Talk:High-performance liquid chromatography

5.7 Autosamplers
We have published an open access 3D printed device that connects to an autosampler and allows for continuous stirring. Do you think it is relevant to add to this page?  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Omermar 18:09, 3 December 2020 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Omermar (talk • contribs)

Suggestions
Some subtopics (e.g. particle diameter, pore size) could be expanded upon for examples and benefits/drawbacks for each. Also discussing trends in terms of how that effects the resulting chromatogram and throughput for the instrument. References could also be added throughout the article as HPLC is a well-studied analytical instrument. Tvanneel (talk) 05:38, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

C18 has been the traditional choice for purification of peptides, but recent work has trended toward the use of C4.
The processes of peptide synthesis involve small molecules and produces by products that are also small molecules. These compounds partition rather than adsorb to the surface of C18. Partitioning moecules will elute much later on C18 than on C4. Larger molecules, such as peptides (>5mer) and proteins, adsorb rather than partition. These by-products with may coelute with peptides on C18 will be widely separated on C4. Peptide elution changes very little. PRABHUSANKAR, RESEARCH OFFICER SHASUN DRUGS AND CHEMICALS,CHENNAI

false
It is actually called "High Presure Liquid Chromatography"! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.41.157.41 (talk) 19:20, 12 September 2013 (UTC)

The irony is that HPLC can be successfully run at relatively low pressures. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.85.190.227 (talk) 03:54, 3 December 2013 (UTC)


 * right, but historically at the beginning any pressure above gravity or back pressure against a peristaltic pump was considered to be "high". That's why it was corrected to "formerly"  Shulalevin (talk) 10:06, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

article hard to understand
I read the entry for High performance... and found it hard (as a student who is not familiar with analytical methods) to understand. The terminology was not explained. A diagram (or two) would have been helpful. I am sure that someone who already knows the material might find it well written. ahandel

I agree that the introduction of the article is a little too technical after the second paragraph. I think the easiest solution would be to relocate technical and theory tips from the preamble (first two to three paragraphs)to the operation section. It might also help the article's organization to add a "Theory" section early in the article. Hero of Ludi (talk) 03:02, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

The first paragraph is pretty simple for layman to follow. The second paragraph should probably be stripped of the "retention time" and "phases" jargon and just diagram what a HPLC looks like and how it separates molecules. E.g. HPLC instruments consist of a solvent pump(s), solvent reservoirs, separation column, and detector. HPLCs usually use a UV spectroscopy based (or PDA) detector, but can be in-line with other instruments such as a mass spectrometer. E.g. HPLC like all chromatography, separates solutions into specific compounds based on relative chemical attraction for solvents and the column; if a compound is highly attracted to the column, it will "stick" to the column and elute very slowly, while if the compound is attracted to the solvent, it will tend to not stick to the column. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hero of Ludi (talk • contribs) 03:09, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

A B? Really? I found this article to be a hodgepodge of simplification and information-dense jargon surely worthy of inclusion. Considering the ever-decreasing attention spans of us humans, the article seems rather useless; those capable of understanding its finer points would surely consult peer-reviewed journals or at least textbooks anyway. In any case, it seems unlikely to me that any given reader of this article would have significantly increased their knowledge of HPLC, given that its current revision scares off the general reader.

Perhaps the article would be best served by a reconstruction that reads like an actual wikipedia article; this level of jargon is fine for physics or mathematics or ontology where the abstraction is too great to discuss otherwise. But perhaps with pages on other types of spectrometry in mind, the article can be constructed with the decidedly difficult material constituting its own section. It seems that piece by piece editing would be exceedingly time-consuming; a shame since I wouldn't claim fault with any of the words or sentences therein.

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Hmmmm well it is hard to read about science without learning a degree in jargon in the process (even grade school cell biology). And although wikipedia is an encyclopedia, this article is in the realm of the chemistry project so it at least has to be considered scientific encylopedia grade. I agree the article needs some more rewriting, but could you give specific criticism i.e. highlight or rewrite phrases that are too jargon prone? Do you feel that the introduction has too much jargon in it? Could you highlight what terms you think should be linked out or further explained?

