Talk:Jacques Cartier

Problem with biographical dates
By other online resources, the date 20 January 1557 is wrong (1 Sep is given) and 31 December 1491 as birth looks also rather improbable (see the given link). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Malyctenar (talk • contribs) 13:19, 5 May 2005 Jacques Cartier's parents are:Geffine janstar and Jamet Cartier he explored the americans,particularly Brazil,before making three mayor north america boyages in 1534

First Voyage
It says that the reason he was recommended to head the voyage was because he had already made voyages to Brazil and Newfoundland. So ... how can this be his first voyage?--Matt D (talk) 18:30, 7 August 2008 (UTC)
 * That's not a bad point. However almost nothing is known about these earlier trips to the New World, except that Le Veneur reportedly said that Cartier made them. Meanwhile the voyages in 1534, 1535-36 and 1541-42 are extensively described in the Relations and other documents. It may be more prudent to talk about the first, second, and third Relations. Eulalie Écho (talk) 09:23, 8 August 2008 (UTC)

The second sentence of the article on Jacques Cartier is definitely NOT English and is impossible to interpret:

"He was the first who described and mapped[1] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canada(s)", as was so called both Iroquoian big settlements he saw in Stadaconna (Quebec City) and in Hochelaga (Montreal Island)".

Perhaps the original author intended to say something like:

He was the first who described and mapped the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River. He named the land, Canada, the name used by Iroquois and claimed it for France. He reported visiting two major Iroquois settlements: Stadaconna (now Quebec City) and Hochelaga (on Montreal Island). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.31.156.191 (talk) 02:42, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Wait didn't he discover at least three things??? Gwendylu (talk) 00:26, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Just a note about the confusion regarding "Canada" vs Canadas: in Cartier's dictionary at the beginning of the Bref Recit (2nd voyage) he gives his definition of the indigenous word Canada as (fr:) ville - which (given the population densities of the time etc) translates as city or town or village. Not the whole country. So the original "country of Canada(s)" probably did make sense. (wikipedia OR) BTW there may be some confusion on voyages: in his first (1534) voyage to the St Lawrence he only travelled the *mouth* of the St Lawrence; it was on his 2nd voyage that he travelled down the river. alacarte 16:50, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

Typo?
Under 'First Voyage', it says "During this trip he took Domagaya and Taignoagny, the sons of Huron Chief Donnacona, back to Europe." But at the link it provides at the bottom, it says Donnacona was 'Laurentian Iroquois', not Huron. Even the Wikipedia article about Donnacona says he is Iroquois. Is there a reason for this? Is it a typo?

Not Iroquois, Iroquoian. Former refers to tribe, latter refers to linguistic group. Kinda like German versus Germanic, which could apply to English, etc.

French or Breton?
Saint-Malo is in Brittany, and his baptismal name Jaques Cartier looks more Breton than French. Was he in fact Breton? --Angr/undefined 13:50, 3 November 2005 (UTC)

Brittany is a part of France. Hence he is French.


 * Bull. He was born (1491) Breton because Brittany wasn't absorbed into France yet (1532). As it says in the article. --Urhixidur 01:25, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

total bullshit. Bretagne was incorporated in Crown (private domaine of the King) in 1532, not in the Kingdom, moronism at its best. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.7.237.18 (talk) 18:55, 27 October 2008 (UTC)

Bretagne always was a french teritory, and dialect names just show local languages, so stop revisionism from something you can' t understand, french history! and stop with your Lawrence river, anglisism that NEVER STATED AT THIS TIMES, evrybody, and western world was speaking french, your kings too! UK was a french duchy, terre neuve was the real name for this times, trying to spin the history is a englis sport anyways!


 * The writer of the above comment is ignorant. Brittany was an independent CELTIC duchy, not French, when Jakez Karter was born. The Breton language is related more closely to Welsh than it is to French, and is not a "dialect" of anything, it's a language that the French governement has given no respect or regognition to because they're too stuck up an ignorant of thier own minorities. The English and French are equally good at "spinning history" I would say. UK, a French Duchy? In 1067 maybe...not in 1500. Common man, learn history.


