Talk:Finite field/Archive 1

Finite division rings vs finite fields
I believe this removal is incorrect. Finite fields are the same as finite division rings, per Wedderburn's theorem. As such, even if the Japanese Wikipedia is different from the English Wikipedia as far what is a field/division ring, the Japanese article removed by the above edit is the perfect counterpart of our article at finite field and the link must come back. Comments? Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:53, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * As clarification, here is the corresponding Japanese article which DYLAN thinks should not be the interwiki counterpart of our finite field article. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 18:58, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I'm not saying that finite division ring is not finite field. I'm just saying that Wedderburn's theorem is about the property of finite division ring. Happening to be a finite field is just the consequence of the theorem. Therefore, it shouldn't be listed as it now is.


 * Same thing to Japanese interwiki  DYLAN LENNON 19:15, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Disagree with DYLAN. The result is closely enough related to finite fields to warrant a mention on this page. By the way DYLAN, thanks for expanding on your actions on this talk page; it's greatly appreciated. Please continue to do that. Dmharvey 19:45, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * But the primary thing I want to get across is not so much the removal by WAREL of the paragraph
 * Division rings are algebraic structures more general than fields, as they are not assumed to be necessarily commutative. Wedderburn's (little) theorem states that all finite division rings are commutative, hence finite fields.
 * That may be a matter of taste. My point is that since a finite field is the same as a finite division ring, the interwiki link from this finite field article must go to the Japanese "finite division ring or whatever" article, as they are talking about the same thing, even if starting with different assumptions about commutativity. Does the Japanese Wikipedia have separate entries for "finite division ring" and "finite field"? I hightly doubt. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 20:25, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * If there is indeed only one article on wikpedia.ja that deals with this topic, I have no idea how WAREL could convince even him/herself that it improves the article to remove the link. But perhaps that wasn't really the issue. Elroch 22:30, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Since it's a math article, we should be strictly as we can about what we are talking.　有限体 means finite division ring. Even if every finite division ring is indeed finite field, there is a difference. We won't link a artcle of "natural number" to that of "integer" even every natural number is integer, do we? DYLAN LENNON 23:50, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Yes, actually we do. Splendid example. Dmharvey 00:23, 7 April 2006 (UTC)


 * DYLAN, what I am saying is that our English article about finite fields is the direct analog of the Japanese article about finite division rings. Things start with different assumptions, but the material in both articles is essentially the same (and you don't need to know Japanese to understand that). As such, the interwiki link to the Japanese article is appropriate. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 01:13, 7 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Also, your example of integers is invalid. Every natural number is an integer, but not every integer is natural number. However, every finite division ring is a finite field, and every finite field is a finite division ring. Oleg Alexandrov (talk) 01:15, 7 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Since every finite field is a finite division ring, I am pursuaded that the link is valid. However, I think Wedderburn's theorem should not be listed here but on the article of "division ring". DYLAN LENNON 12:15, 7 April 2006 (UTC)


 * DYLAN, I find it amazing that you have not yet inferred that if you repeatedly make an edit with which everyone disagrees, you will get repeatedly reverted back. This has happened to you numerous times already. You will not get your way by repetition alone. Rather, you will get blocked. The only way you will get your way is if you write down an argument that convinces other editors. It is not good enough to write down an argument that convinces yourself. I find it puzzling that you haven't realised this yet, because you are obviously a reasonably intelligent person. Can you explain why you continue to change the article, when all of the evidence should make it clear that someone will revert it back straight away? Dmharvey 13:06, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

irreducible poly equation?
It seems from your examples that to actually get the multiplication table of a finite field we will need the appropriate irreductible polynomial. 1) Is there a general formula for given p and n? reference? 2) Are there simple formulas for some large class of p and n? reference? 3) If the answer to 1 is no then I think this should be mentioned--preferably with a reference.

~ interested — Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.94.134.148 (talk) 23:33, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

Notation
I would like to suggest using the GF(q) notation in the article, as it's easy to write GF(pn), but the equivalent with Fq notation cannot be written very satisfactarily in HTML (witness the penultimate paragraph of the article). Would anyone object strongly if I changed the article to use GF(q) notation throughout? -- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zundark (talk • contribs) 15:34, 10 December 2001 (UTC)


 * Having written that, I see that Fpm does display correctly in Netscape. But in IE4 it looks the same as Fpm, which is not good. -- — Preceding unsigned comment added by Zundark (talk • contribs) 15:54, 10 December 2001 (UTC)


 * In IE 5.5, it displays ok but looks somewhat crappy. It seems to be safer to use the GF notation. --AxelBoldt — Preceding unsigned comment added by Conversion script (talk • contribs) 14:51, 25 February 2002 (UTC)


 * It seems to be time to use Fpm as it should be supported by modern browsers. -- 84.178.126.105 (talk) 14:07, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Lead Section Inconsistency
The definition "GF is a field that contains only finitely many elements." is inconsistent with the fact that a field of 6 elements has a finite number of elements, yet it is not a GF. John 20:12, 13 March 2007 (UTC)


 * There is no field of six elements, so there is no inconsistency. --Zundark 22:36, 13 March 2007 (UTC)


 * It seems to me that is true only if you define a field as a GF, and that makes it a circular definition. Why is there no field of 6 elements? Do we need to clarify or define field so that is true?  Otherwise why should a reader who is reading this to find out what a GF is assume that?    John 05:47, 15 March 2007 (UTC)


 * This article links to the field (mathematics) article, which provides the definition of field. The non-existence of fields of 6 elements follows from the definition by elementary arguments (which are already given in the article). --Zundark 09:45, 15 March 2007 (UTC)


 * You are right, I agree, I was under the mistaken impression that field was not defined or linked. I see now.  Thanks.  John 16:54, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Sum of all field elements
Please see Talk:Field (mathematics). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 80.178.241.65 (talk) 20:27, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

more on irreducible poly
I think someone who understands these things should write a paragraph or two on the construction of the needed irreducible poly. It might start out with something like


 * "Note that without the needed irreducible polynomial that GF(p^n) is a purely theoretical object and somewhat nebulous. There seems to be no general foumula. There are varous tables of polynomials for various p and n. Such a polynomial always exists and there are various algorithms for constructing it."

The knowledgable writer could then talk about the efficiency of such algorithms, etc. It need not be formal--just enough to impress upon the reader that you have got to have such a poly to do anything with the field ~reader — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.67.146.77 (talk) 19:29, 30 May 2006 (UTC)


 * In fact, I believe that there is no polynomial-time construction of any finite field. Conjectures of the Geometric Langlands Program will give one, though. Eulerianpath (talk) 22:43, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

155.198.17.120's changes
Maybe someone who knows about the subject wouldn't mind reviewing the changes done by 155.198.17.120 to this article. She seems to have subtly vandalised Fascism and started the bogus entry Marxianism. Thanks. --snoyes 15:15, 19 February 2003 (UTC)


 * It looks as if she changed "T^3 + T^2 + T + 1 is irreducible" to "T^3 + T^2 + T - 1 is irreducible". Though my algebra is rusty, this seems to be a good and necessary change as (T^3 + T^2 + T + 1) = (T^2+1)(T+1) whereas there are no factors (mod 3) of (T^3 + T^2 + T - 1). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pcb21 (talk • contribs) 14:37, 19 February 2003 (UTC)


 * Thanks. Admittedly I didn't bother trying to understand the problem (it is of course fairly easy as you have demonstrated). I just saw a sign change in the tex source and "saw red" ;-) --snoyes 15:59, 19 February 2003 (UTC)


 * how finite field may be implemented in AES cryptanalysis can be elaborated with in this article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.110.246.230 (talk) 11:31, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Reference suggestion
I suggest that reference be made to "Arithmetic over finite fields" in Collected Algorithms of ACM (?467) by Lam & McKay. It uses Zech logarithms, is short and efficient. John McKay132.205.221.161 (talk) 15:53, 12 February 2009 (UTC)

Naming of "Galois Fields"
I have been told that referring to finite fields as "Galois fields" is a little odd, with the reason being that Galois himself never worked with finite fields. This may be worth mentioning if anyone can confirm it. 81.182.122.2 19:11, 15 May 2007 (UTC)


 * The EoM entry on Galois fields says they were first considered by Galois, and gives a reference. --Zundark 20:05, 15 May 2007 (UTC)


 * Galois not only worked with finite fields, it's quite probable that he was the first one to come up with the concept. See Évariste Galois, "Sur la théorie des nombres". Bulletin des Sciences mathématiques XIII: p. 428ff (1830). It's also part of the collection of Galois' mathematical works published by Joseph Liouville in 1846, and the Bibliothéque Nationale de France helpfully makes this available here (use the interface to go to page 381. It's in French, of course, but those are the breaks). --Stormwyrm (talk) 04:45, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

the finite field is not completely known
I tried to delete the following passage "The finite fields are completely known", first of all because it is a false statement, secondly, since when is something "completely known"? There is no reason to emphasize that a theorem completely holds, and thirdly and most important the quoted sentence imply that there is nothing new to discover in the area of finite fields and that research in that area is pointless. Whatever you (the nice editor that reverted my delete) are trying to say it comes off wrong.