Also consider that the topic of HPLC is rather specialized and advanced form of chromatography that happens to be important topic just because of popularity and convenience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Hero of Ludi (talk • contribs) 03:23, 25 October 2012 (UTC)

error
I believe sensitivity has been confused with limit of detection(LOD). Sensitivity is defined as the change in instrument output per unit change in concentration of analyte. LOD is the concentration of analyte that can be detected above the noise with reasonable certainty. Therefore, a sharper peak increases the signal to noise ratio and the limit of detection is decreaseed(better)Therese for limit of detection can be improved by enhancing the analyte signal and reducing the detector noise

Agreeing with the above, i added a clean up tag, maybe someone will fix it...

Effort to improve the article
I have reworked the beginning. I have corrected the error pointed out, added some general easy to understand language at the definition and split the previous language into Isocratic and Gradient HPLC. These two sections could still use some improvement. Perhaps they need to be further split into definition and practical example subsections. On the sensitivity error: this error is an exceptionally common error as to almost be acceptable. I chose not to use LLOD because it is not always relevant; however, signal to noise is always what is being spoken about when people say sensitivity (except when using the term correctly).--Nick Y. 21:23, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Added ion exchange chromatography section.--Nick Y. 23:00, 5 May 2006 (UTC)

Bead size
Bizarrely in the 10 years I've worked with LC I've never come across the term "Bead" or "bead size" - it has always been referred to as particle or particle size. I wonder if this is a regional thing (I work in a UK university lab)?

138.37.170.200 I presume bead size is a term mainly used in low pressure chromatography, or pellicular methods? I tend to agree that particle size is the usual terminology for modern HPLC.
 * Well, I have heard the term somewhat frequently from people who actually manufacture stationary phases ( I am one of them). Not sure why. Could be a historic reason. I agree that in all HPLC literature we refer to it as particles.--Xenofonos 00:16, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

UPLC
UPLC is a Waters trademark. These systems are now available from a number of other manufacturers.

True, but it looks likely that UPLC will become the "generic" name - like Hoover, Kleenex etc.. Other comapnies are calling them different things but usually with the word Ultra, or Ultra-high pressure/performance LC - which I am hearing more and more as "UPLC". --Daeve 22:16, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

@Daeve: I don't agree. It's not a good idea using trademarks and brandnames to describe general methods and techniques. This applies to an encyclopedia as well as to scientific publications. Everytime naming it "UPLC", would mean an infringement of Waters' rights and would require to mention in any publication that it is a trademark of the company. In analogy to "ultra high temperature" (UHT) compared to "high temperature" (HT) and "ultra high frequency" (UHF), compared to "high frequency" (HF), the term "ultra high performance liquid chromatography" and its acronym (UHPLC) would be the correct one compared to "high performance liquid chromatography" (HPLC) and should be used instead. "UHPLC" cannot be easily turned into a trademark by any company, because it's systematically deducted and lacking any uniqueness. --Chemist at work 04:20, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

Another possible error (?)
In the Reversed phase chromatography section one can read the following sentence:
 * ... Eluent time is increased by addition of less polar solvent. 

Although I'm not sure what Eluent time means, I think this deduction is wrong. In a RPLC the stationary phase is non-polar. Addition of a less polar solvent will make the solvent compete for the stationary phase with the analyte, thus freeing it more quickly, which, in turn, decreases the time needed for a substance to elute. jοτομικρόν (talk, email) 23:00, 5 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Corrected. There were a series of edits a while back that suffered from imprecise and somewhat confusing language. They did however make some valid point as is the case here, which is why they were not reverted. Adding polar solvent to the mobile phase does indeed increase retention time. But "less polar solvent...increasing elutant time" is definately wrong however you slice it but seems very close to correct on first look. E.g. change the unusual phrasing of "retention time" as "elution time" to the more common phrase "elution rate". Anyway I have ment to clean the whole thing up but was hoping the contributor of these additions would do so himself. Feel free to improve the article as you see fit. Someday I will give it a thorough cleaning but some other good editing would be appreciated before I tackle it.--Nick Y. 18:25, 6 November 2006 (UTC)
 * For some reason I went ahead and cleaned up the article. Any feed back is good though. --Nick Y. 20:35, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

"high performance"
The article states that the term "high pressure liquid chromatography" has been deprecated in favor of "high performance liquid chromatography". The word "performance" was introduced as part of an advertising campaign for high-pressure liquid chromatographs, where the advertisers said that "the P in HPLC stands for performance". Evidently, the scientists who bought the machines were naive enough to believe them. But if the P stands for "performance", what the heck is MPLC? "Medium performance liquid chromatography"? Please, let's reject this advertising-induced nonsense and restore the original, meaningful term. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Rbgros1 (talk • contribs) 14:05, 31 January 2007 (UTC).