 * Doesn't change much, if the process had been started or not, the fact is it was not formally a part of France. Well little Breton does not mean no Breton in any case, if Karter did speak it the fact probably got hushed up by the French government anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.151.160.105 (talk) 05:09, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

The annexation of Brittany was in process long before 1532 -- see Anne of Brittany. Cartier was born in Saint-Malo on the Norman border where little Breton was spoken.Eulalie Écho (talk) 03:31, 7 January 2008 (UTC)


 * Nonsense! Breton was spoken in Saint Malo of course! Your claim is as stupid as saying that people don't speak English so much in Texas because of its proximity to the linguistic border. Jakez Karter was Breton. His parents spoke only Breton. His mother sang lullabies to him in Breton, and his father would scold him in Breton. That's what I call "first language". Because he was fortunate, he received an education, and hence he learned Latin, Greek, and "French". I'm listing French in quotes, because back in those days, the dwellers of the French kingdom spoke a variety of local languages and dialects. There was no "national language". That being said, Breton itself is *not* a dialect of French or English. It is a language in its own right, a very old Celtic language in fact, very close to Welsh. To this day, it is still spoken by many people. I should know, because I speak it. My 80 year old grandparents speak exclusively Breton (except for official documents required to be in French). They only had learned French when they were 10 years old.   —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.58.144.199 (talk) 23:22, 21 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Care to mention a a source that shows that Cartier spoke Breton? Eulalie Écho (talk) 18:41, 22 October 2008 (UTC)

Supporting a French identity for Cartier: - Born in Brittany, which is part of France - Conducted his voyages under the employ of the King of France

Supporting a Breton identity for Cartier: - Born in Brittany in 1491; Brittany was not formally annexed by France until 1532 (that the annexation was underway before this time is irrelevant; up until 1532, maps would have shown it as independent) - Name displays Breton characteristics (Karter, similar to English "Carter"), albeit not unequivocally (Cartier similar to "Carretier", an older form of "charretier") - Two of his ships were the Grande Hermine and the Petite Hermine, i.e. the "Great Ermine" and the "Little Ermine". The ermine is intimately associated with Brittany; the four cantons in the top left corner of the flag of Brittany and the myriad ones on the Breton coat of arms are stylizations of ermines' tails, and the Breton motto Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret, "Rather death than dishonour" refers to the medieval belief that, if a trapper smeared mud around the entrance to an ermine's den, the ermine would refuse to re-enter it, preferring to be caught and killed than to defile its pristine fur.

Logical conclusion: Cartier was Breton by birth, but was a French explorer. Calling him a French explorer is no less correct than calling Italian-born Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) an English explorer. However, to claim that he himself was not Breton is incorrect: even after Brittany was annexed by France, Cartier still held residence in St. Malo, Brittany (when he was not overseas). After 1532 he would have been French by nationality, but Breton by region. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Casey Goranson (talk • contribs) 05:40, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Baptism
No baptismal certificate has been found Michel Bideaux, critical edition of Jacques Cartier's Relations, collection Bibliothèque du Nouveau Monde, Montréal, Les Presses de l'Université de Montréal (1986), ISBN 2-7606-0750X r talk:Eulalie Écho|talk]]) 03:31, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

-This was obviously erased by the French government in efforts to hush up Karter's breton idendity. It seems that in the case of Eulalie, it worked. The simple facts are these: he was not born in France. Indeed the final decision should be made by the man himself shouldn't it? What did Jacques Cartier think about it? Answer: the colours of his voyage were the white and black of Brittany, NOT the colours of France. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 142.151.182.210 (talk) 06:22, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Fact check: Ice depth
An User:66.131.141.10 anonymous user made the following unattributed change:
 * From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the St. Charles river, under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over two a fathom (1.8 m) thick in the river, and snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore.

So was it one fathom or two? I don't doubt that one fathom is 1.8m. What I doubt is that JC was using SI units. Does anyone have a source? Cleduc 13:13, 13 November 2005 (UTC)

Racist or proven statements?
I am not a specialist, but I found highly dubious the following sentences:

-(first section): "Anaconda thought at first that Cartier was a man from underwater" (dubious: French, Spanish and Basque fishermen had been in the area ---mostly New Foundland, Labrador/North Coast and St-Pierre and Miquelon---for at least 40 years before Cartier arrived, and extensive tradings already existed between the Natives and the Europeans. While we don`t know if the Wyondat tribe met Europeans before, it is highly likely that they knew the existence of these tradings before they encountered Cartier.

