Talk:Hindu–German Conspiracy

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Many of the referances seem to consist of a anme a date and a page, this makes it rather difficult to trace the source. Slatersteven (talk) 19:15, 12 July 2008 (UTC)]]
 * The name, date and page links to the ==notes== section which through the template lists the author, publication date and page number. This is in turn linked through the harvard ciation templates to the literature section. It is a part of the citation templates designed for use to cite references consistently. I realise this is a bit hard to understand, but you can see how it works in the main article page, as opposed to the editing version you're seeing.

1.	^ Desai 2005, p. 30 2.	^ Desai 2005, p. 43 3.	^ Desai 2005, p. 93 4.	^ Desai 2005, p. 125 5.	^ Desai 2005, p. 154 1.	^ Bose & Jalal 1998, p. 117 2.	^ Dutta & Desai 2003, p. 135 3.	^ Bhatt 2001, p. 83 No other information, does not link to anything. I have not tried any others, but I suspect there may be more. But fraiser and cor now do. Slatersteven (talk) 19:42, 12 July 2008 (UTC)]]
 * These have now been added, please let me know if you find more. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 19:47, 12 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Since over 48 hours have passed, I will assume that your suspicions were more presumpitive than substantive, since you also appear to ascribe notabillity per wikipedia citations of literature. Let me know when your suspicions are confirmed, please, wont you. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 01:19, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

^ von Pochammer 2005, p. 435 Slatersteven (talk) 13:55, 19 July 2008 (UTC)]] Added

Hindu
I read the complete page, and could not understand as why "HINDU" term is used for this conspiracy? neither i could find any reliable source which could substantiate the term "HINDU". where and how was it coined ? --talk-to-me! (talk) 18:35, 23 March 2008 (UTC)


 * If you did read the entire page, you will have noticed the Note on the name section, it explains why and how the term "Hindu" came to be used and linked to the conspiracy. For the sake of clarity, I will quote it here

The term Hindu was used commonly in opprobrium in America to identify Indians regardless of religion. Likewise, conspiracy was also a negative term. The term Hindu Conspiracy was used by the government to actively discredit the Indian revolutionaries.[102][147]


 * The references 102 and 147 are from Joan Jensen's paper in the February 1979 issue of the Pacific Historical Review (Jensen, Joan M (1979), The "Hindu Conspiracy": A Reassessment. The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 1. (Feb., 1979), pp. 65-83, University of California Press, ISSN 0030-8684). In the article she explicitly explains why and how it was called the "Hindu-German Conspiracy",even why the term conspiracy came to be used, and also explains why it is a misnomer to describe the event. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 19:50, 23 March 2008 (UTC)


 * That could be POV of certain people but not all and certainly not the real name for this movement. For example, nobody knows the current name "Hindu-German Conspirancy" if you talk with people in the Indian subcontinent or some of the survivors of "Ghadr Movement". This name "Hindu - German Conspiracy" is an attempt to re-write history and has nothing to do with reality. Moreover, the section on "name" on the article which intends to explain this propagandist name "Hindu - German Conspiracy" is also misleading and false. --Road Ahead  Discuss 00:50, 27 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This article has expanded to such an extent that the link between it and its name is tenuous in the extreme. It has become an essay on a particular view of Indian nationalism with everything but the kitchen sink thrown into the mix. (I notice that the direct reference to Sinn Féin as part of the 'conspiracy', following direct criticism, has been quietly dropped.) RashersTierney (talk) 09:06, 27 September 2008 (UTC)

