Talk:History of the transistor/Archive 1

Problems with part of development
Consider the following paragraph: "Brattain started working on building such a device, and tantalizing hints of amplification continued to appear as the team worked on the problem. One day the system would work and the next it wouldn't. In one instance a non-working system started working when placed in water. The two eventually developed a new branch of quantum mechanics known as surface physics to account for the behaviour."

It seems unclear to simply put in the term 'team' without specifying the team members & where they're working, as I see no mention of these things in the preceding paragraphs.. Later, "The two eventually developed... " - which two? Brattain & somebody, or 2 completely new somebodies? I'd like someone to write this paragraph more clearly, please. -- tharkun860 01:46, 5 July 2005 (UTC)

Transistron
The Wikimedia Help Desk received advice from an expert in the field that the article in IEEE Spectrum ''How Europe missed the Transistor contains considerable errors which have been placed in the Wikipedia article. The IEEE apparently has been asked to correct the record:

Specifically, the informed source says:

"Your page about transistors contains an abstract of the Spectrum article and should be reviewed as follows: The correct term is "transistron". The French "Compagnie des Freins et Signaux Westinghouse" was not a subsidiary of Westinghouse Electric. The amplifier developed by Welker and Mataré was not a point contact device. It was based on the minority carrier injection process."

Capitalistroadster 07:33, 6 December 2005 (UTC)
 * The mistakes are not the IEEEs but mine; though the transistron (correct spelling) did have point contacts and all bipolar transistors rely on minority carriers. The French company must at least have been an affilate of the Westinghouse (railway) brake company. --Wtshymanski 03:47, 8 December 2005 (UTC)

Oscar Heil
Is anyone aware of details of this claim about Dr Oscar Heil patenting the FET in germany in 1934?--Light current 17:03, 11 November 2005 (UTC)


 * Best I can do is this link JFETS: THE NEW FRONTIER wherein it states: "Field-effect transistors (FETs) have been around for a long time; in fact, they were invented, at least theoretically, before the bipolar transistors. The basic principle of the FET has been known since J.E. Lilienfeld’s US patent in 1930, and Oscar Heil described the possibility of controlling the resistance in a semiconducting material with an electric field in a British patent in 1935." DV8 2XL 18:28, 11 November 2005 (UTC)


 * I forgot to mention here that in June 2006 I made an article on Oskar Heil, including a copy of his patent drawing of a FET-like structure. Dicklyon 06:57, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

Etymology
the article currently says transistor means both transfer resistor and transfer varistor. the more correct one appears to be the latter. it might be worthwhile to note in the article that many people believe transistor means transfer resistor and it isn't far from the truth since a varistor is a type of variable resistor. but might as well have wikipedia be accurate here. --Rmalloy 02:33, 6 October 2006 (UTC)


 * Actually, neither is quite right. Crystal Fire says


 * Brattain explained the problem and asked for advice. "Pierce knew that the point-contact amplifier was the dual of a vacuum tube, circuit-wise," he recalled. An electrical engineer, Pierce recognized the vacuum tube is a voltage-driven device, in which an input voltage controls the output current; in a point-contact amplifier, by contrast, an input current signal controls the output current. After thinking it over quietly for a moment, he observed that the relevant parameter of a vacuum tube was its "trans-conductance."  Next, he mentioned the electrical dual of this property, or "trans-resistance."  Then he put everything together, suddenly uttering a brand new word: "transistor."  "Pierce, that is it!" exclaimed Brattain.


 * John Robinson Pierce also wrote an article on the naming of the transistor for the Proceedings of the IEEE, but I can't find mine right now; here's the abstract. He is also quoted on this PBS web page:


 * "The way I provided the name, was to think of what the device did. And at that time, it was supposed to be the dual of the vacuum tube.  The vacuum tube had transconductance, so the transistor would have 'transresistance.' And the name should fit in with the names of other devices, such as varistor and thermistor.  And. . . I suggested the name 'transistor.'"