== Also, please note that documented portuguese maps (e.g.: Ribeiro c. 1532) already shown a precise carthography of Labrador, Terra-Nova, and st.laurent river. A look at, for instance, Moura (1992) "Les portugais dans l'exploration et le colonization..." could allow a more neutral description of Jacques Cartier discoveries.

-(last section): "Hurons killed and ate 35 French settlemen" (citations required, to say the least). Also dubious (middle section): that 50 Hurons died of scorbut, given that they knew the remedy for this disease.

--(throught the text): I am not at ease with sentences such as "Cartier tried to entertain diplomatic relationships" when his record consists of several kidnappings (Donnacona's sons, and then Donnacona himself), broken promises (Donnacona never came back to Canada), and pactification with the enemy (Stadacona was at war vs Hochelaga, and Donnacona strongly opposed to Carter's will to sail to Hochelaga).

I'm not a specialist; only an educated user. I would like someone with greater knowledge settle these issues.

--

The word "natives" appears several times in reference to Iroquois people who owned the land Cartier found. The word native is often a derogatory term for non-European inhabitants of colonized territories. I suggest that the word "Iroquois" replace the words "native" and "natives" in this article.

St.Lawrence River
jacques cartier visited the St. Lawrence river, but did he go on extending rivers attached to the St. Lawrence? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.226.63.85 (talk) 00:30, 19 February 2007 (UTC).

Is all of the stuff?
) Hello, I was just wondering if all of the information about Jacque Cartier on this page is true. I was wondering because people that use this page for a project might get the wrong information if anybody can change the information. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 74.12.110.239 (talk) 19:28, 1 April 2007 (UTC).

Um Hi!!! I was woundering if it was true how the everyone got cured from scurvy because my schools text book says the Aboriginals gave Cartier a cure. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Noseync42 (talk • contribs) 01:36, 23 October 2009 (UTC)

some of this information u may read may not be true actually most teachers dont trust this webside. because anybody can type some wrong information and u dont really learn anything cause its false info. i hope i answered ure question :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 140.163.254.27 (talk) 21:29, 8 January 2008 (UTC)

Don't use a Wikipedia article for schoolwork as you are right that the articles are open to anyone who can write anything. Use Wikipedia to get a general idea of the article's subject (ie Cartier). Check the references and internet links that are given in the article to see if you can verify the information on another trustworthy site, like the Canadian Encyclopedia online, or the Dictionary of Canadian Biography, or a government website (many provinces maintain decent information sites about their histories). The more references and sources that are given, the greater likelihood that the information can be trusted. Be careful of finding people's own viewpoints either in the article or in the sources cited. The articles are supposed to be neutral, and not essays arguing for one interpretation of history over another. Finally, pick up a real book on the subject, from a library. : ) Corlyon (talk) 16:54, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

was he breton or french??
was he a breton or a frenchman?--Sonjaaa (talk) 13:34, 14 December 2007 (UTC) it looks like he grew up in an area that was not part of france yet? or ?

was George Washington American or English? Huh? Huh? Who cares! Cartier was born in Brittany which was at the time of his birth an independent duchy, to be annexed to France only a few years later. In the end, it doesn't matter what he was. There was no sense of citizenship back in those days in that corner of Europe. He made all the discoveries in the name of the king of France not in the name of the Duchy of Brittany. It's likely that he spoke Breton, but it's evident that he spoke French and Latin. Anyway, you may use 1,000 different criteria to decide whether he was French or Breton. You may find him to be Breton, or French. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.45.203.23 (talk) 05:05, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

Death
The French Wikipedia states Jacques Cartier died in St. Malo, France, where he was born. Galoubet (talk) 16:11, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
 * How came (just on this wiki) his death at (bad joke of AmericanBang, on 22:00, 1 August 2008) "La Chapelle-Janson, France" ? - 66.36.140.24 (talk) 03:53, 6 October 2008 (UTC)
 * This bad joke is now reverted. - Daubert (talk) 19:19, 6 October 2008 (UTC)Cool!