I think the wording should change to include a context, or be deleted altogether, please express your concerns if you have them or I'll delete it again. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sonoluminesence (talk • contribs) 09:03, 28 March 2009 (UTC)


 * I (the reverter) am not trying to say anything. An unexplained deletion of a large percentage of the introduction is a standard thing to revert (indistinguishable from random vandalism).  An WP:edit summary is normally sufficient to explain the deletion, but in this case it is better to try improve the introduction.
 * We can guess at what the original editor meant, and try to improve it. A purpose of the WP:lead section, amongst others, is to summarize the article, and at least half the article is describing the classification of finite fields. Presumably the original author was trying to summarize this.  I changed the wording to be more direct, "The finite fields are classified by order." JackSchmidt (talk) 05:58, 29 March 2009 (UTC)


 * Hello JackSchmidt, thank you for your response and change, I think the wording is now exponentially better. Sonoluminesence (talk) 07:48, 29 March 2009 (UTC)


 * "The finite fields are fully known" makes sense to me, and tells me something useful about finite fields. "The finite fields are classified by order" merely tells me how people have chosen to classify them. The former statement (if true, which I think it is) seems far more useful. Maproom (talk) 22:24, 29 March 2009 (UTC)


 * Unfortunately there are many very basic questions about Z/pZ that are not known, so the statement is either meaningless (my opinion) or false (probably Sono's opinion). A silly example of great practical importance is implicit in Primitive root modulo n; without the GRH estimates on the smallest generator are fairly poor, so until GRH is proven, our knowledge on even a very basic question is extremely incomplete (and even then, I don't know that the estimates are sharp enough for more serious computational applications).  At any rate, if you can find WP:reliable sources to support the claim, then feel free to expand the article (not the lead) with the new material. This will make a good excuse to fix the current introduction which neglects to summarize over half the article. JackSchmidt (talk) 22:43, 29 March 2009 (UTC)


 * Also, to make it clear research is on-going in finite fields (which might make a nice "Finite fields are completely classified, but are still actively researched." sort of comparison), there is the short section Kakeya conjecture. There are lots of problems over uncountable fields that are not resolved over finite fields (and lots of the reverse). Basically finite fields are a healthy, vibrant area of research mathematics. JackSchmidt (talk) 22:56, 29 March 2009 (UTC)


 * I'll be happy with "Finite fields are completely classified, but are still actively researched." "Completely classified" is the kind of thing I can understand, and want to know. Maproom (talk) 08:49, 30 March 2009 (UTC)


 * Why do you insist on putting the word "complete"? It doesn't appear with that context in the article. If you think that it is complete, please explain in what way are the classifications complete? The wording you suggest doesn't contribute anything - not about the finite field nor its classifications, the current wording actually says something new which is explained right on the next paragraph. I vote to keep the current wording. Sonoluminesence (talk) 10:55, 31 March 2009 (UTC)


 * When I used the word "complete" I was quoting a phrase which has been removed from the article. It seems appropriate - all finite fields are know, there is one for each prime power and no others (unless I have misunderstood something). But you write "not about the finite field nor its classifications", which puzzles me – there is more than one finite field – so we may be talking about different things. Maproom (talk) 15:06, 31 March 2009 (UTC)


 * First of all, thank you for participating, second of all, there is a finite field for every p^k where k is an integer, third of all, there are finite fields for integers other than p^k, they just can't be used in the same context (although they share similar properties), 4th of all, even if you know there is a finite field for every p^k you haven't constructed every single one, and finally, I think it is better to say the actual meaning of a mathematical theorem rather than inflating its importance. Sonoluminesence (talk) 08:34, 1 April 2009 (UTC)


 * You write "there are finite fields for integers other than p^k", but the article states "We give two proofs that a finite field has prime-power order." Can you explain this contradiction, and maybe correct the article? Maproom (talk) 09:30, 1 April 2009 (UTC)


 * I can't do that without violating WP:COI and WP:NOR, but there is a meaning to objects which are identical to the finite field but lack the p^k property. For example, one can take the multiplication table modulo 6 and see similarities with a finite field although 6 is not p^k. But that is not the point, my argument was only that the sentence "the finite fields are completely known" is false. Are we in agreement on this? Sonoluminesence (talk) 07:26, 2 April 2009 (UTC)


 * You write of objects "which are identical to the finite field but lack the p^k property", and give the integers modulo 6 as an example. So what do you think is 3/2 in that "field"?


 * Anyway, I am not in agreement. That statement was true and useful. To justify its removal, you first used "finite field" in the singular as if there were only one such field, then you claimed that there are finite fields not of prime power order. My point is that it is fully known what finite fields exist, and it would be helpful to have this stated in the lead-in. I accept that "the finite fields are completely known" may mislead people into thinking that everything about them is known, which is false. So can we find a way of making it clear, in the lead-in, that it is known what finite fields exist? In my view "The finite fields are classified by their size" does not do this. Maproom (talk) 09:16, 2 April 2009 (UTC)


 * As I said, the object is used in different context which exclude it from being a field. If a theorem existed that included all the p^k finite fields, and it included objects for any integer k, that are the same for some attributes needed for the theorem but are not "fields" in the traditional sense (call it a semi-field…) – wouldn't you call your understanding of finite fields incomplete? Besides how do you know the finite fields doesn't have connections to other mathematical areas which we are unaware of, for example to the Riemann hypothesis, or to the prime number theorem? I still think the term "completely known" is completely false. Sonoluminesence (talk) 13:25, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Perhaps this would be reasonable:


 * The finite fields are classified by size; there is exactly one finite field up to isomorphism of size pk for each prime p and positive integer k. Each finite field of size q is the splitting field of the polynomial xq - x, and thus the fixed field of the Frobenius endomorphism which takes x to xq.  Similarly, the multiplicative group of the field is a cyclic group.  Wedderburn's little theorem states that the Brauer group of a finite field is trivial, so that every finite division ring is a finite field.  Finite fields have applications in many areas of mathematics and computer science, including coding theory, LFSRs, modular representation theory, and the groups of Lie type.  Finite fields are an active area of research, including recent results on the Kakeya conjecture and open problems on the size of the smallest primitive root.

One can add the applications and open problems to the end of the article fairly easily. JackSchmidt (talk) 12:52, 2 April 2009 (UTC)


 * It is more than reasonable it is great, good job! Sonoluminesence (talk) 13:25, 2 April 2009 (UTC)


 * I too am very happy with JackSchmidt's proposed wording. Maproom (talk) 14:40, 2 April 2009 (UTC)

Some small finite fields example
The example given for F4 is:

+ | 0 1 A B      × | 0 1 A B  --+       --+ 0 | 0 1 A B      0 | 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 0 B A      1 | 0 1 A B  A | A B 0 1       A | 0 A B 1 B | B A 1 0      B | 0 B 1 A

Shouldn't that be like this:

+ | 0 1 2 3      × | 0 1 2 3  --+       --+  0 | 0 1 2 3       0 | 0 0 0 0  1 | 1 2 3 0       1 | 0 1 2 3  2 | 2 3 0 1       2 | 0 2 0 2  3 | 3 0 1 0       3 | 0 3 2 1 ?