I thought the Sinn Fein was dropped after a discussion, rather than quitely. I am not sure how much more loudly it could've been done, since there's a section below where we discussed this and you yourself made inputs. As for the PoV that Roadahead suggests, the section on the name explains what name's it is known both in and outside the subcontinent, exaplains why this is so, and references to a very well respected Historical journal. If you tell me which bit is "false" and "misleading", I'll fix these. But till you give a concrete example I fail to see how this ection is PoV. "Ghadr" was one part of the larger conspiracy, and as for everything in the kitchen sink being thrown in, you perhaps would like to have a look at the Rowlatt Report if you have access to this, since the British Raj itself counts these as a unified conspiracty? And what particular view of Indian nationalism does it throw in??? Your ignorance of something does not make it non-existent. I have used for this article mostly academic journals and books from reliable sources and mostly widely known authors of history. If you dont like it, thats not something I can help. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 11:23, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Sinn Féin?
Sorry, but what? Where's the evidence of SF involvement in all this, it isn't even properly mentioned in the article. I see a couple of mentions of SF (just links, not detail), plus maybe "Those involved in this liaison, and later involved in the plot, included major Irish republicans and Irish-American nationalists like John Devoy, Joseph McGarrity, Roger Casement, Eamon de Valéra, Father Peter Yorke and Larry de Lacey", which ignores that many of them weren't really anything to do with SF. Reference 108 is mentioned which is this source, but unless I'm missing something that only says "During that turbulent period of Irish history, many pitched battles were being fought between the Irish Republic Army — the Sinn Fein — and the British security force", which isn't particularly accurate anyway. SF at the time of the Easter Rising and earlier was a very different party to the one at the time of the First Dáil and Irish War of Independence. Does Plowman (I assume) state SF involved in the "pre-war collusions", or are the involvement of certain people who would later be involved in SF being used to backdate SF's involvement? Quotes from the source would be helpful please. 2 lines of K 303  13:13, 20 July 2008 (UTC)


 * Sorry I didn't get to reply earlier. Plowman says these:

The Irish aided the Indo-German conspirators to the best of their ability and with more sincere intentions than the German government and military. When Gadar founder Har Dayal needed bail money in 1914, before he fled to Europe, it was a mysterious "Irish woman" who posted his bail. When Gadar editor-in-chief Ram Chandra needed $3,000 for his bail several years later, it was an "Irish patriot" named Hugh Daly who covered his bond. More importantly, it was a team of largely Irish-American defense lawyers who defended the Indo-German conspirators at the infamous San Francisco Indo-German Conspiracy Trial. 17 The Irish law firm of Sullivan, Sullivan, and Roche represented German Consul-General Franz Bopp and Vice-Consul Ekhart von Schack. Defense attorney J. P. O'Brien represented his fellow Irish-Americans Margaret Cornell and Charles Crowley, who aided the Indo-German plot. Daniel O'Connell represented certain German Americans who had assisted Ram Chandra. Moritz Stack von Goltzheim, who had connections with Bay Area Irish republican leader Larry de Lacey, was among those defended by O'Connell. Defense attorney Daniel O'Connell was himself heavily involved in Irish republican activities and hosted Irish republican meetings at his office on Market Street. O'Connell was also a major figure in California's Democratic party and a close personal ally of William Jennings Bryan, which did not make him friends in Wilson's government. 18 Furthermore, O'Connell worked with his client Von Goltzheim before the trial to collect funds from German Americans to publish the American Independent, which was used for pro-German and pro-Sinn Féin propaganda. 19 Additionally, the Sinn Féin diehard George A. McGowan defended Ram Chandra and his own son-in-law, Wilhelm von Brincken (1891-1946), who was the German consulate's military attaché and chief contact with the Gadar Party. 20 Irish or Irish-American involvement in the trial was plainly evident to anyone there, yet the American government minimized its attack on the Irish-American community for political reasons, which is why its propaganda machine, the Creel Commission, labeled it a "German-Hindu" conspiracy(Plowman p87,88)

Charles Lamb also placed Larry de Lacey (1885-1956) within a broader context of Irish nationalism. De Lacey was not merely a local Irish strongman commissioned by the Germans but was part of a larger national and international Irish network. According to Lamb, the saloon Limerick Junction in San Francisco was "used by De Lacey as a meeting place with Hindus, Irishmen, and Germans," and that an Irishwoman's (Miss Williams) address on Eddy Street was used by Indians, Germans, and Sinn Feiners to receive mail from their contacts as far away as New York. In fact, Lamb reported that "De Lacey's boss is in New York." This was a probable reference to John Devoy, for Lamb continued to connect De Lacey with the Irish nationalist organizations in New York and Ireland. 52 When De Lacey went to Los Angeles to make arrangements with Irish operatives there, a Sinn Féin member picked him up at the train station and took him to one of their operative's homes in Hollywood. De Lacey's Irish contacts in southern California also aided arrangements to export guns on the Annie Larsen in San Diego and the Maverick in Los Angeles.(Plowman p97).