Ship
His ship on all voyages was the "Grande Hermane" or "The Big Herman" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.212.180.88 (talk) 02:07, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Interesting if true. Do you have a source for your assertion? BrainyBabe (talk) 18:44, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * If you mean the Grande Hermine, then yes, that was one of the ships. But it means the "Big/Great Ermine", not the "Big Herman". Casey Goranson (talk) 05:54, 29 October 2010 (UTC)

Added refimprove template
I've added a template to this article in order to improve the references and sources it uses, and to improve the parts (particularly about the voyages) that are not sourced. It also appears that much of the information comes from encyclopedias, which is against Wikipedia policy (see WP:PSTS). SweetNightmares (talk) 02:57, 13 December 2009 (UTC)

Not in French Version
Reading the versions in both languages, I discovered that something said to be a direct quote was only mentioned in the English version:In the words of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found." Would not the commission itself be written in French? This statement seems to be inaccurate.

Not in French Version
Reading the versions in both languages, I discovered that something said to be a direct quote was only mentioned in the English version: "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found." Would not the commission itself be written in French? This statement seems to be inacurate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.3.51.41 (talk) 02:50, 9 November 2010 (UTC)

Jaques Cartier is a sailor from Portland, France.He voyaged South America in search for lakes.He discovered lake Monroe.It is a great lake used for porting and importing goods used as fish,fabrics,food,etc.He is a great man who did many good deeds in our world. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.45.112.119 (talk) 02:20, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Youwillruinme, 16 December 2010
Please change " To add to the discomfort, scurvy broke out — first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". Cartier estimated the number of natives dead at 50. In February almost the entire company were effected by the disease and many of them died before the survivors learned from the Indians that the bark of a white spruce tree boiled in water would afford a cure." to " To add to the discomfort, scurvy broke out — first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Cartier estimated the number of natives dead at 50. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". In February almost the entire company were effected by the disease and as many as 25 of them died before the survivors learned from the Indians that the bark of a white spruce tree boiled in water would afford a cure."

For the number 25, please add this source: H.P. Biggar. The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives of Canada. No. 11. 1924, p. 204.

Youwillruinme (talk) 23:15, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

✅  Chzz  ► 22:45, 23 December 2010 (UTC)

Edit request from Yuting9, 29 May 2011
I have learned that Jacques Cartier lied to the mi'kimaq about the cross being an irrelevant landmark, so the chief won't be upset. Can you edit that in please?

Yuting9 (talk) 17:38, 29 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. --Wintonian (talk) 02:30, 30 May 2011 (UTC)

I recall learning the same information in school - Chief Donnacona understood what the cross and the ceremony meant (i.e. Cartier was claiming the territory for France) and was upset by it. Cartier proceeded to tell the Chief that the cross was just a landmark, which was very likely disingenuous. A good source for this information is on pg xxiii-xxiv in the Introduction in The Voyages of Jacques Cartier by HP Biggar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crazyflag (talk • contribs) 14:14, 7 June 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 4 January 2012
i have to ask how did he die have a good new year

Alane1903 (talk) 22:26, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * ❌ This is only to request for changes to this semi-protected article. Please look elsewhere for questions about the article. -- Bryce  ( talk  &#124;  contribs ) 13:25, 5 January 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 26 February 2013
There is a statue of him in Quebec City

24.114.23.3 (talk) 12:43, 26 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: This is a statement, not a specific request to edit the article. If you want this information added to the article, please provide a reliable source for this information and specify exactly where in the article you would like it added. &mdash; KuyaBriBri Talk 15:52, 26 February 2013 (UTC)

Reference 14
"Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. 2010 - this side tells nobody who made it, there is no "about" or something like this, no Impressum... - this side is totaly anonymous. I think this is not a reference, it is a joke -- Hartmann Schedel  cheers  00:37, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Jakez Karter
His name in Breton is — surprisingly — Jakez Karter. Because many explorer’s names were translated then in a fashion seldom seen today, Wikipedia practice is to include his endonym in italics after the more-widely-known English exonym.