So the translation should go like this:

+ | 0 1 A B      × | 0 1 A B  --+       --+ 0 | 0 1 A B      0 | 0 0 0 0 1 | 1 A B 0      1 | 0 1 A B  A | A B 0 1       A | 0 A 0 A  B | B 0 1 0       B | 0 B A 1

Am I wrong? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Sonoluminesence (talk • contribs) 11:19, 3 April 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, you are. This is the field of four elements, not the ring of integers mod 4. Algebraist 12:53, 7 April 2009 (UTC)


 * for gods sake lets have some EXAMPLES of the galois field phenom without notation or explanation. just plain number patterns. some of us are dyslexic & respond best to number patterns. isnt that what math is all about anyway. were not all writing phd theses.  EXAMPLES PLEASE.  THE MORE THE BETTER. dieutoutpuissant  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Dieutoutpuissant (talk • contribs) 20:08, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

I thought maybe some one would like to see some more examples of small finite fields. James

Field of 8 elements represented as matrices integers are modulo 2

element (0)    element (1)     element (2)     element (3)

0 0  0         1  0  0         0  1  0         0  0  1         0  0  0         0  1  0         0  0  1         1  1  0         0  0  0         0  0  1         1  1  0         0  1  1

element (4)    element (5)     element (6)     element (7)

1 1  0         0  1  1         1  1  1         1  0  1         0  1  1         1  1  1         1  0  1         1  0  0         1  1  1         1  0  1         1  0  0         0  1  0

+/ (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (0)  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7  (1)  1   0   4   7   2   6   5   3  (2)  2   4   0   5   1   3   7   6  (3)  3   7   5   0   6   2   4   1  (4)  4   2   1   6   0   7   3   5  (5)  5   6   3   2   7   0   1   4  (6)  6   5   7   4   3   1   0   2  (7)  7   3   6   1   5   4   2   0

x/ (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (0) 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  (1)  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7  (2)  0   2   3   4   5   6   7   1  (3)  0   3   4   5   6   7   1   2  (4)  0   4   5   6   7   1   2   3  (5)  0   5   6   7   1   2   3   4  (6)  0   6   7   1   2   3   4   5  (7)  0   7   1   2   3   4   5   6  _________________________________________________________

Field of 9 elements represented as matrices integers are modulo 3

element (0)    element (1)     element (2)

0 0            1  0            0  1            0  0            0  1            1  1

element (3)    element (4)     element (5)

1 1            1  2            2  0            1  2            2  0            0  2

element (6)    element (7)     element (8)

0 2            2  2            2  1            2  2            2  1            1  0

+/ (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0)  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8  (1)  1   5   3   8   7   0   4   6   2  (2)  2   3   6   4   1   8   0   5   7  (3)  3   8   4   7   5   2   1   0   6  (4)  4   7   1   5   8   6   3   2   0  (5)  5   0   8   2   6   1   7   4   3  (6)  6   4   0   1   3   7   2   8   5  (7)  7   6   5   0   2   4   8   3   1  (8)  8   2   7   6   0   3   5   1   4

x/ (0) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (0) 0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0  (1)  0   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8  (2)  0   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   1  (3)  0   3   4   5   6   7   8   1   2  (4)  0   4   5   6   7   8   1   2   3  (5)  0   5   6   7   8   1   2   3   4  (6)  0   6   7   8   1   2   3   4   5  (7)  0   7   8   1   2   3   4   5   6  (8)  0   8   1   2   3   4   5   6   7

Section on irreducibility
While I am extremely impressed by this article as a whole (and think the creators have done an excellent job), I still think that it lacks a section purely on irreducible polynomials. There are many aspects of the theory of irreducible polynomials over finite fields, most notably the Berlekamp algorithm, that deserve mention in this article. For instance, it may be worthwhile to mention the following formula for the number N of monic irreducible polynomials over GF(q) (where GF(q) is, of course, the (unique) finite field with q elements, where q is an arbitrary prime power):


 * $$N=\frac{1}{n}\sum_{s} \mu(s)q^{\frac{n}{s}}$$,

where s runs over all divisors of n that are products of distinct primes (allowing $$s=1$$) and where μ is the Möbius function. PS T  13:46, 16 April 2010 (UTC)

Error in the examples section
I don't think that (Z/3Z)[T]/(T^2+1) creates a field of size 9

Attempting to generate the field with T as a primitive element results in:

T^2+1=0 T^2=-1=2 mod 3 Using this equality, the elements of the field would be: 0 1 T T^2=2 T^3=2T T^4=2T^2=4=1 So the root of T^2+1 has order 4, and not 8 as required to generate a field of size 9.

A valid example for the field of size 9 is (Z/3Z)[T]/(T^2+2T+2) or (Z/3Z)[T]/(T^2+T+2)

Jellenburg (talk) 01:48, 6 May 2010 (UTC)


 * For any irreducible polynomial f(T) over Z/3Z of degree two, the field (Z/3Z)[T]/(f(T)) is a degree two extension of Z/3Z, i.e. it has dimension two as a Z/3Z vector space. Hence, it has size 9. What is confusing you is the notion of a primitive element of the field extension (Z/3Z)[T]/(T2+1) versus the notion of a primitive element of the finite field (Z/3Z)[T]/(T2+1). The element T in your example is a primitive element in the first sense, which means that every element of the order 9 field (Z/3Z)[T]/(T2+1) is a polynomial in T (as opposed to simply a power of T). RobHar (talk) 02:52, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

simpler explanation
Something I think would be useful is to be told that the additive group of a finite field is primitive abelian, and its multiplicative group is cyclic. This seems to me to explain in simple terms exactly how every finite field works. But instead I see stuff like "(Z/2Z)[T]/(T2+T+1)", which is completely opaque to me, and I suspect far more complicated than necessary. Maproom (talk) 08:56, 29 May 2008 (UTC)


 * The article already mentions that the multiplicative group is cyclic. What does primitive abelian mean? In any case, information about the additive and multiplicative groups does not "explain exactly how every finite field works", since it is the relationship between them that matters. Algebraist 16:03, 11 February 2009 (UTC)


 * A "primitive Abelian" group is the direct product of a number of cyclic groups of prime order. Maproom (talk) 16:08, 11 February 2009 (UTC)


 * That's mentioned in the article too. Do you think it should be more prominent? Algebraist 16:12, 11 February 2009 (UTC)


 * The additive group of a finite field is an elementary abelian group. There may be a translation problem; there is exactly one hit from mathscinet for "primitive abelian group", and such a group is torsion-free, so never finite.  A primitive permutation group that is abelian is cyclic of prime order, and this appears to account for all other usages on google.


 * At any rate, to agree with both Maproom and Algebraist, viewing a finite field as an especially nice subring of the full matrix ring M_n(Z/pZ) is a very good way to understand finite fields that explicitly describes the additive group, the multiplicative group, and the action of the multiplicative group on the additive group. A reasonable choice of subring is the polynomials in the companion matrix of an irreducible polynomial of degree n over Z/pZ.  This also explains many applications such as LFSRs. JackSchmidt (talk) 16:48, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

I think a simpler explanation is definitely needed. An example from the article's intro, "Each finite field of size q is the splitting field of the polynomial xq - x, and thus the fixed field of the Frobenius endomorphism which takes x to xq." This type of jargon is extremely opaque to those unfamiliar with the subject (read, me). The subject matter should be discussed in terms of simpler mathematical structures. The reason to read this article is to learn what a finite field is, so it should be assumed that "splitting fields" and "Frobenius endomorphisms" are also foreign concepts. --Pesto (talk) 06:45, 11 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Could someone explain how the notation in "(Z/2Z)[T]/(T2+T+1)" works? It is completely new to me and I can't find any articles on it. 128.208.1.238 (talk) 05:08, 14 August 2010 (UTC)Nathan


 * Z/2Z is the ring of integers modulo 2. (Z/2Z)[T] is the polynomial ring in the variable T over Z/2Z. T2 + T + 1 is an element in the polynomial ring (Z/2Z)[T] (i.e. it is a polynomial with coefficients in Z/2Z). (T2 + T + 1) is the principal ideal of (Z/2Z)[T] generated by T2 + T + 1, and (Z/2Z)[T]/(T2 + T + 1) is the quotient of the ring (Z/2Z)[T] by the ideal (T2 + T + 1). RobHar (talk) 05:33, 14 August 2010 (UTC)

sloppy
isn't this article sloppy in discriminating between things that are equal and things that are just isomorphic? --Lunni Fring 21:11, 23 September 2006 (UTC)


 * I can see one place where it says 'the', and it might say 'a'. Why do you ask? Charles Matthews 21:32, 23 September 2006 (UTC)


 * Well one example is "Then GF(q) = GF(p)[T] / ." But GF(q) is really isomorphic to the RHS. --149.169.52.67 22:37, 23 September 2006 (UTC)