And subsequently a quote about the Irish uprising in India: Upon receipt of the same news at Solan, in the Simla Hills, another detachment is reported to have attempted to seize arms and ammunition. The guards killed two of these Irish mutineers and wounded one. . . . The officers regard the whole affair as a development of the Sinn Fein agitation. 67(Plowman 102)

But even before this, V.D. Savarkar, a key leader of India House is known to have strong links with Sinn Fein,(Five Stormy Years: Savarkar in London, June 1906-June 1911. Harindra Srivastava. p72 Allied Publishers. 1983)(Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths. Chetan Bhatt.p84 Berg Publishers. 2001), as far as that a Sinn Fein leader called Maude Gonne is believed to have been involved in the attempt to rescue Savarkar from Brixton prison.(The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama. Joseph McMinn. p299. Association for the Study of Anglo-Irish Literature Triennial Conference. 1992)

The bottom line is I am dont know a lot about the Irish movement and about Sinn Fein itself, but the literature I am using as sources are saying that members (and supporters?) of Sinn Fein where along with the other Republican movements were involved in helping the Indians and the Germans, preceding as far as the initial steps of India House in Britain. It is not suggested that they were involved inside out, and hence I did not devote any large section on it in this already massive article. I do intend to include it in the subarticle on the Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial, and this is why I have left it at the See also template. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 15:14, 21 July 2008 (UTC)


 * No problem. The thing is, prior to around 1917 when SF was infiltrated and basically radicalised by members of the Irish Volunteers who took part in the Easter Rising, they were a peaceful party who did not agree with the use of violence to attain Irish independence. In fact Arthur Griffith disapproved of it, and believed Ireland should retain the monarchy as a consitutional link with Britain. That said, there were always links to varying extents between the various organisations both in Ireland and Irish-America, so I wouldn't read too much into the "American Independent" publishing "pro-Sinn Féin propaganda". The house on Eddy Street being used by "Sinn Feiners" may just be a contemporary use of the term, for example the people responsible for the Easter Rising were widely (and erroneously) called "Sinn Feiners", and again you have to look at the crossover in membership. For example Michael Collins joined SF in around 1908, in addition to being a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and later the Irish Volunteers. So while it's fair to say there is evidence of involvement of SF members to varying extents, to say in the lead it's "extensively supported by . . . Sinn Féin" is rather misleading. Re Maud Gonne, from what I've been able to discover it was approximately 1910 when the attempted jailbreak took place, whereas according to some accounts she didn't join SF till after the Easter Rising in 1916, but she was involved in other nationalist organisations. While there's no disputing co-operation between members, I think it's slightly misleading to portray it as a party-wide thing, does that sound fair? 2 lines of K  303  15:36, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

I see what you mean and again, I dont know a lot about Sinn Fein or Irish republican movement. Give me a bit of time, since I am in the middle of an FAC and another huge article to do with this conspiracy. I will reword the article to reflect what you have outlined above. Or perhaps you could suggest a suitable prose yourself instead? rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 16:15, 21 July 2008 (UTC)


 * I'd probably just remove both mentions, at least for now. In my mind, the whole point of a "See also" should be to take the reader to somewhere where they can read more about their involvement, but it doesn't really do that. SF as a party really don't seem to have any documented involvement in this conspiracy, despite the actions of individuals. 2 lines of K  303  20:41, 21 July 2008 (UTC)

The Hindu-German-Sinn Féin conspiracy? This is just too rediculous! RashersTierney (talk) 22:08, 5 August 2008 (UTC)