 * I knew JRP for a long time before I knew he was the guy who named the transistor. It wasn't something he talked about, as he was always too busy with new ideas. Dicklyon 03:21, 6 October 2006 (UTC)


 * On the other hand, the BTL transistor naming ballot memo of May 28, 1948, which I believe is reproduced in JRP's article in Proc. IEEE, and which I happen to have a scan of from some place on the web, says


 * Transistor. This is an abbreviated combination of the words "transconductance" or "transfer" and "varistor". The device logically belongs in the varistor family, and has the transconductance or transfer impedance of a device having gain, so that this combination is descriptive.


 * So people who cast a vote for that name with this memo probably did think it meant something like transfer varistor. But if we're going to say that, we should probably tell a more complete story. Dicklyon 03:38, 6 October 2006 (UTC)

Interesting! Evidence of a Bell Labs' coverup
In 1981 the semiconductor physicist H. E. Stockman said "Lilienfeld demonstrated his remarkable tubeless radio receiver on many occasions, but God help a fellow who at that time threatened the reign of the tube." See Bell Labs Memorial: Who really invented the transistor?, starting at "Oscillating Crystals".

Here's a paper which details some history of the laboratory testing of Lilienfeld's patent claims by others: The Other Transistor: early history of the MOSFET  See pp235-236

Briefly:

In 1964 a physicist V. Bottom asked in Physics Today magazine whether these transistors worked, and J. B. Johnson of Bell Labs responded saying that he'd tested them and they didn't work. This probably is the origin of the story that Lilienfeld never had any working hardware.

Then in 1995 R. G. Arns found a 1948 legal deposition by Johnson which said the opposite: that Bell Labs back then had a project to test Lilienfeld's transistors, and before Johnson took over the project, Shockely and Pearson had built a variation of Lilienfeld's aluminum oxide MOSFET from his patent and found only an 11% modulation index, but that "useful power output is substantial"! To me it appears as if Johnson, being with Bell Labs, perhaps had an agenda to promote his own company's discovery while misleading the physics community about Lilienfeld's. After Shockley/Pearson's success, Johnson had tested the other two Lilienfeld patents and was unable to replicate them ...so Johnson was only dishonest in his covering up the fact that Bell Labs well knew that Lilienfeld had something real. Between these times B. Crawford in 1991 built successful but unstable Lilienfeld MOSFETs and saw evidence that Lilienfeld had done the same. In 1995 J. Ross built stable Lilienfeld MOSFETs. In addition to all this, a 1934 patent by Oskar Heil exists for another MOSFET.

The author makes a very telling statement about the honesty of Shockley et. al.: "Published scientific, technical, and historical papers by these Bell scientists never mention either Lilienfeld’s or Heil’s prior work." --Wjbeaty 03:13, 1 November 2006 (UTC)


 * I had added that Arns ref to the John B. Johnson article a while back. It's an interesting story, but doesn't really get close to being conclusive about whether Lilienfeld ever made it work.  As for the coverup, that was the Bell way with lots of tech advances, not specific to Shockley. I can provide a copy if anyone wants and doesn't have the access. Dicklyon 04:47, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Transistor observed in 1910s ???
According to Bell System Memorial there were accounts in British magazines from the 1910s about Russian ship board operators achieving gain from "cat's whisker" diodes with two whiskers. (Unsigned) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Transisto (talk • contribs) 01:15, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Transistor
The improvement in design ... to complete up untill ? 1970 ? 1980 ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Transisto (talk • contribs) 07:41, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Transisto (talk • contribs) 08:19, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Discution about history taken from parent Transistor article
If Lilienfeld patented the transistor in 1928, how come it was not used immediately? Military uses must be pretty obvious, etc. Also very hard to believe that no US electric industry giant realized its potential. Imagine where computing would be today if those twenty years from 1928 to 1947 were not wasted on vacuum tubes and clicking relays! We could already have true 3-law robots. 195.70.32.136 09:44, 23 December 2005 (UTC)


 * I don't know all the details of Lilienfelds work, but I don't think he made anything that actually worked. At the minimum, I don't think he had the theoretical foundation developed by Shockley. Lots of people had transistor like ideas, but at the end of the day, Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain developed a real device and later refined it to a level that few could have predicted. Also, keep in mind that quantum mechanics was still in it's infancy in the early part of the century and the sophisticated techniques needed to grow high purity materials were not a trivial matter. Look at it this way: if you tried, you could build a home made vacuum tube today that works reasonably well. Building a transistor that works at all is much harder. Get a copy of Crystal Fire, it's a fantastic read.