 * Mathematicians who contribute to WP are sloppy about most everything, especially with the idea that people who aren't mathematicians might want to learn a bit about higher mathematics, but most Wikipedia articles covering any area of mathematics are as heavy on terseness as articles in a particular specialty, but in snippets and paragraphs yanked out of a context the WP writer knows so well they assume everyone else does. And the notations, some non-standard usage, rarely defined..I could go on. Brevity and clarity rarely coincide.  This is why introductory books are so much better for the self taught.  The forces of comepetition give the author an incentive to actually be clear and concise, and lay the ideas out in an orderly fashion.  Books of this type don't interject advanced results in the middle of an introductory paragraph on finite fields.  Unless mathematics on Wikipedia is for mathematicians only, I don't think everyone just looking up the basic idea of finite fields is also looking to worry about whether they should have to chase down the meaning of Morita equivalence classes just to get the gist of something, especially in the first paragraph. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.83.65.96 (talk) 18:09, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

classification section
A few things in the "classification" section bothered me, so I rewrote it. First, no effort had been made to justify the existence of an irreducible polynomial of the appropriate degree, which is by no means a priori obvious; in fact I'm pretty sure you need to prove existence of the finite field before you can assert such a polynomial exists. (Please someone correct me if this is wrong.) Secondly, after I worked on filling in more details of the existence proof, it seemed worthwhile to put the main facts of the classification upfront, and then put the derivation afterwards. Dmharvey 13:31, 4 April 2006 (UTC)


 * The second part is definively too long. You simply forget that in a ring finite or not finite the additive law is abelian (a consequence of distributivity ), this fact should be set clearly at the beginning of the article to avoid some confusions related to commutativity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pavle.michko (talk • contribs) 13:46, 10 July 2013 (UTC)

Unicity of automorphisms
D.Lazard has expanded the statement "Any two finite fields with the same number of elements are isomorphic", with "and the isomorphism between two such fields is unique." Quite likely I have misunderstood something, but it seems to me that this is false. Finite fields of prime-power order, such as F4, have non-trivial automorphisms. Between two fields of order 4 there are two distinct isomorphisms. The unicity applies only to fields of prime order. Maproom (talk) 09:22, 10 November 2013 (UTC)


 * OOOPS. D.Lazard (talk) 22:17, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

Large tables
The large tables at the bottom of the article, addition and multiplication tables for the fields of size 16 and 25, have been deleted with the comment "Removed the tables for the finite fields larger than 16; The tables are too unwieldy too be useful and contain no information that is not already in the tables of smaller finite fields.", and then restored with the comment "They provide explicit constructions of techniques mentioned in article. Unwieldly is in the eye of the beholder."

My view is that the tables themselves are large and contain very little useful information, whereas the constructions

F16 is represented by the polynomials a + b x + c x2 + d x3. a, b, c, and d are integers modulo 2 The polynomials are generated by the powers of x using the rule x4 = 1 + x.

and

F25 represented by the numbers a + b√2, a and b are integers modulo 5 generated by powers of 2 + √2

are compact and informative. I propose deleting the tables but retaining the constructions for these fields; and maybe even adding constructions for F27 and F32. Maproom (talk) 17:50, 15 July 2014 (UTC)


 * I concur with this. If we need the bulky example tables, create a list-class article in which to put these, and link to it from this article. There is a multitude of possible tables and representations for each field; it is not as though a table is the table for any given finite field.  —Quondum 20:26, 15 July 2014 (UTC)


 * I could agree with this, but I have two reservations. I don't think the GF(16) tables are "too large" and this is the only accessible fourth degree extension (GF(81) is too large to be useful). It is the only example presented where the field exponent is not a prime and the smallest example with the property that not all smaller fields of the same characteristic are subfields. That GF(8) is not a subfield could be verified by examining the tables. I would not argue this way for GF(25). My second reservation boils down to the question of who would likely be using these tables. Anyone doing serious work with finite fields will be working with computers, so these tables are not necessary for them. A reader of this page is more likely to be someone who has heard about finite fields and has some curiosity about them beyond the integers modulo a prime. For these readers the construction ideas are most valuable, and they should want to construct some of these fields themselves to test their understanding. Having a worked out result to check their answers against is of value (you do not have to remind me that WP is not a textbook and that this is not an encyclopedic reason for keeping something, I am well aware of this and am choosing to be lenient in my interpretations.)Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 21:05, 15 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Checking their worked-out answers against a table is going to be quite difficult, unless they happen to have listed their elements in the same (ok, in an isomorphic) order as the table. So I think that even for such a user, the large tables are almost useless. Maproom (talk) 22:34, 15 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes, I had tried to make this point already. Two orderings of the same field with an identical multiplication table can have different addition tables. I ran into this problem only a few days ago, when I assumed that mapping two primitive elements of two known -to-be-isomorphic fields to each other would define an isomorphism. I learned the hard way (and only after using an exhaustive search on a computer) that there are only eight GF(256)-automorphisms. You gotta be pretty lucky to choose the right mapping to start. I still say: keep the constructions here, move the tables into an article devoted to examples of finite fields. (Aside: surely GF(8) is the smallest example of a field with GF(4) not being a subfield?) —Quondum 23:01, 15 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Ok. You guys win. (Sorry about that goof with GF(8)). I have to admit that I have a special fondness for GF(16). I have done a lot of work in that particular field, sometimes with computer but often by hand (and I will also admit that I wouldn't use the representation given in the article as it is too cumbersome for hand work). The automorphism groups of the finite fields are cyclic groups generated by the Frobenius map ... this should probably be in the article as it would prevent a lot of head banging. I have often set, as a problem for my graduate students, the job of finding an explicit isomorphism between two representations of GF(16) and I wouldn't do this for a larger field. Knowing that you have to send a primitive element to a primitive element is one thing, but deciding which primitive element to send one to and proving that it works can be a nasty computational problem. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 02:58, 16 July 2014 (UTC)
 * Properties of fields such as you mention should be added to this article. So, the article to contain the tables of small finite fields: should it be called List of tables of small finite fields? Can't think of anything better, just at the moment.  Your guidance on the best structure to choose for the tables for this context would be helpful. I found that the existing structure emphasized the cycling nature of the multiplicative group nicely, but wasn't sure it served any other purpose.  In a list article, one could even have several tables for the each field, optimized for different purposes. —Quondum 03:39, 16 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I am in favour of creating an article with tables of small finite fields. But I have a word of warning: non-mathematical editors may fail to appreciate its value and try to have it deleted. This happened three years ago to Gallery of named graphs, see its deletion discussion. See in particular Matt Westwood's contribution to that discussion. Maproom (talk) 05:53, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

Statement on factoring in related fields
In § Irreducible polynomials of a given degree, the statement
 * This implies that, if $q = p^{n}$ that $X^{q} − X$ is the product of all monic irreducible polynomials over $GF(p)$, whose degree divides $n$

seems opaque. Could someone add a sentence tying polynomials in $GF(p^{n})$ to polynomials in $GF(p)$? —Quondum 15:29, 14 February 2015 (UTC)
 * IMO, this is "this implies" that deserves clarification. The simplest way of clarification seems to provide a proof. This is done. D.Lazard (talk) 18:02, 14 February 2015 (UTC)

Rewriting this article
In preceding thread, wrote I learned the hard way (and only after using an exhaustive search on a computer) that there are only eight GF(256)-automorphisms. This only shows that the article was awfully written, by not stating the properties of finite fields. Here the lacking property is that the automorphisms of $GF(p^{n})$ are the first $n$ powers of the Frobenius automorphism. I have began to rewrite the article correctly, and this result would appear naturally in the section "Frobenius automorphism and its consequences" or in a section "Galois theory". About the "Explicit construction" section(s), I will explain with more details that every finite field may be constructed as the quotient of a polynomial ring by an irreducible polynomial, remove the matrix construction, which is not useful in practice, and reduce the specific cases to short examples. About the multiplication tables, my opinion is to remove them, as almost no book on finite fields (except, may be low level textbooks) makes use of them. Probably some editors will disagree, but please wait to see the result of the rewriting before objecting. D.Lazard (talk) 19:48, 20 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. —Quondum 20:01, 20 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, the lead is too long and too technical, and thus needs to be rewritten. I am presently unable to improve it, but I believe that this will become easier after having rewritten the body of of the article. D.Lazard (talk) 21:24, 20 November 2014 (UTC)


 * Maybe this is what Lazard had in mind in the above, but this article is surprisingly of a poor quality. A moment ago I changed "vector field" to "vector space"; did I miss something? Mainly it's too repetitive. For example, to those who has a rudimentary understanding of a Galois theory, a finite field is not a big deal and the exposition can be made more systematic (e.g., Frobenius). Also, we need more sophiscated applications like projective space over a finite fileld or a a general linear group over a field. (A variety over a finite field and the fixed point formula concerning it is one of key topics in modern algebraic geometry.)


 * As for the article structure, roughly the article should consists of two parts: one part about a finite field itself (together with Galois group) and the other part about objects over a finite field; rings and varieties over finite fields. (Objects over varieties over finite field are probably beyond the scope.)


