Talk:Foreign direct investment

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Untitled
Is there any list of countries for amount of foreign direct investment on Wikipedia? &mdash; Instantnood 14:16, 18 November 2005 (UTC) Italic textrole of fdi in india and when it has come first time in india????????????

If someone wants to check the UNDP (United Nations Development Program), they may have something.

There's good OECD FDI info here, under "FDI" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.50.121.188 (talk) 13:49, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

Link to anti-globalization for crittiques
It might be useful to have a criticism section that links to the anti-globalization page. Just a thought. P.S. I'm sure as hell am not a socialist and I'm for foreign investments prudently regulated. Responsiblebum 15:24, 29 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I think before we do that we need to expand this article further- right now it's pretty bare given the huge amount of info about it out there! I have some free time coming up and will be working on it- if you'd like to help out with a criticism section that'd be cool! :-) --khello 17:31, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

Working on this article
I've started adding some more information to this page, since I think it's pretty bare for such an important topic. Please feel free to criticize and improve any additions. I would appreciate any comments on structure and what else needs to be included. Hopefully we can get this to become a Featured Article! --khello 00:16, 18 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree as it is an important section and needs to be improved on. I studied natural sciences in college and am not focused on international development and relations, which can be focused on issues such as these. Send me some references that are useful and I can help out with adding information.--MrNiceGuy1113 (talk) 17:53, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

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Impact of FDI, and so what's driving it or delaying it?
You are quite right, Khello, on how important is this topic:

It appears that the lack of an easily accessible formulation of GAAP (Generally Accepted Advanced Practice) that's well-grounded in evidence-based rationales adds to misunderstandings and risk. (Not mentioning the doubt sown by competing agencies or political factions with their own conflicting interests who jostle over minor points; they gain when deciders lack confidence in their own understanding.)

All this adds noise and makes delays easier than decisions, and seems to have helped beat down FDI below its potential by several trillion dollars a year. However, recently the demand for FDI has increased greatly as countries with large and needy populations have been switching from anti- to pro- FDI policies.

Given the opportunities for FDI to grow some faster than population, at least for several more decades and perhaps a half century, any loss of a base is accelerated by the exponential growth of need and demand. Thus, it's likely that the Net present value of a trillion dollar setback in FDI could be going on the order of a hundred trillion dollars in shortfall of economic development. Big figure, but what does it mean?

Take one standard metric of policy impact, the number of years of active human living reduced to death or mostly-incapacitated non-participation in society. Then divide by the number of years of potential active contributing participation (say 50) to get the number of full-time equivalent human lives gained or loss in a population subject to the policy or culture change. This can be considered, if we treat the time & numbers incorporated in the diffusion of technique or technology to follow an epidemiology model, as the total "treatment effect" of an improvement.

By these measures, FDI as a topic of understanding could "effect" about a billion Human Life Equivalents.

Why sketching the background drivers and tools can help
I started this article a few hours ago simply to clarify a few typos and grammar glitches. Then, I took to heart the Wikipedia dictum "Be Bold". I've worked with many of these issues while at the US National Science Foundation, and in my practice consulting several small nation-states. Thus, I tried to lay out -- in my proposal for the leading paragraphs -- the structure of the logic that I've heard generally accepted by consultants engaged by the offices of Heads of Government. I've also seen their presentations and working papers replete with references to respected researchers and multi-agency working parties. The references should not too hard to run down.

This background (as the outline I proposed) is not my original research, nor even the way I view the field. My critiques of this background (aka "The Washington Consensus") and thus the grounding for my recommended improvements (my stock in trade is different, as is my own research. I, rather than competitors, am hired only when I can show my stock is different and better than the background GAAP that I'm urging be sketched here.

Generally and in the classical sense, an encyclopedia article should at least report on the generally shared current conceptualization by the most respected practitioners. Even before introducing critiques, alternatives, and histories, an overview of the conceptual scheme should be laid out as a foundation or reference marker. It should be both easily intelligible (including its priorities and hidden assumptions) and intelligible (including all the main parts to aid comprehension.

I'm unable to contribute much more.
'Though a practitioner in fields in which FDI is a major tool, I'm neither a researcher nor a specialist on FDI itself. My posting today is about as far as I can go. Looking forward to seeing the frames and fillers by those who live with these tools every day.

GreggEdwards (talk) 00:02, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Link to FDI.net
I think that link to the FDI.net, added by the user IP address 138.220.116.72, is quite relevant because this page is created by the World Bank Group to provide every kind information related to the FDI. Beagel 18:45, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

Link to www.investmentmap.org
I think link to the Investment Map is very relevent too. As Investment Map is produced by the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in partnership with: the World Association of Investment Promotion Agencies (WAIPA); and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), part of the World Bank Group.

