Talk:History of artificial intelligence/GA1

GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''

Hi, I'll be reviewing this article. I hope to post my review in the next couple of days and then pass the article or put it on hold for improvements. Wronkiew (talk) 18:08, 5 October 2008 (UTC)

Overview

 * GA review (see here for criteria)


 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) It is illustrated by images, where possible and appropriate.
 * a (images are tagged and non-free images have fair use rationales): b (appropriate use with suitable captions):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

Prose

 * "The history of artificial intelligence begins in antiquity with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence and consciousness by master craftsman." Tense problems. The list of synonyms isn't needed.
 * Should this be "began"? Doesn't seem quite right to me. Also, don't quite agree that these are synonyms. Hephaestus' Talos appears in myth, Frankenstein's monster appears in a story, Paracelsus' homunculous was a rumor. CharlesGillingham (talk) 05:12, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * It should be "began". Present tense should only be used when writing about fiction. Myths, stories, and rumors all describe a condition in which something probably doesn't exist, but people talk about it anyway. It's not a problem if there isn't a way to write this more concisely. Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Began it is.  CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "In the Middle Ages, it was believed that there were secret mystical or alchemical means of placing mind into matter, such as Geber's Takwin, Paracelsus' homunculus and Rabbi Judah Loew's Golem." This is unnecessarily verbose because "it" doesn't refer to anything. Changed to 'rumors of secret mystical ...'.
 * "In the 1940s and 50s, a number of scientist from many fields (mathematics, psychology, engineering, economics and political science) began to explore the possibility of creating an artificial brain." Verbose and number mismatch. Replace with "several scientists". This phrase also appears elsewhere in the article. Rewritten as "a handful of scientist from a variety of fields", making the sentence more informative.
 * " Robots that displayed rudimentary intelligence were built, including W. Grey Walter's turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast." Awkward. Rewrite to use active voice. Rewritten as "Robots built at this time, such as Grey Walter's Turtles and the Johns Hopkins Beast, ..."
 * "This simplified version of the problem allowed Turing to argue convincingly that a 'thinking machine' was at least plausible and the paper answered all of the most common objections to the proposition." Verbose. Replace with "all the".|
 * "At the conference Newell and Simon debuted the 'Logic Theorist' and McCarthy convinced the majority of attendees to accept 'Artificial Intelligence' as the name of the field." Replace with "persuaded most". Replaced with "persuaded the"
 * "The principle difficulty was that, for many problems, the number of possible paths through the "maze" was simply astronomical (this is called a "combinatorial explosion")." Replace with "principal".
 * "Other "searching" programs were able to accomplish impressive tasks like solving problems in geometry and algebra: Herbert Gelernter's Geometry Theorem Prover (1958) and SAINT written by Minsky's student James Slagle (1961)." Needs a comma before "written".
 * "A semantic net represents concepts (e.g. "house","door") as nodes and relations between concepts (e.g. "has-a") as links between the nodes." Replace with "among".
 * "The money was proffered with few strings attached: J. C. R. Licklider, then the director of ARPA, felt that his organization should "fund people, not projects!" and allowed researchers to pursue whatever directions might interest them." This was not a feeling. Replace with "said" since this is a quote, or "thought". Replaced with "believed".
 * "This created a freewheeling atmosphere at MIT that gave birth to the hacker culture,[58] but this "hands off" approach would soon come to an end ." Verbose, just "end" will do. Replaced with "would not last"
 * "Even the most impressive could only handle trivial versions of the problems they were supposed to solve; all of the programs were, in some sense, 'toys'." Replace with "all the".
 * "Hans Moravec blamed the crisis on the unrealistic predictions of his colleagues." This sentence is missing a space after the period.|
 * " A number of philosophers had strong objections to the claims being made by AI researchers." Replace with "several".
 * "Hubert Dreyfus ridiculed the broken promises of the 60s and critiqued the assumptions of AI, arguing that human reasoning actually involved very little 'symbol processing' and a great deal of embodied, instinctive, unconscious 'know how'." Should be "criticized". Also, the "know how" part is pompous and wordy and needs to be simplified.
 * "criticized"
 * I disagree here about the pomposity (sp?), since each of these four terms ("embodied", "instinctive", "unconscious" and "know how"=Heidegger's ready-to-hand) is an important aspect of the kind of knowledge that Dreyfus is interested in. The hard thing about a sentence like this one is that we're summarizing the contents of several dense books of philosophy into a single line. I think this about the best we can do here. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * That's fine. Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "These critiques were not taken seriously by AI researchers, often because they seemed so far off the point: problems like intractability and commonsense knowledge seemed much more immediate and serious; it wasn't clear what difference 'know how' or 'intensionality' made to an actual program." Expand the contraction. Also, don't follow a colon with a semicolon unless it's separating the elements of a list. the semi colon.
 * I disagree about the contraction, since it places to much emphasis on the negation and ruins the flow. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I maintain that contractions are inappropriate here. How about "it was unclear"? Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Fine  CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "However, straight forward implementations, like those attempted by McCarthy and his students in the late 60s, were especially intractable: the programs required astronomical numbers of steps to prove simple theorems." Replace with "straightforward".