 * And the first thing needs to be done is to change the notion from GF(q) to F_q. -- Taku (talk) 20:32, 3 December 2014 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, I find the present article to be a vast improvement over what was here before. Kudos to . I would be hesitant about making the changes mentioned above. Those readers familiar with Galois theory would in general not be coming to this page, rather more likely would be someone who has come across the term in some application area without a strong algebra background. The current level (with its repetition) is suitable for such a reader. I would also not delve very deeply into structures defined over finite fields, as those discussions are better suited to the pages of those structures (full discussion here would make this page far too long). Finally, in defense of the GF(q) notation, this is heavily used in application areas since, when specific fields are involved, the very significant exponent is not written in a -2 font size (compare $$\rm{GF}(2^{171}) \text{ to }\mathbb{F}_{2^{171}}$$). Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 00:04, 4 December 2014 (UTC)


 * Yeah, achieving the balance is a difficult goal. I don't agree with the suggestion that the article be targeted to readers without algebra background. Finite fields are very important in pure mathematics. To the readers with necessary backgrounds, it is important that the article presents a clean concise systematic picture to them. I found D.Lazard's recent changes not particularly of a good one; the edits seem to unnecessarily obscure some algebra. In fact, I've made a few edits undoing his. But, in any case, I will restrain from making drastic changes. (I put some materials at Draft:Finite field. Constructing finite fields shouldn't be a big deal and the article devotes too much space on this; i.e., concrete explicit construction of splitting fields.) -- Taku (talk) 01:45, 4 December 2014 (UTC)

First two sections
I'm not sure if this an artifact of the [ongoing?] rewrite, but the first two sections ("Basic facts" and "Basic properties") not only have repetitive headings but also overlap in content. Some1Redirects4You (talk) 17:13, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Proof that a Finite Field has Order [tex]p^n[/tex]
The first proof claims that a finite field is a vector space over Z/pZ, where p is the characteristic, and then goes on to conclude that the order of the field must be [tex]p^n[/tex]. But it seems proving that it is a vector space over Z/pZ is the heart of the proof; why leave it out? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.167.241.175 (talk) 07:08, 25 February 2008 (UTC)


 * I agree, this is the heart of the proof. Yet in this writeup it is simply stated as fact. I think a few words or a sentence or two explaining this could make the proof infinitely better. The Raven (talk) 21:51, 19 August 2010 (UTC)


 * If a field K is a subfield of another field L, then L is automatically a K-vector-space, see field extension for details. MvH (talk) 12:38, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

"Abstract algebra" or "algebra"
I have modified the first sentence of the article to change "abstract algebra" into "algebra", because the term "abstract algebra" was too restrictive. In my edit summary, I have given the example of cryptography, which can hardly be qualified as a part of abstract algebra, although the parts of cryptography that use finite fields belong to algebra.

My edit has been reverted by with the edit summary In the US, "algebra" usually refers to high-school math, anything to do with rings/fields is called "abstract algebra" in the US even if it is very basic. Firstly this means implicitly that this article concerns only US readers, and not mathematicians, for which algebra includes also advanced questions. Secondly, this assertion implies also that "algebra" would be a synonymous of elementary algebra. If this would be true, why having separate articles? My opinion, which is certainly shared by most professional mathematicians, is that "abstract algebra" is the study of the algebraic structures for themselves, while "algebra" includes applications and interactions with other areas of mathematics (such as the relationship between commutative algebra and algebraic geometry).

I was ready to revert MvH revert, when I have realized that even "algebra" is too restrictive. In fact, the term "In ...", which is standard in the first sentence of mathematics articles, is not aimed to categorize the article, but to inform the reader if he could be interested in the article. As a reader may come here from cryptography, from number theory and other fields of mathematics, which are not commonly included in algebra, this beginning must be enlarged. Therefore, I'll replace "algebra" by "mathematics". D.Lazard (talk) 10:12, 7 May 2015 (UTC)


 * The naming system is like this in the US (yes, I agree it is a bit counterintuitive, I'm sure the terminology is different in France).
 * (1) "Solve ax^2+bx+c = 0": algebra
 * (2) Basic polynomial rings/groups/fields: abstract algebra (undergraduate)
 * (3) Modules over a PID: algebra (graduate)
 * (4) Topics you would consider abstract algebra: abstract algebra (graduate)
 * Most mathematicians would consider (1) = basic math, (2) = basic algebra, and (3) = algebra. But to see how the terminology is used in textbooks, look up "Thomas Hungerford" on amazon, and you see there that the basic topics (2) are in a book called "Abstract Algebra" whereas more advanced topics (3) are in a book called "Algebra".  So his "Abstract Algebra" book is much more elementary than his "Algebra" book. To a European, I'm pretty sure this comes as a surprise, but here, the way you can see on the cover which of the two books is the elementary one is by looking for "undergraduate text" or "graduate text". The phrase "abstract" is not used to indicate the level, it's used to indicate the topics (i.e. it's used to indicate topics that don't resemble (1)).  The terminology "abstract algebra" for basic stuff like finite fields (mathematicians wouldn't consider this abstract) is wikipedia-correct (i.e. supported by references). Moreover, I think other wikipedia pages also use the phrase "abstract algebra" in this way (I expect that other languages don't use the term this way).    MvH (talk) 12:28, 7 May 2015 (UTC)


 * I disagree with the argument of broadening the discipline of the study of finite fields to include cryptography. Cryptography is an application of abstract algebra, just as medicine is an application of NMR through MRI. I think most cryptographers would be happy to admit that (some of them) use finite groups, finite fields, lattices and other algebraic structures because they have found that they exhibit useful complexity properties, but to conclude that cryptographers consider groups or fields as an area of study in their own right would be pushing it too far.  It would be like saying that vector spaces are a field of engineering.  —Quondum 13:21, 7 May 2015 (UTC)


 * I never said that "finite fields" include (or should include) cryptography or number theory. I said that the sentence "In, a finite field is ..." must not mean that is the area which studies finite fields in their own right, but must denote the area in which the definition that follows is unambiguous and widely used. I guess that nobody will disagree that finite field means the same thing for a cryptographer, a number theorist, an abstract algebraist and more generally for any mathematician. Therefore must, here, be "mathematics". However, I agree with the fact that category:finite fields is a subcategory of category:abstract algebra, which is itself a category of category:algebra, but this is not the subject here.
 * Apparently, for, there is a discrepancy between terminology of US mathematics teachers and that of the researchers in mathematics (in USA as well as outside USA) (note that Serge Lang never uses "abstract algebra" in his famous book Algebra). IMO, this US teaching terminology is well explained by history, but it is somehow old fashioned, at graduate level, as well as at undergraduate level in many countries. These historical reasons are the following: until the end of 19th century, "algebra" was the manipulation of symbols as they were numbers, and also the theory of equations (example (1) of MvH). A the turn of 20th century, the algebraic structures have been introduced, and their studies have been called "abstract algebra" or "modern algebra". Later on, these algebraic structures became standard in every part of mathematics, and the distinction between classical algebra and modern/abstract algebra has been forsaken. A witness of this is the change of the name of van der Waerden's book from "Modern algebra" to "Algebra". As "abstract algebra" is still widely used by US teachers, I agree to keep the article, but, IMO, the term "abstract algebra" must be used only in the rare cases where the distinction between "algebra" and "abstract algebra" is really relevant (probably only in mathematics education). D.Lazard (talk) 14:44, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree with your viewpoint, but if there is a discrepancy between (a) best terminology, and (b) what is common in references, then wikipedia will go with (b) instead of (a).  The book you mentioned is not a counter-example to what I wrote. On the contrary, it confirms what I wrote, the phrase "Graduate Texts" is written in large font on the cover of Lang's book, so it fits perfectly under (3) above. MvH (talk) 15:44, 7 May 2015 (UTC)


