) is the collective name given to traditional practices that involve the partial or total cutting away of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genitals, whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. 1,2 Historically, it has been also called 'female genital mutilation' or "female circumcision."

Male and Female Circumcision Associated With Prevalent HIV Infection in Virgins and Adolescents in Kenya, Lesotho, and Tanzania 

Annals of Epidemiology; Volume 17, Issue 3, Pages 217.e1-217.e12 (March 2007) 

The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women 

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics; Volume 97, Issue 3, Pages 238-244 (June 2007) Eliminating Female genital mutilation: An interagency statement. OHCHR, UNAIDS, UNDP, UNECA, UNESCO, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNIFEM, WHO 

Quoted: “The terminology used for this procedure has undergone various changes. During the first years in which the practice was discussed outside practising groups, it was generally referred to as "female circumcision". This term, however, draws a parallel with male circumcision and, as a result, creates confusion between these two distinct practices. The expression "female genital mutilation" gained growing support from the late 1970s. The word mutilation establishes a clear linguistic distinction from male circumcision, and emphasizes the gravity and harm of the act. Use of the word "mutilation" reinforces the fact that the practice is a violation of girls’ and women’s rights, and thereby helps to promote national and international advocacy for its abandonment. In 1990, this term was adopted at the third conference of the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. In 1991, WHO recommended that the United Nations adopt this term. It has subsequently been widely used in United Nations documents and elsewhere and is the term employed by WHO. From the late 1990s the terms "female genital cutting" and "female genital mutilation/cutting" were increasingly used, both in research and by some agencies. The preference for this term was partly due to dissatisfaction with the negative association attached to the term "mutilation", and some evidence that the use of that word was estranging practising communities and perhaps hindering the process of social change for the elimination of female genital mutilation. To capture the significance of the term "mutilation" at the policy level and, at the same time, to use less judgemental terminology for practicing communities, the expression "female genital mutilation/cutting" is used by UNICEF and UNFPA. For the purpose of this Interagency Statement and in view of its significance as an advocacy tool, all United Nations agencies have agreed to use the single term "female genital mutilation".

The impact of female genital cutting on health of newly married women 

International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (Int J Gynaecol Obstet).

Female genital cutting and HIV/AIDS among Kenyan women

KM Yount, BK Abraham - Studies in Family Planning, 2007 - popline.org

Title: Female genital cutting and HIV / AIDS among Kenyan women.

POPLINE Document Number: 313583. Author(s): Yount KM Abraham BK. Source citation: Studies in Family Planning, 2007 Jun;38(2):73-88. Abstract: ...

The role of men in the maintenance and change of female genital cutting in Eritrea TL Draege - 2007 - Thesis, University of Bergen

Transcultural Bodies: Female Genital Cutting in Global Context 

Amnesty International USA: Female Genital Mutilation : A Fact Sheet 

Pleasure and orgasm in women with Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) 

J Sex Med. 2007 Nov;4(6):1666-78 Notes: FGM/C term used extensively.

An analysis of the implementation of laws with regard to female genital mutilation in Europe 

Crime, Law and Social Change; Volume 47, Number 1 / February, 2007

Female Genital Mutilation: Cultural Awareness and Clinical Considerations 

Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, Volume 52 , Issue 2 , Pages 158 - 163 C. Braddy, J. Files

Female Genital Cutting Journal of Adolescent Health, Volume 41 , Issue 3 , Pages 230 - 238 R. Blum

"Female genital cutting. One factor that contributes significantly to female morbidity in SSA is female genital cutting (FGC)"

Female Genital Cutting 

Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, Volume 20 , Issue 4 , Pages 261 - 262 A. Nicoletti

Female genital mutilation: a complex dilemma  British Journal of School Nursing, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, 11 Jan 2008, pp 25 - 29

Genital Cutting: The Past and Present of a Polythetic Category 

Africa Today - Volume 53, Number 4, Summer 2007, pp. 3-17

Social Work and Female Genital Cutting: An Ethical Dilemma

Journal of Social Work Values & Ethics; SPRING 2007, VOL. 4, #1