 * "McCarthy responded that what people do is irrelevant and pointed out that we don't need machines that think as people do, we need machines that can solve problems that people normally solve by thinking." Expand the contraction.
 * As before, I disagree about the contraction, since it places to much emphasis on the negation and ruins the flow. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "McCarthy responded that what people do is irrelevant. He pointed out that we need machines that can solve problems that people normally solve by thinking, rather than machines that think as people do." Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * as "McCarthy responded that what people do is irrelevant. He argued that what is really needed are machines that can solve problems—not machines that think as people do." (Although, to be honest, I would prefer a longer sentence, i.e. "...irrelevent, arguing that...") CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * "Many years later object-oriented programming would adopt the essential of idea 'inheritance' from AI research on frames." Maybe "essence of" or "essential idea of".
 * "The 1980s also saw the birth of Cyc, the first attempt attack the most commonsense knowledge problem directly, by creating a massive database that would contain all the mundane facts that the average person knows." I think there's a missing "to".
 * "Douglas Lenat, who initiated and led the project, argued that there is no shortcut ― the only way for machines to know the meaning of human concepts is to teach them, one concept at a time, by hand." You can use the shorter word "started" here.
 * "In the late 80s, a number of researchers advocated a completely new approach to artificial intelligence, based on robotics." Several.
 * "An intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success." Number disagreement. Replace with "actions which maximize" or "actions to maximize".
 * "Minsky believes that the answer is that the central problems, like commonsense reasoning, were being neglected, while the majority of researchers pursued things like commercial applications of neural nets or genetic algorithms." Most.
 * "Artificial intelligence problems that had begun to seem impossible in 1970 have been solved and are now successful commercial products." The problems are now products?
 * The "AI winter" needs to be combined into three or four paragraphs.
 * Not feeling this one, since each paragraph here is on a different topic. Could be a bullet list, if you like. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Single sentence paragraphs should be avoided and this section has two of them. Find a way to tie them together or expand them. Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Added a sentence to the short paragraphs. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:37, 16 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Split long sentences to improve readability:
 * " In the middle of the 20th century, a handful of scientists began to explore a new approach to this ancient idea based on their discoveries in neurology, a new mathematical theory of information, an understanding of control and stability called cybernetics, and above all, by the invention of the digital computer, a machine based on the abstract essence of mathematical reasoning ."
 * "But, despite the rise and fall of AI in the perceptions of venture capitalists and government bureaucrats, AI has made continuous advances in all areas regardless of the climate, overcoming unexpected obstacles, reorienting priorities in light of new discoveries and riding the crest of the wave of increasing computer power ." In addition to the excessive length and multiple lists, there is a missing comma, and the "reorienting priorities" part doesn't make any sense. Also, don't start sentences with a conjunction.
 * " Seven years later, the Japanese Government and American industry would provide AI with billions of dollars, but again the investors would be disappointed and by the late 80s the funding would dry up again ."
 * "In the 1940s, a number of scientist became interested in the relationship between the human brain (which had recently been shown to be an electrical network of neurons that fired in all-or-nothing pulses) and Norbert Weiner's cybernetics (which described electrical networks) and Claude Shannon's information theory (which described all-or-nothing signals) and Alan Turing's theory of computation." Rewrite to break out the parenthesized statements. The sentence is essentially a list with every element separated by an "and".. Rewritten to break this up.
 * " Hans Moravec argued in 1976 that computers were still millions of times too weak to exhibit intelligence and suggested an analogy: artificial intelligence requires computer power in the same way that aircraft require horsepower ; below a certain threshold, it's impossible, but, as power increases, eventually it could become easy ." Broke this up as recommended.
 * " It would eventually dawn on many AI researchers working with vision and robotics that tasks like proving theorems or solving geometry problems were easy for computers to carry out, but supposedly 'simple' tasks like recognizing a face or crossing a room without bumping into anything were extremely difficult ."
 * " Many AI programs used the same basic algorithm in the early years of AI research : to achieve some goal (like winning a game or proving a theorem) and they proceeded step by step towards it (by making a move or a deduction) as if searching through a maze, backtracking whenever they reached a dead end ."
 * " AI had solved a lot of very difficult problems and their solutions proved to be useful throughout the technology industry, such as data mining, industrial robotics, logistics, speech recognition, banking software, medical diagnosis and Google's search engine to name a few ." Also, "to name a few" is redundant. "to name a few".
 * Length doesn't bother me here. CharlesGillingham (talk) 00:54, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * That's fine, although you should consider whether these sentences are readable by a general audience, especially those in the lead section. Are you planning to break up any of the other sentences in this list? Wronkiew (talk) 17:02, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * " Marvin Minsky, Seymour Papert and Roger Schank were trying to solve problems like 'story understanding' and 'object recognition' that required a machine to think like a person -- in order to use ordinary concepts like 'chair' or 'restaurant' they had to make all the same illogical assumptions that people normally made ." as recommended.