Investment Map aims to assist investment promotion agencies (IPAs) in defining priority sectors for investment promotion, identifying potential investors in a given sector, identifying competitor countries for inward investment, and defining opportunities for bilateral investment.

Investment Map combines statistics on foreign direct investment and international trade, tariff data and activities of multinational firms. The tariff data includes MFN tariffs as well as multilateral, regional and bilateral preferences and covers ad valorem equivalents of specific tariffs, tariff quotas and anti-dumping duties. Tariff and trade data are available for merchandise goods (not services) at the 6-digit level of the Harmonised System for about 5,000 product items. Information on foreign direct investment (FDI) is available on goods and services for up to 150 sectors. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 193.239.220.249 (talk) 10:42, 7 March 2007 (UTC).

Recent deletion of substantial content
I have just restored substantial deleted content from April 29th (deleted here). In doing so I have lost some of the additions which have been made of the past month. I am unsure about how to incorporate them, but believe the content lost is less substantial than the content I restored. I apologize to anyone who has had their hard work undone by this. If someone can see a better way to restore the lost text, please be bold. -- Siobhan Hansa 17:28, 30 May 2007 (UTC)

Hard to understand
What does this mean?

Inward FDI is encouraged by:


 * o Tax breaks, subsidies, low interest loans, grants, lifting of certain restrictions 
 * o The thought is that the long term gain is worth more than the short term loss of income 

The reason I ask is that I see nothing here about the reasons why companies invest abroad (market access, cost reduction), nor anything about who is doing the "encouraging". DOR (HK) (talk) 04:04, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I see where you are coming from. I understand the first part in that FDI is encouraged by tax breaks, subsidies, etc. They seem to be reasons as to why a company would utilize FDI. This statement should be a little clearer in how the usage of the phrase "encouraged by" is used.--MrNiceGuy1113 (talk) 18:02, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

exchange cover
a subject closely related to FDI is exchange cover. Where can i find something about this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.220.180.66 (talk) 23:29, 23 August 2008 (UTC)
 * I briefly tried looking for information on exchange cover related to foreign direct investment but couldn't find anything relative. Is there another term that may be similar?--MrNiceGuy1113 (talk) 18:21, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

==

Former section "Foreign Direct Investment: A Critical Appraisal"
I have integrated this former section into the section Foreign direct investment in India since that is what it appeared to refer to, but does not make clear at all. It's always a good idea to read an article through carefully to see where your new addition can best be integrated rather than tacking on a separate section at the end which may be very confusing to the reader. Also, Wikipedia does not do "Critical Apparaisals" or reach "Conclusions". That is appropriate for a student essay but not an encyclopedia article. An article should only relate facts with references to reliable sources. I have also tagged the section for copy-editing and referencing. Each of the assertions there needs a citation to a reliable source and especially the direct quote. Voceditenore (talk) 08:13, 12 October 2011 (UTC)

Material moved here from article per IEP cleanup
I have moved the following material here from the article per the WP:IEP cleanup. The text seems likely to be based on Economic Developments in India : Monthly Update, Volume 66 by Raj Kapila & Uma Kapila, based on a Google search, some at least appears to be paraphrased but at least one sentence is almost unchanged. It can be returned to the article if appropriately sourced and paraphrased.

1)While the FDI approvals reveal quantum jump since the liberalisation of policy in 1991, the actual inflow have been much less. Thus the foreign investors have not matched their intent with performance. In fact, actual inflows have been less than half of the approvals.

2)According to Nagesh Kumar, "the expansion in the magnitude of FDI inflows during 1990s is not due to reform alone. It reflect, in part, the dramatic expansion in the global FDI flows to developing countries (from about $35 billion per year on average during 1987-92 to $166 billion in 1998 and $648 billion in 2004)."

3)The major issues is that a substantial part of these resources are going into mergers and acquisitions and not in the formation of fresh capital.

4) There is regional disparity in the country. There is a large inflow of FDIs in certain parts of india mainly delhi, Maharashtra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, haryana and selected parts of U.P.

5)In comparision with China the FDI inflow pre 1991 period was insignificant. There was a much larger inflow of FDIs in the 1990s.

6)The smaller project receive a very small proportions of FDI approvals, over two-third of the total value of FDI approvals goes to projects of size greater than Rs100 crore. Therefore very little of the FDI has gone to augment exports that are mostly from labour-intensive unregistered manufacturing.

7)There is also a question that whether investment in FDI necessarily lead to a higher growth rate. The biggest risk faced is that given the massive inflow of FDIs in the country in recent times might raise concern with their macroeconomic implications and the danger of an equally sudden reversal.