 * I disagree that the must cover the broadest field in which the the concept is widely used. In contrast, it should be the narrowest that contains the field of study and that is likely to be known to (or easily determined by) the typical reader of the article. For example, an engineer would like to know at first glance which subfield of mathematics it is studied in. Thus, if we want to keep the "In mathematics, ...", we should do as in Ring (mathematics), and include "more specifically ...".  Otherwise, just use the more specific category.  I'm happy with algebra, as I would be with abstract algebra.
 * I tend to disagree with the position that the term "algebra" being interpreted in a colloquial way in many parts of the world should steer its use here. Words have multiple, often related, meanings, and this is normal in WP. The reader will quickly discern that algebra is the name of a formal subfield of mathematics not the same as the name of the class at grade school, the link provides the needed disambiguation, and we should not avoid the formal use of the word in WP. If we avoid its use here, we are saying that the article Algebra should never be linked to, and we should always link to Abstract algebra. WP should use the term in a consistent way in any context. I don't tend to agree with MvH's assessment, but this is just my perception. To me, algebra should refer here to a specific field of mathematics, not simply be "how the word gets used by sources". Distinguishing between the use of the term at different levels of education seems to me to be inappropriate. —Quondum 16:02, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Quondum, we could use the word "algebra" and use "abstract algebra" in the link. In algebra .... MvH (talk) 19:55, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I do not have any strong feeling about which, partly because I still don't have a strong sense of the distinction yet. To me it feels like fields fit into abstract algebra (the axiomatic approach to algebraic objects, as defined in Algebra), though the piping suggestion seems a little easter-eggish. —Quondum 20:39, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Personally, I would be fine with the three starts "In mathematics", "In mathematics and more specifically in algebra" and "In algebra". However, as everybody has an idea (possibly confuse) of what is "algebra", I prefer "algebra" alone; the reader, who has a unclear idea of what it is, may, as usual, follows the link. On this point, I agree with Quondum. On the other hand, I oppose to "abstract algebra", which may be confusing for readers interested in applications of finite fields. Even after having followed the link, they could think: "Oh I am not interested in abstract structure in their own right, thus this article is not for me." D.Lazard (talk) 16:26, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Too technical?
Would it be possible to change the first paragraph of this article to something that might be less formally correct, but more understandable to somebody who wants to learn about Galois Fields. The examples in Finite_field were a step in the right direction. Chumpih (talk) 06:11, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * The article starts by saying that a finite field is a field which is finite. How can you make that less technical? Readers may have difficulties with the definition of "field", but that is not a problem for this article. Maproom (talk) 09:05, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I believe that the point was not the first sentence, but the remainder of the first paragraph. I have rewritten the lead to be less technical. In paricular, I have removed the mentions of Brauer group (technical and unneeded), Frobenius endomorphism (out of scope, it is about algebras over finite fields), splitting field (not needed and confusing here). I have also removed the "recent results", as mentioning them here give them an undue weight. The same for the areas of applications, which are either subareas of already cited areas or are minor subjects sourced only by primary sources.
 * Question: Is the last paragraph of the lead really useful (the chain of algebraic structures that may be specialized to general field? D.Lazard (talk) 11:40, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I consider the lead now greatly improved. As for its last paragraph - yes, I consider it useful, even though I have no idea what most of the things in the chain are. I can understand what it is saying, even though I have no idea at all what an "integrally closed domain" is. But I do wonder if the paragraph really belongs in this article. All that really matters is that a "finite field" is a field that is finite. The chain also appears in the field aricle, which is the proper place for it. Maproom (talk) 22:26, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I think the benefit of the inclusion chain here is limited. There is the same chain under Field (mathematics) to which this links, and the name "finite field" is so suggestive that someone trying to understand the concept would find it with little delay. I'd think it would be cleaner not having it there, but I have no strong feeling on the matter. —Quondum 23:35, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I came here from Reed–Solomon error correction trying to figure out what the referenced "finite field" is. This article is nearly incomprehensible to anyone who does not already know exactly what a finite field is. Oh, but its just a field which is finite, you say. Ok, so what a field? Ah, its just a non-zero commutative ring. Well now I'm getting somewhere! Just a few more clicks and I learn that a commutative ring is a kind of ring. Not sure what that is, but helpfully the article tells me its simply a kind of abelian group- and everyone knows what that is! So now I just have to read the full contents of the page on group theory, abelian groups, commutative rings, algebraic fields and about 10 more, all written for an audience of grad students, before I can arrive at the intuitive explanation of "a finite field is a mathematical object consisting of a finite set of elements, having defined the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division between any two elements in the field in terms of a third element in the field." — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.88.177.106 (talk) 18:30, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You have done impressively well in your learning what the term means. I can't fault your final sentence. But I don't know what could be done about the problem. I guess it's rare for anyone without university entrance-level math to even come across finite fields. Maproom (talk) 19:34, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
 * A one-sentence encapsulation as is given here would be a useful addition to the lede, adding that division by zero is excluded. When a lede can sensibly give a brief understandable encapsulation in layman's terms, it should. —Quondum 19:48, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
 * I came to this article to try to understand the theory behind Reed-Solomon error correction. I'm an engineer, not a mathematician and though I have A-Level mathematics I didn't study the subject to undergraduate level, but nevertheless I feel that with a bit of effort I ought to be able to understand this article. I'm afraid I find it complete gibberish and I can't help but wonder if there's some form of elitism at play here. Could someone who understands the subject and who sees the value of teaching intelligent people who want to learn make a little effort to simplify it, please, in order to make it more accessible? This is not how a general encyclopaedia should be. I learned much more by reading the documentation for the implementation of RAID-6 in the Linux kernel - an application of Reed-Solomon and a practical use of Galois fields. 83.104.249.240 (talk) 16:50, 12 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I think the problem is really in the article field. I like the definition offered above: "a finite field is a mathematical object consisting of a finite set of elements, having defined the operations of multiplication, addition, subtraction and division between any two elements in the field in terms of a third element in the field" (except that it's not totally accurate - division by zero is undefined), but would prefer to list the operations in the order addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. Maproom (talk) 11:08, 13 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree that the lead of Field is much too technical. However I do not see any way to make the lead of Finite field less technical. Surely, a large part of the lead and the article are devoted to properties that are useless for studying Reed-Solomon codes. But they are to be there, as they are fundamental, and are widely used in code theory (for example Goppa codes and Elliptic curve cryptography, which is used in your connection to Wikipedia, if your computer is not out of date). As far as I know, the main properties of finite fields that are used for Reed-Solomon codes is that they are finite and that the vector spaces over them are also finite (if their dimension is finite). Therefore, the information that you are looking for is probably in Vector space and/or Polynomial ring. In particular the theory behind cyclic codes is strongly related with . D.Lazard (talk) 16:31, 13 December 2015 (UTC)

Inclusion chain
The inclusion chain should probably be moved to a related structures section (somewhere toward the end of the article) or to a sidebar. This is how it's done in most other similar articles around here because it's not incredibly essential info and is less intrusive that way. Some1Redirects4You (talk) 17:04, 2 May 2015 (UTC)


 * I agree, and implemented this suggestion a month ago. Since it was recently reverted, I defend the edit here.  The chain of inclusions is almost totally irrelevant to finite fields; no one studies finite fields as examples of commutative rings or UFDs.  Putting the bulky related structures list in the lead over-emphasizes these not very important containments; the lead is already very long without them.  If these containments are not important enough to be discussed in the body of the article, they should not be in the lead.  These points are true regardless of how any other articles may be written. --JBL (talk) 16:06, 20 January 2016 (UTC)


 * I fully agree with Joel. From some points of view it might be more appropriate to consider them as FINITE division rings, putting more emphasis on the finiteness and downplaying the commutativity. The inclusion chain is just one of many ways of looking at finite fields and certainly does not belong in the lead. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 19:04, 20 January 2016 (UTC)


 * Thanks for clarifying, I wasn't aware of this discussion here. (Wikipedia is so Web 1.0 disorganized.) Oftentimes my entire purpose of visiting one of these articles is just to review the chain, but I agree that this chain is just one of many views. It does seem to me that each of the articles should match in structure (for consistency of experience / improved reader-interface design). (I added it to the top because I was surprised that "this article is part of the chain template, but the template is not referenced in the article - based solely on my expectation from the other articles. I only happened to find it at the bottom a few minutes later from a related Google search while looking for something else.) -- Yoda of Borg (✉) 11:04, 21 January 2016 (UTC)


 * It would be great if related articles used the same structure. And if they used the same notation. I don't see either happening any time soon. Maproom (talk) 11:07, 21 January 2016 (UTC)


 * I'd make it happen right now if I weren't lazy and so very tired. -- Yoda of Borg (✉) 11:14, 21 January 2016 (UTC)

Two examples for character, in the lead?
I'm guessing this is part of the valiant effort to make the article more accessible. I disagree that two examples of that arithmetic are needed in the lead though. Some1Redirects4You (talk) 17:04, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

Confusing Notation
From the text:


 * "Let F be a finite field. For any element x in F and any integer n, let us denote by n⋅x the sum of n copies of x. The least positive n such that n⋅1 = 0 must exist and is prime; it is called the characteristic of the field.