 * As far as vacuum tubes go, they were cheaper and more reliable than transistors for decades. We still use vacuum tubes today, but not for small signal applications. Most TVs still use CRTs and microwave ovens use magnetrons. Many transmitters still use Klystrons and power companies probably continue to use Ignitrons. CRTs will probably be replaced completely in the coming years, but a cheap, one kilowatt, microwave transistor is a tall order. Madhu 23:05, 23 December 2005 (UTC)


 * I don't know all the details of Lilienfelds work, but I don't think he made anything that actually worked. That seems a bit amazing. You really think that Lilienfeld patented those very detailed devices, spending significant funding for three separate patents ...but without ever building any of them?!!!  Really?  If so, this Lilienfeld must be a lunatic.   Ah, I found a reference that suggests you're wrong: semiconductor specialist Dr. Harry E. Stockman in a 1981 letter to Wireless World magazine: "(Lilienfeld) created his non-tube device around 1923, with one foot in Canada and the other in the USA, and the date of his Canadian patent application was October 1925. Later American patents followed, which should have been well known to the Bell Labs patent office. Lilienfeld demonstrated his remarkable tubeless radio receiver on many occasions, but God help a fellow who at that time threatened the reign of the tube."    So it might seem amazing that Lilienfeld's transistor was ignored for twenty years, but only if you aren't aware of the stiff resistance we humans have to new ideas, and the large barriers we erect to slow them down.  Look at the embarassing story of S. Ovshinsky's amorphous semiconductors, their total rejection by the USA sci-tech community, and the multi-billion dollar industry they spawned ...in Japan.--Wjbeaty 01:59, 28 October 2006 (UTC)


 * That's very interesting, if true, that Lilienfeld was able to making a working semiconductor amplifier device. Conventional received wisdom says no, like this recent book. It would be great if someone could turn up a verifiable source to the contrary. Dicklyon 03:07, 28 October 2006 (UTC)


 * These books and articles seem very strange to me, claiming knowledge about Lilienfeld's devices for which I've never seen evidence. From my past reading about Lilienfeld, the only evidence leads me to conclude that we don't know the details of Lilienfeld's accomplishments.   If true, then nobody has any right to say that he never build a transistor, or to say that he build non-working devices.   Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence.  If evidence is lacking, we must conclude that we don't know,.  We're not allowed to leap to unwarrented and unsupported facts such as statement that "his devices didn't work," etc.


 * Regarding Shockley and the theoretical basis: as I understand it, the Germanium transistor came first, the theoretical stuff second, and Shockley had little role in the initial discovery. The two guys who built that razor-slit-gold-foil-contact transistor had been ordered by Shockley to stop pursuing any such work since it obviously wouldn't lead to the FET they were trying to invent.  They were proceeding anyway, while keeping their equipment on a rolling cart stored in a closet away from Shockley's eyes.   Once their investigations resulted in a working device, their boss took over the project and developed the theory as well as the grown-junction improved transistors.  (Sounds very similar to Townes' story about how the first Laser was developed, eh?)   The moral:  you can discover the transistor if you just dedicate significant time looking for it.  The advanced theory is added later, and only gives improvements.