 * My understanding is different. Although pressure and performance are frequently interrelated performance is not fundamentally connected to pressure. The most obvious example is that performance will drop dramatically at too high of a pressure for the system when the kinetics break down. Pressure drives optimal flow rate and generally increases with surface area which is the first order determinant of performance. This is the reason for the change to performance somewhere around twenty years ago. Pressure is still used by some and is not entirely unacceptable; however it is not the primary explanation of the acronym in the IUPAC gold book . We should follow the IUPAC convention. It is probably a good idea to revisit our naming convention however since there is a dash between high and performance.--Nick Y. 19:42, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

I am with Nick on that one. The introduction of smaller particles was the driving factor in improving performance. The down side was the need for much higher pressures. The pressure is a result of the improved performance and not vice versa.--Xenofonos 17:58, 25 October 2007 (UTC)


 * It should be pointed out the what the Wikipedia audience thinks it *should* be called is completely irrelevant. Names need not be descriptive. One can argue that the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" (the official name of North Korea) is in truth neither democratic, nor a republic, nor "of the people" - yet it still gets the moniker "Democratic People's Republic of Korea". Likewise, what WP users say HPLC "should" stand for is irrelevant - what matters is what it *is* called, and what term is accepted as "official" by experts in the field. The IUPAC link that Nick gives shows that "Performance" is the preferred term, but "Pressure" seems to be given as an acceptable alternative.


 * The OP brings up a good point, though, which isn't covered in the current article: What's the history of the Performance/Pressure split? Where did it come from? Which was the "original" term? Why does the split persist? Is there any commercial/administrative forces which were at work vying for one side or the other? Who were the players in standardizing on "performance" as the preferred term, and why? It is a fact that both terms are/have been used, and the reason for the differing terms is an encyclopedic topic that should be covered, if appropriate references can be found. -- 17:24, 19 December 2007 (UTC)


 * I agree that the split in terms is an encyclopedic topic which is worthy of coverage. I think you agree that we should use "Performance" as it is the most common today and recommended by harmonizing bodies. To my understanding pressure came first. I don't think the work of researching the evolution of the name has been done and would require looking at historical usage in the primary literature. That would be bordering on original research but not really?--Nick Y. (talk) 23:34, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

I reverted and edit by an anonymous user who removed the "high-pressure liquid chromatography" from the first sentence of the article. Googling "high-pressure liquid chromatography" yields several hits, and although high performance is probably more common, it seems as though the consensus was that both terms should be discussed or noted at the very least. Pdcook (talk) 15:49, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Manufacturers sections
Please keep this section a resource deserving the name "manufacturers". Thus, any company not designing and manufacturing HPLC systems or instruments, should not be named in the "chromatographs" section and companies not manufacturing HPLC columns and supplies should not be listed in the "columns and accessories" section. Otherwise this list will become as irrelevant as many other lists published by magazines, buyers guides and so on. The instrument manufacturers list on "Links for Chemists (part of the WWW Virtual Library)" maintained by the Liverpool University (UK) is a relevant one, but not limited to chromatography. Letters a-j:, letters k-z: .--Chemist at work 13:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't see why an encyclopedia needs a buyers guide of manufacturers at all. This type of section begs for advertising like contributions, so I propose we delete them.Heckendorf 21:17, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Although I see value to these links, I also think that the section is a little out of hand and turning into somewhat of a spamvertisement section. I might suggest that we turn all of them into internal links only, and then only those with articles of at least stub size that is properly referenced and claims and demonstrates notability as a manufacturer. I may proceed with this if I don't hear any other suggestions.--Nick Y. 17:18, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm a Wiki writer newbie and want to agree to Nick Y.'s opinion to just keep internal links to real manufacturers, not resellers. What means stub in this respect? -- guest —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 84.191.232.11 (talk) 10:37, 11 May 2007 (UTC).