MoS

 * Lead section
 * "Progress has been slower than predicted but has continued nonetheless." This is redundant.
 * Merged those two sentences. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 20:55, 17 October 2008 (UTC)


 * Layout
 * The portal link and the "History of computing" navbox belong at the end of the article, not next to the table of contents.
 * Created a See also section and moved the portal link there per WP:Layout. For the navbox ... I don't know.  I'm not up on all the infobox issues, but there are a lot of FACs with infoboxes that look similar to the one here that are going in the first section.  It looks okay to me. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 20:51, 17 October 2008 (UTC)


 * Dump the external link in "Timeline of artificial intelligence" and eliminate the section.
 * Words to avoid
 * "Simon claimed that they had 'solved the venerable mind/body problem, explaining how a system composed of matter can have the properties of mind.'" Not an acceptable use of "claimed".
 * "Like most AI researchers, he made optimistic claims about their power, predicting that 'perceptron may eventually be able to learn, make decisions, and translate languages.'" You can just say "he predicted".
 * "They showed that there were severe limitations to what perceptrons could do and that Frank Rosenblatt's claims had been grossly exaggerated." He was wrong. You don't have to rub it in.

Scope

 * Speculations about the future course of AI research do not belong in this article.
 * Can't find this. Are you talking about Kurzweil? CharlesGillingham (talk) 05:43, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Took out the "2011" thing in AI winter, in case that was what you were talking about. CharlesGillingham (talk) 06:05, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * A few sentences remain that are off-topic:
 * "It remains to be seen when or if an AI system will be built with a human level of intelligence."
 * "Alan Turing's quote from 1950 still applies in the 21st century: 'We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see that there is much to be done.'"
 * Feel free to remove this paragraph, but I think you should note that these statements are not speculation, but rather are refusals to speculate. CharlesGillingham (talk) 07:55, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I support Charles on these two. You can't write a comprehensive article on the history of AI without saying that there's much to be done and that the question of approximating or attaining human intelligence is an open question.  That's a statement about the current state of the field, not a speculation. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 20:43, 17 October 2008 (UTC)
 * P.S. On the other hand, I did make a tweak to the wording to make it clear we're not dealing with WP:CRYSTAL here. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 21:15, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Attribution

 * "Indeed, some of them, like "carry on a casual conversation" had not been met in 2001, and may not be met by 2011." Needs a reference.
 * Reference was in a footnote at the end of the following sentence. Moved the footnote to the end of this sentence. CharlesGillingham (talk) 05:55, 8 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Removed the mention of 2011. CharlesGillingham (talk) 06:06, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Image captions

 * "The ENIAC, at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. (U.S. Army Photo)" Move the image source to the image description page.

Comments
Well written article. There are a lot of issues because it's big, but most of them are minor. I'm putting the review on hold so the article can be improved. Let me know if you have any questions, otherwise I hope to promote it to GA status when I come back. Wronkiew (talk) 07:12, 7 October 2008 (UTC)
 * I responded to the questions. Do you think you can resolve the remaining issues in the next couple of days? Wronkiew (talk) 17:13, 14 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Okay, I did something with every unresolved comment I found; I'll keep this watchlisted for a while to see if you guys have feedback. I enjoyed the article, Charles. - Dan Dank55 (send/receive) 21:47, 17 October 2008 (UTC)

Looks good, as in GA good. Thanks to Dan and Charles for your excellent work on the article. I appreciate your patience. Wronkiew (talk) 22:24, 18 October 2008 (UTC)