 * On the other hand, the Bell Labs group ran up against a major barrier in their efforts to create FETs: surface states which act to shield the conductive channel from the effects of the gate voltage.  Perhaps these authors mentioning Lilienfeld conclude that, since the "surface states problem" is such a major barrier for Bell Labs, that Lilienfeld must have encountered the same problem.  Perhaps they assume that Lilienfeld dishonestly pretended to have working devices, while in reality he failed in the same way that Bell Labs initially failed.   If this is the basis of these authors ideas, then their ideas are pure speculation, and they're dishonest if they don't label them as such.  Or maybe I see those authors as more intelligent than they actually are; maybe one of them decided to claim in writing that Lilienfeld had no working hardware ...and all the other authors just copied the first guy without thinking too much about it.  But this is science, and Nature can cut through all the speculative BS: if we build a Lilienfeld transistor as detailed in his patents, and it gives useful gain, then all these authors are wrong.  Here's a major possibility I saw in some article long ago: Lilienfeld's devices were not FETs at all, but instead were grown-junction NPN transistors created when the material of the gate-conductor diffused into the semiconductor layer and reversed its doping.  This would suggest that Lilienfeld could have built a genuine transistor radio in 1925 ...but that he didn't have an accurate theoretical description of his devices.  As with the Bell Labs transistor, the working hardware comes first, and only later do scientists extend physics theory in order to explain it.  Or perhaps Lilienfeld behaved as an inventor rather than a physicist by getting "dollar signs in the eyes" and keeping his work secret rather than publishing all the details in physics journals. --Wjbeaty 22:02, 28 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I used to subscribe to Wireless World, the fine British periodical devoted to electronics (and renamed, some years ago, iirc to ?Electronic World?). At least once, I read what surely seemed to be trustworthy mentions of tubeless radios, apparently made in modest quantities well before World War II. As I recall, their lack of commercial success seemed to be that they were ahead of their time -- all radios "had to have tubes". There's essentially no doubt in my mind that they did work. Regards, Nikevich 13:32, 25 March 2012 (UTC)

Nikola Tesla
I have read that Tesla had 2 early patents (from 1903!) that predate Lilienfeld and others. Can anyone comment on this?

Ref here in the book, "Tesla: Man Out of Time". The patent#s references are: 723,188 and 725,605. It is mentioned that these embody both "logic gates" and "circuit elements". (The book sources this from Leland Anderson, but I'm not sure of the actual quote or context.) http://books.google.com/books?id=HIuK7iLO9zgC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&dq=tesla%27s+1903+patents+anderson&source=bl&ots=X94Fp3WRLO&sig=j0y8afBsHYLtRcKX3RLvxvGwPMM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xU6xT7rOMqyGiQK_6sGVBA&ved=0CGEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=tesla's%201903%20patents%20anderson&f=false

Here are the actual patents:
 * http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-patents-723,188-method-of-signaling
 * http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-patents-723,188-method-of-signaling


 * http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-patents-725,605-system-of-signaling?pq=NzI1NjA1
 * http://www.teslauniverse.com/nikola-tesla-patents-725,605-system-of-signaling?pq=NzI1NjA1

— Preceding unsigned comment added by Cielovista (talk • contribs) 09:22, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

The "French" Transistor source
When updating this ref (currently № 11) to a Cite template, I found it is a dead link. It is referred to at, Michael Riordan (November 2005) "How Europe Missed The Transistor" IEEE Spectrum, thus "see "The 'French' Transistor," by Armand Van Dormael, in 'Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Conference on the History of Electronics', Bletchley Park, England, June 2004. It is available on the Web at http://www.ieee.org/organizations/history_center/Che2004/VanDormael.pdf ", however that is also a dead link and a search on the IEEE Spectrum site for "The French Transistor" does not seem to lead to any working links. Armand Van Dormael, has a page at http://www.avandor.net/, so perhaps I might e-mail them for a working link?