Therefore, these flows tend to make financial markets vulnerable and may end up landing the country in a currency/payment crisis.

-- Mike Christie (talk - contribs - library) 01:21, 12 November 2011 (UTC)

Lead definition too specific
Here is a general definition that holds for all countries

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - "money that people or companies of one country invest in another by buying property, building factories, buying businesses, etc" (Oxford Business English Dictionary)

Here is the World Bank Definition used:

Foreign direct investment, net inflows Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Source

People use the phrase all the time without the 10% of the voting stock definition. Should be changed :) Fernquestjon (talk) 06:53, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Changed putting general business definition first, then the specialized national accounts definition second
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is direct investment by a company in production located in another country either by buying a company in the country or by expanding operations of an existing business in the country. Foreign direct investment is done for many reasons including to take advantage of cheaper wages in the country, special investment privileges such as tax exemptions offered by the country as an incentive for investment or to gain tariff-free access to the markets of the country. Foreign direct investment is in contrast to portfolio investment which is a passive investment in the securities of another country such as stocks and bonds.

As a part of the national accounts of a country FDI refers to ....

Why? Because business and economics students must understand the general concept of FDI before jumping into the more specialised definition found in the national accounts of a country. The very specific nature of this later definition (10%) facilitates comparison of statistics between countries but it is the simple important idea, encountered everyday in for example newspaper articles when a [multinational corporation] is investing in a Bangalore subsidiary for example, that must be grasped first. Also the link to World Bank definition does not exist anymore. Fernquestjon (talk) 10:57, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

History section of article
I found this article on the history of direct foreign investment if it is of any help. I am also not positive it is an article that can be cited on Wikipedia because it is a Google document. May be worth taking a look at for those interested. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:G4hUvoUZGVEJ:www.odi.org.uk/resources/docs/850.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShpvq__tdnUMww8JpKMhsCEXV1mKuI41-j6T4-TQp-ESnIGaHNB5ICqZFu0YyPEIGdc3K_e1stMH0zCz4dsp_vA4Ww9NCedYjD0LMXXtKNuIYIMWiGzUBSs7cCU9MDQqScxH56H&sig=AHIEtbSqz0bKRdd5P5-dw253Q78cDGH3YQ&pli=1--MrNiceGuy1113 (talk) 18:17, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Dr. Hufbauer's comment on this article
Dr. Hufbauer has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"1. Most of FDI entails 100% control, and the great majority more than 50% control. Occasionally control can involve as little 10% ownership, but this is exceptional. 2.  The definition of FDI is never limited to "building new facilities"..  However, if you want to refer to that concept, call it "greenfield FDI". 3.  FDI is not customarily defined as a net concept, inflows minus outflows  Instead we speak of inward FDI and outward FDI. 4.  The excursion into the arithmetic of national accounts is not particularly useful. 5.  Hymer's insight was that "cheap capital"  -- meaning low real interest rates -- does not explain FDI.  Rather the explanation lies in firm-specific advantages, e.g., technological know-how, organizational efficiency. In turn, firms specific advantages foster oligopoly, monopoly, or monopolistic competition.  The exposition of Hymer's insight should be shortened.  6.  The work of Theodore Moran and William Cline, among others, should be cited for the positive growth impact of FDI. 7. The World Investment Report should be cited as the premier statistical database, and studies of special facets of FDI. 8. The article should principally cite  FDI STOCK figures, rather than FDI FLOW figures. The flow figures bounce around, and are not as telling as the stock figures. 9. The article should not wander into the discussion of portfolio stocks and flows, e.g., the FRB San Francisco study.."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Hufbauer has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:


 * Reference : Matthew Adler & Gary Clyde Hufbauer, 2008. "Policy Liberalization and FDI Growth, 1982 to 2006," Working Paper Series WP08-7, Peterson Institute for International Economics.

ExpertIdeas (talk) 22:56, 31 August 2015 (UTC)

Dr. Kokko's comment on this article
Dr. Kokko has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"ORIGINAL PARAGRAPH Broadly, foreign direct investment includes "mergers and acquisitions, building new facilities, reinvesting profits earned from overseas operations and intra company loans". In a narrow sense, foreign direct investment refers just to building new facility, a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor.[2] FDI is the sum of equity capital, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown the balance of payments. FDI usually involves participation in management, joint-venture, transfer of technology and expertise. Stock of FDI is the net (i.e., inward FDI minus outward FDI) cumulative FDI for any given period. Direct investment excludes investment through purchase of shares.[3] FDI is one example of international factor movements A foreign direct investment (FDI) is a controlling ownership in a business enterprise in one country by an entity based in another country. Foreign direct investment is distinguished from portfolio foreign investment, a passive investment in the securities of another country such as public stocks and bonds, by the element of "control".[1] According to the Financial Times, "Standard definitions of control use the internationally agreed 10 percent threshold of voting shares, but this is a grey area as often a smaller block of shares will give control in widely held companies. Moreover, control of technology, management, even crucial inputs can confer de facto control."[1]