This article implies that there was an organised and sustained collaboration between nationalist organisations, through their leaders, in India and Ireland with the German Government during the 1914-18 war. The assertion is not proven or even substantially corroborated. As such the credibility of the entire paper is undermined. Referencing to an academic paper,(Plowman, Matthew (2003)) inaccessible to most Wikipedia users, without at least an extract demonstrating unambiguously such a link, is, at best, a waste of effort, and may even be considered misleading. Cooperation between individuals of whatever nationality and for whatever motives does not a conspiracy make! As a long time student of early Sinn Féin policy and the foreign policy of the early/proto Irish State, this is to me a completely novel and therefore highly doubtful hypothesis. My concern is only to maintain Wikipedia as a reliable source RashersTierney (talk) 13:01, 8 August 2008 (UTC)for general users.

if you had looked above, i had given extracts, and the above discussion is on this topic. The fact that you dont have access to the journals is not something I can address, but you may ask somebody who does to do this for you. As to your comments below, Tunney doesn't, and Jensen in her 1979 paper says why this is so. Please have a look at the above discussion, I have explained I am busy at the moment with a couple of other articles. We can have an RfC or something similar soon. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 16:18, 8 August 2008 (UTC)


 * Reuben,if you had carefully read my point, I did not state that I don’t have access to published papers. In fact I have access to Irish related papers and material only available to few Irish editors. One of the difficulties of responding to this issue is the burden of proof to demonstrate something which doesn't exist now falls on anyone who queries this article. This is the ultimate conundrum when it comes to conspiracies. I made the point about sources being generally accessible to conform to Wikipedia’s policy on referencing. Apart from that, there are multiple issues with this presentation, ranging from linking to Wiki sources of disputed neutrality Irish Republicanism, to a 'flexible' interpretation to what sources actually say. At random I cross-checked references 33 and 34; at this point the article claims that a collaborative attempt between Indian and Irish Nationalists to smuggle arms on the SS Moratis was thwarted by a search at Smyma,. Even by the references given, this is stretching the point. Popplewell states merely that erroneous intelligence resulted in ‘the farcical conclusion’ that arms rather than the true cargo of industrial chemicals were on board. In fact, nothing in his book that I have read indicates an effective collaboration between Irish and Indian Nationalists, even in the relative safety of the US. Contact was much less in fact than might be expected of political activists with a common enemy. There is also the very obvious issue of ‘original research’. Personally, I am inclined to give plenty of latitude on this point, being of the opinion that all worthwhile Wikipedia articles should be more than just a cut-and-paste job of other people’s work. I can give no opinion regarding German-Indian relations or even contacts between individual Irish Nationalists and Indian Nationalists, but a Hindu-German-Sinn Féin conspiracy is something else entirely. I would be pleasantly surprised to find that Sinn Féin was so committed, on principle, to undermining Imperialism that they collaborated effectively with their Indian contemporaries towards this end. The facts, however, still say otherwise. Sinn Féin was well aware that if an Irish-Indian conspiracy threatening the stability of the Empire was discovered and publicised by the British it would have put at risk their primary objective which was independence for Ireland. This very point was specifically considered when representatives of the Irish Republic sought recognition for their state Even so, there were contacts with Egyptian and S. African Nationalist delegations to the Paris Peace Conference, (but none that I have found with Indians), with a view to exchanging ideas, but this is far from the idea of a sustained conspiracy. If you wish the Irish Nationalist connection to be reviewed, I suggest you invite Irish editors to get involved, but would strongly advise double checking the Irish related referencing before doing so.