This is NOT vandalism. It’s following precedent. I swear someone will revert this but it’s total good faith. I’ve been a member for +9 years. Ping me if you have any questions/concerns. — Muckapedia (talk) 12 e avr. 2014 1h15 (−4h)

HI≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤≤21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)21:40, 9 December 2015 (UTC)                           — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:35AB:9390:C1B1:3DDB:9C12:9A9F (talk)

Bishop Jean Le Veneur
The good bishop was never Bishop of St. Malo. See * He was bishop of Lisieux (1505-1539) (same book, p. 224). And he did know King Francis I. This article The first voyage set sail on 20 April of 1534 (Gordon p. 14).

Fix the mistakes, please. --Vicedomino (talk) 08:26, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 23 April 2018
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Semi-protected edit request on 21 November 2019
Jacques Cartier From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the French explorer. For other uses, see Jacques Cartier (disambiguation). Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier 1851-1852.jpg Portrait of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel, ca. 1844. No contemporary portraits of Cartier are known. Born	December 31, 1491 St. Malo, Duchy of Brittany Died	September 1, 1557 (aged 65) St. Malo, Kingdom of France Occupation	French navigator and explorer Known for	First European to travel inland in North America. Claimed what is now known as Canada for France. Signature Jacques Cartier Signature.svg Jacques Cartier (UK: /ˈkɑːrtieɪ/ KAR-tee-ay, also US: /ˌkɑːrtiˈeɪ, kɑːrˈtjeɪ/ KAR-tee-AY, kar-TYAY,[1][2] French: [ʒak kaʁtje], Quebec French: [- kaʁt͡sje]; Breton: Jakez Karter; December 31, 1491 – September 1, 1557) was a Breton explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map[3] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he named "The Country of Canadas", after the Iroquois names for the two big settlements he saw at Stadacona (Quebec City) and at Hochelaga (Montreal Island).[4][5][6][7]

Contents 1	Early life 2	First voyage, 1534 3	Second voyage, 1535–1536 4	Third voyage, 1541–1542 5	Later life 6	Legacy 7	Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony 8	Ships 9	Monuments, remembrances and other art 10	Popular references 11	See also 12	References 13	Further reading 14	External links Early life Jacques Cartier was born in 1491[8] in Saint-Malo, the port on the north-east coast of Brittany. Cartier, who was a respectable mariner, improved his social status in 1520 by marrying Mary Catherine des Granches, member of a leading family.[9] His good name in Saint-Malo is recognized by its frequent appearance in baptismal registers as godfather or witness.[10]

First voyage, 1534 In 1534, two years after the Duchy of Brittany was formally united with France in the Edict of Union, Cartier was introduced to King Francis I by Jean Le Veneur, bishop of Saint-Malo and abbot of Mont Saint-Michel, at the Manoir de Brion. The king had previously invited (although not formally commissioned) the Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano to explore the eastern coast of North America on behalf of France in 1524.[11] Le Veneur cited voyages to Newfoundland and Brazil as proof of Cartier's ability to "lead ships to the discovery of new lands in the New World".[12]

Route of Cartier's first voyage On April 20, 1534,[13] Cartier set sail under a commission from the king, hoping to discover a western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia.[14] In the words of the commission, he was to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said that a great quantity of gold and other precious things are to be found".

It took him twenty days to sail across the ocean. Starting on May 10 of that year, he explored parts of Newfoundland, areas that now comprise the Canadian Atlantic provinces and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. During one stop at Îles aux Oiseaux (Islands of the Birds, now the Rochers-aux-Oiseaux federal bird sanctuary, northeast of Brion Island in the Magdalen Islands), his crew slaughtered around 1000 birds, most of them great auks (extinct since 1852). Cartier's first two encounters with aboriginal peoples in Canada on the north side of Chaleur Bay, most likely the Mi'kmaq, were brief; some trading occurred.

His third encounter took place on the shores of Gaspé Bay with a party of St. Lawrence Iroquoians, where on July 24, he planted a cross to claim the land for France.[15] The 10-meter cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" took possession of the territory in the name of the king. The change in mood was a clear indication that the Iroquoians understood Cartier's actions. Here he kidnapped the two sons of their captain.[16] Cartier wrote that they later told him this region where they were captured (Gaspé) was called by them Honguedo. The natives' captain at last agreed that they could be taken, under the condition that they return with European goods to trade.[17]

Cartier returned to France in September 1534, sure that he had reached an Asian land.