COMMENTS

I find it strange to see a definition of FDI that is based on BoP data. That may sometimes be what we can measure, but the concept "FDI" can of course also be defined on the basis of the real assets owned by foreign investors. Practically useful quantitative proxies may sometimes be based on employment and output in the enterprises controlled by foreign direct investors. The weakness of a BoP measure becomes obvious as soon as one tries to explore effects of FDI on the host economy. If a foreign owner has acquired a controlling stake in a local enterprise, it is sometimes necessary to treat the entire firm as a foreign-owned entity (even if data on capital flows suggest that foreigners only own a minority of shares). If they actually control the firm, it may behave the same way as a 100% foreign-owned affiliate. For example, new foreign technology that is introduced by the foreign owner is often used throughout the firm, and not only in the share of the firm that corresponds to the exact foreign ownership share.

The stock of FDI is not necessarily linked to the net FDI position in a given period. Assets acquired before this period may still be in use. A stock measure should ideally focus on the real assets controlled by foreign direct investors.

Direct investment does not exclude investment through purchases of shares. This is typically how a full or partial acquisition is undertaken."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

Dr. Kokko has published scholarly research which seems to be relevant to this Wikipedia article:


 * Reference : Chen, Taotao & Kokko, Ari & Gustavsson Tingvall, Patrik, 2010. "Fdi And Spillovers In China: Non-Linearity And Absorptive Capacity," Working Paper Series 2010-12, China Economic Research Center, Stockholm School of Economics.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 18:24, 27 June 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Cozza's comment on this article
Dr. Cozza has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"The article is very accurate and quotes the most appropriate references"

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Cozza has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:


 * Reference 1: Amighini, Alessia & Cozza, Claudio & Rabellotti, Roberta & Sanfilippo, Marco, 2014. "An analysis of Chinese outward FDIs in Europe with firm-level data," Papers in Innovation Studies 2014/2, Lund University, CIRCLE - Center for Innovation, Research and Competences in the Learning Economy.


 * Reference 2: Cozza, Claudio & Rabellotti , Roberta & Sanfilippo, Marco, 2014. "The impact of outward FDI on the performance of Chinese multinationals," BOFIT Discussion Papers 24/2014, Bank of Finland, Institute for Economies in Transition.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 16:40, 2 August 2016 (UTC)

Dr. Pitelis's comment on this article
Dr. Pitelis has reviewed this Wikipedia page, and provided us with the following comments to improve its quality:

"basic, not very well informed, various unsubstantiated claims very few sources. Best recent reference on the topic is the Palgrave Encyclopaedia in Strategic Management."

We hope Wikipedians on this talk page can take advantage of these comments and improve the quality of the article accordingly.

We believe Dr. Pitelis has expertise on the topic of this article, since he has published relevant scholarly research:


 * Reference : Pitelis, Christos, 2009. "Foreign direct investment and economic integration," MPRA Paper 23938, University Library of Munich, Germany.

ExpertIdeasBot (talk) 20:00, 25 August 2016 (UTC)

Overall, this article provides a good definition for foreign direct investment and a little bit of context about why it is important. However, as an earlier contributor said, I also think it would be beneficial to provide a little insight to the pros/cons of FDI. Explanation is given to the motivations for FDI use, but little is said about it's beneficial results or negative consequences. Hopefully, examples can be provided for both sides to keep this article neutral. There also seem to be some citations missing in both the "incentives" and "barriers" sections, which could be helpful for those referencing this article. Alannawright (talk) 23:05, 24 September 2016 (UTC)

A Quick Review
Overall, this article provides a good definition for foreign direct investment and a little bit of context about why it is important. However, as an earlier contributor said, I also think it would be beneficial to provide a little insight to the pros/cons of FDI. Explanation is given to the motivations for FDI use, but little is said about it's beneficial results or negative consequences. Hopefully, examples can be provided for both sides to keep this article neutral. There also seem to be some citations missing in both the "incentives" and "barriers" sections, which could be helpful for those referencing this article. Alannawright (talk) 23:07, 24 September 2016 (UTC)
 * There's a great study cited to describe the effects of FDI spillover in Developing Worlds, but I'm wondering if it's sufficient? I feel this article could be better suited with case studies from specific developing nations to create a better, holistic view of the effects of FDI. Namadaza (talk) 08:02, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

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