No disrespect intended to any contributorsRashersTierney (talk) 21:05, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

I partly agree with what you say, and as you will see above, I also consider the point on wether any author focusses too much on one aspect and emphasise on this, which is why I asked for time to edit the text. You're welcome to do this yourself, if you so wish. Having said this, Popplewell is but one source, there are a number of others, inckuding Hoover, Jensen, Brown, and a number of other noted authors. It may be worthwhile reviewing the facts and opinions stated by multiple authors to reach a synthesis where opinions or seeming facts disagree. For example, no two accounts of Annie larsen plot agree, as Hopkirk admits in his book On secret service east of Constantinopole. But the facts remains that it is one of the most notable trials in American legal history. Jensen says Irish involvement was deliberately played down by American government, somebody else says (or implies)it was a play by German General staff and their Indian "stooges" while another looks at it from the point of view that it was Indian "patriots" with German help. I welcome any help in this article to write an NPOV, balanced, unbiased factual account. I can see there is suggestions that Sinn Fein's involvement, as implied by this article, seems improbabale given the historical role and aims of the organisations at the time. If this is what the issue is, I suggest either give me enough time to double check the sources and/or read around to ascertain wether this was indeed so, for my expertise is not the Sinn Fein, my focu is the Indian movement and I have admitted so in the past. If you have the resources, and I will emphasise, if the resources are newer and beyond the Cambridgist biase that mores a lot of early histories (notable accounts I have found after 1990s), I will be more than happy to have a lot of help here, not merely because it relieves me of an enormous burden. I will say though that I have worked hard on this article for a long time, and have fair idea of what was going on about ten years before this, so I will look through this article wuite regularly. But as I said, I would love some help. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 00:00, 9 August 2008 (UTC)
 * Regarding the Irish Nationalist link, and not to be completely negative, I think the connection with Clann na Gael ( Clan na Gael ), John Devoy Joe McGarrity and possibly Roger Casement is on much surer ground, and this is where the article should concentrate. Relationships between the various Irish Nationalist/Separatist/Republican organisations and leaders were not always harmonious and rifts were very often present before they came to public attention. Sinn Féin was infiltrated by the IRB (privately resented by many in SF), which in turn was broadly linked to Clann na Gael, but they were not synonymous. Casement was used by the IRB and the Clann, but was not a member of either and neither his politics nor judgement were trusted by them. The fact that Irish leaders and activists of various political hues were in contact with each other, much less Indian Nationalists, does not mean that a concerted conspiracy existed. Much of the apparent unity of purpose between the Irish organisations has been written over the years to accommodate the expediencies of Realpolitik. But the implied/stated link with Sinn Féin, unless some new and overwhelming evidence is produced, really should go. The implication that  de Valera was directly involved in an Indo-German conspiracy is also seriously open to question notwithstanding private sympathies he may have had.RashersTierney (talk) 12:57, 9 August 2008 (UTC)


 * Plowman does mention de Valera by name though, although I dont have the paper to hand at the moment to quote from, but Iam sure he was mentioned explicitly. Rasher, what I will say is, have a look at the first discussion, and the quotes I gave, which should give you an idea. That, added with what you have outlined above, should help reword the article because the Sinn Fein is not really mentioned in that much detail. You I am hoping are in a position to do this yourself. If not, please give me a week or two, I am trying to get India House to FAC (you might want to check out the last section of the article as well) as well as Niedermayer-Hentig Expedition to FAC, so my hands are kinda full. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 13:38, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

'''Re. Plowman and De Valera''' His visit to the Gadar Headquarters in San Fran. on July 21, 1919, is mentioned in NHR Autumn 2003,p103 and 'The Gadar Collection', Berkeley, given as a repository for account of the visit (cited at footnote), but no details are given, other than Dev. being presented with a tricolo(u)r and inscribed sword by Gopal Singh. Details of a speech might be of interest, if there was one, or any definite expressions of solidarity or promises of future assistance. This might be for someone with access to the source mentioned to explore. I think the use of the word 'conspiracy'. as a catch-all for having a common purpose and certain sympathy is a difficulty. This level of sympathy/solidarity is different from that of Devoy, for example, by an order of magnitude.RashersTierney (talk) 17:09, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

I should add in ref to Devoy's radicalism, that his anti-Imperrialist credentials were severely dented when he supported Collins (IRB) on the Treaty, thus accepting the continued link with the Crown.