I added HP (Hewlett Packard) to the list of manufacturers as they do make HPLC products, including the one used in my lab.--76.105.4.141 (talk) 02:40, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * But they don't - they used to, but they spun their instrument operations (including HPLC stuff) off as Agilent in 1999. Agilent is already listed. -- Jaeger5432 | Talk 16:53, 10 November 2008 (UTC)

I added Advanced Materials Technology, Inc. they are the inventors of Fused-Core Technology and manufacture the Halo brand columns. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jayjay02 (talk • contribs) 22:21, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

I added Knauer, a HPLC equipment manufacturer based in Germany. Will write up an article for them later.--89.212.75.6 (talk) 22:50, 2 January 2010 (UTC)

Principle
The first paragraph previously started with "In isocratic HPLC..." but has been changed to "The basic operating principle of HPLC is...". Although the first sentence is clearly generic, other sentences in the first paragraph describe isocratic HPLC. Specifically the sample being retarded as it traverses the column is very isocratic. In gradient elution one might say that the analyte is retained by the column until the solvent composition changes to bring the analyte into solution and traverse the column freely.--Nick Y. 17:12, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

Added infobox
I am testing a new infobox Infobox chemical analysis. Comments? --Kkmurray 19:15, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

RPC
I don't agree that RPC is a commonly used abbreviation for reversed-phase HPLC. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.45.237.9 (talk) 14:56, August 27, 2007 (UTC)
 * I guess if I saw the abbreviation RPC within the context of HPLC, I would assume it had something to do with reversed phase chromatography. However, if someone said merely I do a lot of RPC at work, I'd have no idea what they meant unless given a context. It's probably best to say reversed-phase HPLC. Pdcook (talk) 19:25, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Deleted sentence (solvent polarity and retention time)
I deleted the sentence "An investigator can also decrease retention time by adding a polar solvent to the mobile phase, or increase retention time by adding a more hydrophobic solvent." from the section on Reversed Phase chromatography. This claim or its reverse seems to be controversial, eg see this edit, the section "Another possible error (?)" above, and in particular this archived thread at Wikiproject Chemistry. Rather than risk error, it seems safest to omit the sentence entirely, at least until we can cite a clear, authoritative source. Adrian J. Hunter(talk•contribs) 07:22, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Not a bad move. However, it is not at all controversial and has been established for half a century. Simply either a bad edit from a mistaken person or an intentional effort at subtle vandalism. The previous version is correct and essential to how RP-HPLC works.--Nick Y. (talk) 18:03, 10 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I have reintroduced the information since it is fundamental to the technology but explained and clarified the statement to avoid confusion and future mistaken editing. --Nick Y. (talk) 18:13, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

selectivity in gradient elution, is this right?
The article contains the following mysterious statement:

"In isocratic elution, the selectivity does not change if the column dimensions (length and inner diameter) change - that is, the peaks elute in the same order. In gradient elution, the elution order may change as the dimensions or flow rate change.[citation needed]"

I am struggling to think of a situation where I could reverse peak-order in a gradient elution merely by changing the flow rate. If no one else can think of such a situation, and no one can cite anything, perhaps this line should be removed? 149.155.96.5 (talk) 16:39, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

I also think this statement should be removed; however, I do think that it is a nominally correct statement. It is not exactly an important or general statement however. I believe the statement is addressing issues with scaling that are not so much theoretical as practical. Scaling generally results in a change in the gradient shape, regardless of programming. I.e. no pump delivers perfect gradients that turn on a dime and the relationship between what you ask for and what you get does change with scale. Dwell times increase, linear diffusion changes etc. It is possible to get a reversal of retention times because of such effects, particularly when you are working with a method that is not purely homogeneous in retention mechanism and such peaks are early in the gradient or at a sharp turn. Here's and example which would make a suitable reference. A more general statement about the scaling of gradient based methods would be better.--Nick Y. (talk) 18:51, 28 September 2009 (UTC)

Simple English article?
To someone with a poor understanding of chemistry this article is entirely unintelligible. Could a simplified explanation be added or a simple English article be created? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.57.19.140 (talk) 00:09, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

I have rewritten the first line in a simpler way but I agree, the rest of the article is not easy to read - even for a Graduate chemistry student! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.33.98.97 (talk) 21:15, 25 June 2010 (UTC)

212.12.181.151 (talk) 05:01, 4 April 2011 (UTC)THIS ARTICLE IS OK FOR A BONAFIDE RESEARCHER212.12.181.151 (talk) 05:01, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