There is what appears to be a copy of the paper at http://www.cdvandt.org/VanDormael.pdf, and also at http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/images/e/e6/VanDormael.pdf, but it has other related documents as part of the same PDF. Could any interested editors please take a look and see if this version can be used as a source? - 220  of  Borg 04:30, 28 October 2012 (UTC)


 * The 2004 IEEE Conference on the history of Electronics probably didn't result in a real publication. Perhaps authors presented informal papers like the collection of documents that you found a copy of?  Asking the author is a good idea.  Dicklyon (talk) 05:28, 28 October 2012 (UTC)


 * Perhaps: John Markoff "Parallel Inventor of the Transistor Has His Moment." New York Times, 24 February 2003,  may be better. Though it refers to the same author (Armand Van Dormael), it is not 'self published', and also quotes Michael Riordan, coauthor of Crystal Fire: The Birth of the Information Age. - 220  of  Borg 06:17, 28 October 2012 (UTC)


 * I can later supply you with more information because I also have the articles in my archives. If Mr A. Van Dormael is still alive, I can ask him for giving me the permission to host his paper in a seondary, backup repository, and/or to upload to Commons under a CC license. --Wikinaut (talk) 07:00, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Sure Wikinaut, whatever you want to try is Ok with me. However I am unsure of Van Dormaels' status as far as qualifications. I think he is an 'amateur' historian, but was also a lawyer, businessman, published author: Bretton Woods - Birth of a Monetary System, and sculptor (according to his website http://www.avandor.net/life%20and%20times.htm) so if his paper is original research then it may not be a usable source. The New York Times article "Parallel Inventor of the Transistor Has His Moment" (Link @ my prior post above↑) may be a better (secondary) source. - 220  of  Borg 07:34, 29 October 2012 (UTC)


 * The thing is that we both (Mr van Dormael and I) have original material of Mr. Mataré. --Wikinaut (talk) 07:42, 29 October 2012 (UTC)

Alan Herries Wilson
So someone removed my unexplained addition of a "see also" link to Alan Herries Wilson. I thought the rationale for this would be obvious to anyone reading that bio, but here it is: the Invention of the transistor section begins with a reference to the 1925 work of Lilienfeld, followed by Heil in 1934. next we jump to Bell Labs' war-time efforts, implying that nothing else happened in early research during this time. This is not true, as the bio explains: "During the period 1931–1932 Wilson formulated a theory explaining how energy bands of electrons can make a material a conductor, a semiconductor or an insulator. In 1932 he was awarded the Adams Prize; the essay he wrote for this prize became the basis for his book The Theory of Metals published in 1936. His book Semi-conductors and Metals was published in 1939." "Crystal Fire" (ISBN 978-0-393-31851-7) says (p. 66) "The major advance in the understanding of these curious metals was achieved by the British theorist Alan Wilson, who published two papers entitled "The Theory of Electronic Semi-Conductors" in 1931." I started reading that book a long time ago, and am taking forever to finish it, so I just punted and added the "see also", hoping that someone would run with it, just as someone else started the biography article on him. Wbm1058 (talk) 12:34, 7 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Do you have a verification that these research results have been used by Herbert Mataré or at Bell Labs? Schily (talk) 14:39, 7 October 2015 (UTC)
 * No, I'm not even familiar with Herbert Mataré – I see, I just took a quick look at his bio. So, if Wilson's research and papers are totally irrelevant to Mataré and Bell Labs later work, why does "Crystal Fire" bother to mention it? Seems the authors of that book think it's relevant. I can't really be more helpful here until I read the book and get a more complete understanding of the background. My note here is just a sticky for myself, whenever I make time to get to this – or for someone else to help put it in context. My personal background in this area doesn't go beyond freshman chemistry and physics, and an "electrical engineering 101" course, many, many years ago. Thanks, Wbm1058 (talk) 15:59, 7 October 2015 (UTC)
 * We have few information from Bell labs (it seems that they tried to hide where they got their ideas from) but there is a nice interview with Herbert Mataré Anfänge der Halbleiterforschung und -Entwicklung. that resulted in a PhD. Schily (talk) 16:34, 7 October 2015 (UTC)


 * Let me add: Wilson was in Leipzig in the 1930s and is mentioned in the Mataré PhD work. His claim from that time was:

„From the experimental side ... the existence or non-existence of semiconductors remains an open question ... Theoretically there is no reason why semiconductors should not exist ...“ Schily (talk) 16:45, 7 October 2015 (UTC)