Focussing on the last point, I will emphasise that the article, especially in strict NPOV, shjould not try to attempt or disprove nationalist vredentials of anyone (or anyother credentials for that matter). It should repeat the facts. Sorry but I am not trying to be judgemental. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 22:17, 9 August 2008 (UTC)


 * Rueben, this is a discussion page. You should expect points of view to be raised and discussed until some consensus emerges. RashersTierney (talk) 00:00, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

I did say "the article", not this talk page. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 00:20, 10 August 2008 (UTC)

Another source
This book, written by a NYC policeman of the time, has a chapter on the subject. 68.39.174.238 (talk) 23:45, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

If you are referring to the 'Hindu-German-Sinn Féin Conspiracy', well then no, it doesn't! RashersTierney (talk) 13:13, 8 August 2008 (UTC)
 * see above section. rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 16:23, 8 August 2008 (UTC)


 * I showed up mostly before that, or @least didn't read it. 68.39.174.238 (talk) 23:26, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

Recent Book--Ireland and India
For a discursive analysis of the colonial relationship between India and Ireland ( including the Nationalist perspective), at the turn of the 19th-20th cent., Ireland and India- Colonies, Culture and Empire eds. Foley and O'Connor, ISBN 9780716528371 is a v. good starting point. Included is an article by Plowman (mentioned in main article as 'for publication'), which is essentially his New Hibernian Review piece, but cut back. In all, the book contains 24 essays, presented to a conference at UCG in 2004. It is also sold at an accessible price in paperback.RashersTierney (talk) 08:41, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

Connaught Rangers mutiny
Can anyone explain how this event is in any way linked to an Indian nationalist-German Government conspiracy, much less the Hindu-German Conspiracy?RashersTierney (talk) 16:48, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Excessive Italics in Last (3rd) Paragraph of "Indian and Irish networks"
I hate to nitpick, but I do want to improve the article. Look at the 3rd or last paragraph of the section described above. The majority of the paragraph is unnecessarily italicized. I do not understand the rationale but perhaps someone would defend or explain the reason. I hate to nitpick a matter of formatting rather than substance but I genuinely want to improve the article. Thank you. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.14.80.118 (talk) 04:02, 2 February 2010 (UTC)

Title
It is inadequate, in my view.--Severino (talk) 10:06, 24 June 2014 (UTC)

I agree! A country struggling to rid itself of its colonial oppressors -simply labeled conspirators. Wikipedia is being used a a propaganda platform. I am disgusted by this never-ending shameless bigotry and arrogance of the Anglo-Saxons. Wikirictor (talk) 05:40, 7 October 2014 (UTC)

Title again
Obviously nobody seems to have a problem with this title. Indians are being called conspirators, trying to free themselves from colonial rule. Again Anglo-Americans above the "rest"? Wikirictor (talk) 13:24, 8 November 2014 (UTC)

New Title Proposal
Title is inadequate and shameful, looks like a propaganda by bigotry hindu machinery. Why it is called "Hindu-german" why not "Sikh-German" or "Dalait-German" or "Muslim-German" ? It was a freedom struggle and If we start looking into the sacrifices based on the faith or religion then more than 93% Sikh were died during the freedom, How come this article called Hindu-german ? The moment was started by the Sikh, was taken forward by Sikh and they gave there life for the freedom. Dilpreet Singh  ping   03:34, 5 September 2016 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dilpreet Singh (talk • contribs)

Please see the section that explains the name. This is an encyclopaedic entry of a historical event, and no personal interpretation has been carried out. I believe your angst will be explained by the "Note on the name" section.rueben_lys (talk · contribs) 07:42, 5 September 2016 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071205082856/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html to http://www.sikhpioneers.org//rebellion.html

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:31, 12 May 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 3 external links on Hindu–German Conspiracy. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071217042511/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/gadarphoto.html to http://www.sikhpioneers.org/gadarphoto.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071214205422/http://www.komagatamaru.ca/foundation.asp?id=3 to http://www.komagatamaru.ca/foundation.asp?id=3
 * Added tag to http://www.waldorf.edu/news/nm/anmviewer.asp?a=360
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071205071748/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/hindu.htm to http://www.sikhpioneers.org/hindu.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 05:30, 4 November 2017 (UTC)