This article is intended for professional chemists/lab techs, the difficulty is due to lack of sufficient education. This is not intended to be understood by all but for professional information. Otherwise, the machine is open for abuse.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_manual.2C_guidebook.2C_textbook.2C_or_scientific_journal If this article is intended for professional chemists, this article may be written incorrectly. --- For beginners learning about HPLC, I recommend this site. Briancady413 (talk) 17:53, 27 July 2011 (UTC)

The article is easy to understand, but you do need some chemistry backround; if you are not familiar with the terms, it means you only need to understand the basics of HPLC, explained in the first line. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.169.94.228 (talk) 16:14, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

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Possible reference for first HPLC article in peer-reviewed journal
There's a request in the article for a citation that Dr. Czaba invented the HPLC or at least "isocratic" terminology. I suspect there are earlier theory-based articles by other authors, but I think the following journal article is a candidate for a proper citation: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac60256a003. It is titled, "Fast Liquid Chromatography..." authored from Yale University (note there are three authors, and it is unclear if there was a primary author for the article). The article is from 1967. I do not have full access to the article currently. Perhaps someone could read the full article and verify that it is the "first" practical article on HPLC? Hero of Ludi (talk) 02:51, 30 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on High-performance liquid chromatography. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080915113736/http://www.sacheminc.com:80/industries/biotechnology/teaching-tools.html to http://www.sacheminc.com/industries/biotechnology/teaching-tools.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 01:31, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

Why delete a typical professional jargon?
@User:Sphilbrick

Hello, I started editing the theory of chromatography related to HPLC, which was lacking in this page, and it was deleted without warning, due to possible copyright issue.

https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-performance_liquid_chromatography&diff=1181081317&oldid=1181078856

I am not sure where exactly there was a copyright breach, because the materials referenced are almost 50 years old, and I used a common wording of a typically used theoretical jargon among the professionals in HPLC. It is a bit strange to use copyright claim on commonly acceptable definitions of theoretical parameters. Please clarify. Thanks  Shulalevin (talk) 09:45, 21 October 2023 (UTC)


 * When you say:
 * I am not sure where exactly there was a copyright breach, because the materials referenced are almost 50 years old
 * You leave the impression you think this is obviously not a copyright breach due to the age. However, the age at which something is out of copyright is complicated depends on the type of medium in the country but it's highly unlikely something almost 50 years old will be out of copyright.
 * I don't know which country governed the source you use but if it's the US please see copyright:
 * In the United States, all books and other works, except for sound recordings, published before 1928 have expired copyrights and are in the public domain.


 * In some countries its life of the author +70 years. You're welcome to track down which country your source is copyrighted and but I will be stunned if there is a country where this would be in public domain due to its age S Philbrick  (Talk)  15:00, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello@Sphilbrick
 * Thanks for your reply. I mentioned the age of the text just for the sake of discussion, just to show that this is a theory used daily for a long time. I did not copy anything from there anyway, I just used similar chromatography theoreticians' jargon, as a theoretician myself. It is not a problem for me to revised and simplify the text as much as I can, and re-edit the session, because it is part of my bigger effort to edit this theory session. So, I hope it would be OK with everyone if I re-edit this part with a revised wording. However, the equations must remain the same, as they are part of the widely acceptable theory.  Shulalevin (talk) 05:58, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Understood S Philbrick  (Talk)  13:20, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Hello@Sphilbrick
 * I found my own old sources that have been used by others, and now they invoke copyright flags for my edits of this article and other related.
 * "High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in the Pharmaceutical Analysis"
 * in Chapter: Analysis and Pharmaceutical Quality
 * Shulamit Levin
 * First published: 25 June 2010
 * https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470571224.pse407
 * A draft of this article was published in my old open-source website, which was shut down only last year because of budget issues, and can be found in the internet's archives here:
 * Website: https://web.archive.org/web/20180502104241/http://shula-lc.co.il/
 * Graphs which others used from it:
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20201225063537/http://shula-lc.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/HPLC_overview_handouts2002.pdf
 * http://shula-lc.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Quantitative_Validation2010_QP.pdf
 * Texts that others used from it:
 * https://web.archive.org/web/20180504021835/http://shula-lc.co.il/1396-2#Introduction
 * So, basically the copyright is in fact mine, and the flags will be coming in as I edit more and more, from students and researchers who used my materials, mostly without credit or permission.
 * That's a pity if my materials will not be open to the public in Wikipedia. Shulalevin (talk) 06:44, 25 October 2023 (UTC)