 * If the characteristic of F is p, the operation {\displaystyle (k,x)\mapsto k\cdot x} (k,x)\mapsto k\cdot x makes F a GF(p)-vector space. It follows that the number of elements of F is pn."

The last sentence makes no sense! What is k? what is x? what is n?  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.167.139.98 (talk) 19:24, 24 September 2016 (UTC)


 * Yes, you're right, more terms could have been defined. I have attempted to clarify.  (The current version still does not quite spell things out as much as a textbook might.) --JBL (talk) 21:49, 24 September 2016 (UTC)


 * Joel beat me to it, but I had written this explanation already so I'll just copy it here:


 * A field F of characteristic p contains a subfield isomorphic to GF(p) (= Zp). We can view F as a vector space where the elements of F are the vectors and the elements of that subfield are the scalars. The situation is a little unusual in that the scalars here, being elements of F, are also vectors, so when we describe scalar multiplication we need to be a little formal to avoid getting the roles of these elements mixed up. Thus, scalar multiplication is described by associating an element of F to the ordered pair (k,x) where k is a scalar (in the subfield) and x is a vector (any element of F). The associated element is $$k \cdot x$$ that is defined in the previous paragraph since k can be thought of as an integer. Now that we know that F can be viewed as a vector space, since it is finite it must have a finite dimension (size of a basis) and this dimension will be denoted by n. Every element of F (the vector space) can be written uniquely as a linear combination of the n basis vectors (for any fixed basis). As there are p choices of coefficients for each of these basis vectors the total number of linear combinations is pn.


 * Now I'll just sneak over to the article to see what Joel wrote.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 22:23, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * P.S. What I wrote above is more like a textbook presentation and not really suitable for an encyclopedia entry. I gave it so that the issues that needed to be amplified in order to make the sentence more understandable could be identified. --Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 04:32, 25 September 2016 (UTC)

"repeated addition" or "repeated multiplication"
In the article, it says If the characteristic of $F$ is $p$, one can define multiplication of an   element $k$ of $GF(p)$ by an element $x$ of $F$ $$(k,x)\mapsto k\cdot x$$ by choosing an integer representative for $k$ and using repeated addition. This multiplication makes $F$ into a $GF(p)$-vector space. It follows that the number of elements of $F$ is $p^{n}$ for some integer $n$. I feel that it should be "repeated multiplication", rather than "repeated addition". Am I wrong? Jackzhp (talk) 11:17, 16 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes $3⋅x$ means $x + x + x$, a repeated addition. D.Lazard (talk) 12:16, 16 January 2018 (UTC)

Rename the Article
A finite field is a field with finite number of its domain set. A finite field does not have to be Galois field. A Galois field GF(p^k) can be deemed as one with its domain set to be vectors of integer, and it is the extension of a simpler finite field F(p). I think that it is a bad idea to put much of Galois field stuff inside the article titled with "Finite Field" Jackzhp (talk) 10:26, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I guess that you are confusing Galois fields and Galois extension. In all available sources, "Galois field" and "finite field" are synonymous. I have added a hatnote to the article. D.Lazard (talk) 10:42, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I am not at all convinced that the terminological question you address is relevant to this user's confusion.  every finite field is of order p^k for some prime p and positive integer k, and all finite fields of the same order are isomorphic; thus every finite field is (isomorphic to) a Galois field. --JBL (talk) 11:52, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Every finite field is (isomorphic to) a Galois field: such a theorem makes sense only if "Galois field" has been defined. I do not know any source giving a definition of a Galois field that is not "a field with a finite number of elements". Thus, the above quotation makes sense only with another definition of a Galois field. What is this definition? Do you have any reliable source for it?
 * On the other hand, it is true that every finite field is a Galois extension of a prime field, and that a Galois extension of a prime field is a finite field if and only if the characteristic is not zero.
 * Also, one should note that the phrase "Galois field extension", which I have used in the disambiguating hatnote, is intrinsically ambiguous, as it may be understood as a "field extension that is a Galois extension" or as a "field extension of a Galois field". D.Lazard (talk) 12:43, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * If you read Jackzhp's comment again, you will see that Jackzhp has some concrete model of Galois field in mind ("A Galois field GF(p^k) can be deemed as one with its domain set to be vectors of integer, and it is the extension of a simpler finite field F(p).") and so my comment directed to him is in reference to whatever this concrete model is. --JBL (talk) 13:47, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * wrote "A finite field does not have to be Galois field." Can anyone specify an example, a finite field that is not (isomorphic to) a Galois field? Maproom (talk) 13:55, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Before giving examples, one requires a definition of a Galois field. As the only a available definition of a Galois field is to be a finite field, it is impossible to give such an example.
 * I cannot understand the first part of Jackzhp's sentence, as there is no field structure on vectors of integers. My guess is that they have in mind that GF(p^k) is a vector space over the field of integers modulo p. This is true for every finite field, and thus does not help. The second part of the sentence ("is the extension of a simpler finite field F(p)" is also true for every finite field. D.Lazard (talk) 15:34, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
 * You said "'Galois field' and 'finite field' are synonymous",that is what I am against. I believe that's really wrong. And you mentioned Galois extension. Seems to me that you do not really understand the term, maybe I am wrong, but I believe that if you do then you would agree that what you called Galois field is indeed a kind of Galois extension. k=1 is the base field, then k>1 is the extension of the k=1 field. Maybe "vector" is not the right word, "series" should be used instead? it was talking about the dimension, a combination of several numbers as 1 element. Jackzhp (talk) 15:43, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Let's not to get into isomorphism when we are talking about the difference between Galois field and finite field. Jackzhp (talk) 15:43, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Galois Field is not infinite, and it is a Field (mathematics), so it is a finite field. But this article should not get into Galois Field(F(p^k) with k>1) directly, as it is the extension of the simple Finite Field(F(p) with k=1). Someone mentioned example, I think we can make one easily: F(5) with set {0,1,2,3,4} and with addition and multiplication modulo 5. 2 is a quadratic nonresidue modulo 5, so an extension can be built on this, take u^2=2, u is an element in the set of F(5^2), the set is {0+0u,1+0u,2+0u,3+0u,4+0u,0+u,0+2u,0+3u,0+4u,...} total 25 elements. F(5^2) is a Galois Field which is an extension(exactly a kind of Galois extension) of F(5) by taking a quadratic nonresidue as basis. Does this example suffice? From F(5^2), we take some cubic nonresidue, we can do cubic extension, and get F(5^6), another Galois Field. Jackzhp (talk) 15:43, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I just found a sentence from Field (mathematics) page:"The relation of two fields is expressed by the notion of a field extension. Galois theory, initiated by Évariste Galois in the 1830s, is devoted to understanding the symmetries of field extensions." I guess it might be written by someone specialized in math. I hope we all agree Galois Fields are fields extended from simpler field. Jackzhp (talk) 15:57, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia must not include original thoughts, and it is not the place for changing the commonly accepted terminology. The terminology and definitions appearing in this article appear in all textbooks on the subject. The fact that depending on the authors some different terminology may be used explains that we have different terminologies for the same thing. For example some authors talk of Galois fields, some others use finite field for the same concept. As your definition cannot be found in the literature, we cannot follow your ideas, even if the standard terminology may be confusing. D.Lazard (talk) 17:23, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I fully support D.Lazard ! --Nomen4Omen (talk) 18:29, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Not only is absolutely correct, but your so-called construction technique does not work. Ask yourself how you would construct the sequence of Galois fields of order $5^{p}$ for $p$ a prime. Your procedure is guaranteed not to produce anything new after, at most, the first four of these. Galois field and finite field are synonyms and have been since the terms were introduced in 1893 by E.H. Moore.--Bill Cherowitzo  (talk) 20:10, 23 October 2018 (UTC)

my above example, 2 is a prime, 3 is also prime. why other prime p does not work? Any p you specify, I will get the basis for the extension field. Jackzhp (talk) 02:08, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I misread your example and have struck my comment. However, you have not made any case for a distinction to be drawn.--Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:55, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * take "Galois Field" and “Finite Field" as synonym is just a mistake, it is not correct. Though you are free to do so, and continue to do so, and continue to make freshman confused. Jackzhp (talk) 02:16, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * You claimed above "A finite field does not have to be Galois field." I challenged you to provide an example of a finite field that is not (isomorphic to) a Galois field. You provided an example of a 25-element field which, in your own words, "is a Galois Field". It seems to me that we all agree that all finite fields are Galois fields, and all Galois fields are finite fields. I do not understand why you are trying to draw a distinction between the two terms. Maproom (talk) 07:45, 24 October 2018 (UTC)
 * For my example,I guess it is clear that my focus is that F(5) is a finite field, but not a Galois Field, while we say its extensions such as F(5^2), F(5^3), etc are the Galois Fields. I have said let's not to talk about isomorphism. Especially, "isomorphism" is called "isomorphism", is not called "synonym". If two structures are isomorphic, they are just "isomorphic", we still give them two different names. I think it is very clear when k=1, I prefer to call it （simple） finite field, while k>1, I call them Galois extension, or Galois Fields （they are still finite）. A basic finite field has only 2 properties: it is a Field, and it is with finite number. A finite field is a simple structure, there is no point to mess it up with many other more properties. If any structure with more properties, we better given them other names. If you want a finite field and people usually does not call it Galois Field, I can give another example: the field consists of rational polynomials while the coefficients are taken to be in a simple finite field. It is a field, and it can be finite（?）. See Rational function and Fraction field for more information. With your logic, since all finite fields with same order are isomorphic, do you call such a field a Galois Field? Or please prove rational function is not a field, or not it is not finite. If you count it as Galois field, then you will have to include Rational function & fraction field into this article. Jackzhp (talk) 03:19, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I have to admit that the above example is not concrete enough. My experience is only with rational function as a finite group, I haven't think it through whether I can construct a finite rational function field. If you can prove that all rational function fields(fraction fields) can not be finite, it will be great, then I will know all rational function fields(fraction fields) are infinite. Jackzhp (talk) 03:43, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * For any field F, the ring F[x] of polynomials over that field is infinite: it contains as a (vector space) basis {1, x, x^2, ...}. The field of rational functions over the field is larger.  If we take a quotient that is a field and is finite (like (Z/5Z)[ x ] / (x^2 - 3) ) then indeed it is both a finite field and a Galois field, because those two words mean the same thing.  (Prime fields are field extensions of prime fields, too: they are extensions of degree 1.  Just as R^1 is a vector space over R for every field R.) --JBL (talk) 10:17, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * You say I haven't think it through whether I can construct .... It is your own right to try inventing mathematics again. But trying this in Wikipedia is WP:disruptive editing, as Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, and, as such, it is aimed to present existing knowledge, not your WP:OR. Please stop your disruptive editing. I recall that disruptive editing may lead to be blocked for editing. D.Lazard (talk) 11:10, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I don’t get the hostility on display here; Jackzhp is not editing disrupively, they are discussing on the talk page ideas about the article, in a responsive way. If not all their ideas are correct, that does not mean they should be treated so unpleasantly. —JBL (talk) 11:15, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I apologize for having been unclear. Opening this thread was absolutely not disruptive editing. But, here, there is a clear WP:consensus against the proposed renaming and the ideas that support it. Several experimented editors (including me), which are also professional mathematicians, have spent time for explaining why these ideas are wrong. Despite this, this editor does not consider the given answers and the resulting consensus, and repeats again and again the same rejected ideas. This is definitely disruptive editing, and I know several editors who have been topic banned or blocked for a very similar behavior. D.Lazard (talk) 14:02, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

Proposal for the 1st paragraph
A finite field is a field with finite number of elements for its set. A finite field can be a number field where its elements are numbers （might be multidimensional）, or a function field where its elements are functions such as rational polynomials. A simple single dimension number finite field can be extended to multidimensional ones which are called Galois extension and Galois Fields. Jackzhp (talk) 06:29, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The first sentence is not better than that in the article. The remainder is WP:OR, and is completely wrong if one accepts, as all mathematicians do, the definitions given in Number field, Function field and Galois extension. It uses also undefined concepts, such that "rational polynomial", "multidimensional number" and "single dimension number". No further discussion is needed. D.Lazard (talk) 06:55, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * D.Lazard, you also do not have a perfect grasp of mathematical English, but no one gives this as a reason to refuse to discuss proposed edits with you.
 * Jackzhp, I think there is no chance that the article will be edited along the lines you suggest. One of the big triumphs of modern mathematics is the realization that particular labeling schemes are not important, what one needs to understand is the underlying structure (isomorphism type) and then all follows from that.  You are proposing to turn this on its head by emphasizing the particular nature of the representation, and there is no possibility that you will find consensus for that. —JBL (talk) 11:33, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * : I did not touch the article. I hope we all agree that I have the right to express what I think. And whatever I wrote, I guess you are not required to respond or comment. Anyway, I really appreciate people like you who put continuous effort on editing wiki. At present, you are the person with power. What I can do is to assure you that I won't touch the article, so please don't get upset. Though I want to tell you that making Galois Fields to take the position of finite field really made me confused. Eventually I got it over: Galois Fields are finite fields, but they are not the simplest finite field. Jackzhp (talk) 15:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * :I totally agree with you about the structure. For long time, I have realized that mathematics is about structure. Hence, I guess when a concept is introduced and illustrated, the simplest one should be used, and then we introduce more complex ones and the morphism related stuff. Jackzhp (talk) 15:21, 26 October 2018 (UTC)


 * You say: «A finite field can be ... a function field where its elements are functions such as rational polynomials.» But so sorry: A field which contains polynomials can never be finite. Because there is some indeterminate which occurs in all finite powers. But if it occurs in all finite powers this means that it occurs infinitely often. --Nomen4Omen (talk) 16:51, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I acknowledge that you have not edited the article. But Wikipedia rules apply also to talk pages. I recommend that you read (or read again) MOS:TALK, and in particular MOS:TALK, which says ... it is usually a misuse of a talk page to continue to argue any point that has not met policy requirements.. Please, read also WP:NOTFORUM. D.Lazard (talk) 17:14, 26 October 2018 (UTC)
 * D.Lazard, your analysis of this interaction has been flawed from the very beginning (when you failed to understand the source of confusion in the initial message), and your relentless hostility towards this obviously good-faith contributor is completely inappropriate. If you do not think the discussion is productive, please take no part in it, and everything will be fine.
 * Nomen4Omen, please strike the completely unwarranted personal attack in your message; it serves no purpose.
 * Has the world gone mad that anyone thinks these kinds of behaviors are appropriate?! --JBL (talk) 17:37, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

List of small fields?
For groups, Wikipedia has the article List of small groups. Would a similar article for fields make sense? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 147.251.201.141 (talk) 21:51, 27 November 2018 (UTC)
 * No, the list corresponds to the list of primes and prime powers. Any q = pn, where p is a prime number and n a positive integer, corresponds to a finite field Fq. There are many more axioms defining a field than axioms defining a group, so the variety of structures that satisfy the axioms is so much smaller for fields. — Rgdboer (talk) 02:46, 28 November 2018 (UTC)

Characteristic paragraph is a mess
The paragraph introducing characteristic is a total mess: In a field of order $p^{k}$, adding $p$ copies of any element always results in zero; that is, the characteristic of the field is $p$. Characteristic is defined in this way: If $F$ is a finite field, then for any element $x$ in $F$ and any integer $n$, denote by $n ⋅ x$ the sum of $n$ copies of $x$. The least positive $n$ such that $n ⋅ 1 = 0$ exists and is a prime number is called the characteristic of the field. The operation $n ⋅ x$ can be defined as multiplication; If the characteristic of $F$ is $p$, one can define multiplication of an element $k$ of $GF(p)$ by an element $x$ of $F$ $$(k,x)\mapsto k\cdot x$$ by choosing an integer representative for $k$ and using repeated addition. This multiplication makes $F$ into a $GF(p)$-vector space. It follows that the number of elements of $F$ is $p^{n}$ for some integer $n$. The order in which information is introduced is incoherent, and a proof of the prime power property dubiously belongs in a section called "Definitions, first examples, and basic properties". I do not have time to fix this right now, so I am leaving this note in case someone else wants to take a look before I do (which might not be for days or weeks). --JBL (talk) 16:52, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * This mess has been introduced by an edit dated on 21 February 2019‎. I have reverted it. D.Lazard (talk) 22:11, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I also support removal of the sentence saying a field is defined with four operations. We don't distinguish between multiplication and division, or addition and subtraction; in each case the latter two are defined using inverse elements.--Jasper Deng (talk) 22:15, 5 April 2019 (UTC)
 * I have moved this sentence (with four  removed) to its right place, ar the beginning of the section. There were also redundancies, which could be confusing for some readers. I have removed or edited them. IMHO, it is important that the main properties remain easily found at the beginning of the section. This is the reason for not removing all redundancies. D.Lazard (talk) 10:25, 6 April 2019 (UTC)