Second voyage, 1535–1536 Jacques Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with three ships, 110 men, and his two Iroquoian captives. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed up-river for the first time, and reached the Iroquoian capital of Stadacona, where Chief Donnacona ruled.[citation needed]

Route of Cartier's second voyage. Cartier left his main ships in a harbour close to Stadacona, and used his smallest ship to continue on to Hochelaga (now Montreal), arriving on October 2, 1535. Hochelaga was far more impressive than the small and squalid village of Stadacona, and a crowd of over a thousand came to the river edge to greet the Frenchmen. The site of their arrival has been confidently identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault – where the bridge named after him now stands. The expedition could proceed no further, as the river was blocked by rapids. So certain was Cartier that the river was the Northwest Passage and that the rapids were all that was preventing him from sailing to China, that the rapids and the town that eventually grew up near them came to be named after the French word for China, La Chine: the Lachine Rapids and the town of Lachine, Quebec.[18]

After spending two days among the people of Hochelaga, Cartier returned to Stadacona on October 11. It is not known exactly when he decided to spend the winter of 1535–1536 in Stadacona, and it was by then too late to return to France. Cartier and his men prepared for the winter by strengthening their fort, stacking firewood, and salting down game and fish.

This Spanish chart of the Saint Lawrence River, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535–1536.[19] From mid-November 1535 to mid-April 1536, the French fleet lay frozen solid at the mouth of the St. Charles River, under the Rock of Quebec. Ice was over a fathom (1.8 m) thick on the river, with snow four feet (1.2 m) deep ashore. To add to the misery, scurvy broke out – first among the Iroquoians, and then among the French. Cartier estimated the number of dead Iroquoians at 50. On a visit by Domagaya to the French fort, Cartier inquired and learned from him that a concoction made from a tree known as annedda, probably Spruce beer,[20] or arbor vitae, would cure scurvy. This remedy likely saved the expedition from destruction, allowing 85 Frenchmen to survive the winter. In his journal, Cartier states that by mid-February, "out of 110 that we were, not ten were well enough to help the others, a pitiful thing to see". The Frenchmen used up the bark of an entire tree in a week on the cure, and the dramatic results prompted Cartier to proclaim it a Godsend, and a miracle.[18][21][22]

Ready to return to France in early May 1536, Cartier decided to kidnap Chief Donnacona and take him to France,[23] so that he might personally tell the tale of a country further north, called the "Kingdom of Saguenay", said to be full of gold, rubies and other treasures. After an arduous trip down the St. Lawrence and a three-week Atlantic crossing, Cartier and his men arrived in Saint-Malo on July 15, 1536, concluding the second, 14-month voyage, which was to be Cartier's most profitable.[22]

Third voyage, 1541–1542

The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier's discoveries On October 17, 1540, Francis ordered the navigator Jacques Cartier to return to Canada to lend weight to a colonization project of which he would be "captain general". However, January 15, 1541, saw Cartier supplanted by Jean-François de La Rocque de Roberval, a Huguenot courtier and friend of the king named as the first lieutenant general of French Canada. Roberval was to lead the expedition, with Cartier as his chief navigator. While Roberval waited for artillery and supplies, he gave permission to Cartier to sail on ahead with his ships.[24]

On May 23, 1541, Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships. This time, any thought of finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence River.[25]

Anchoring at Stadacona, Cartier again met the Iroquoians, but found their "show of joy" and their numbers worrisome, and decided not to build his settlement there. Sailing a few kilometres up-river to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip, and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built on the cliff overlooking the settlement, for added protection.

The men also began collecting what they believed to be diamonds and gold, but which upon return to France were discovered to be merely quartz crystals and iron pyrites, respectively — which gave rise to a French expression: "faux comme les diamants du Canada" ("As false as Canadian diamonds"). Two of the ships were sent on their journey home with some of these minerals on September 2.[25]

Having set tasks for everyone, Cartier left with the longboats for a reconnaissance in search of "Saguenay" on September 7. Having reached Hochelaga, he was prevented by bad weather and the numerous rapids from continuing up to the Ottawa River.

Returning to Charlesbourg-Royal, Cartier found the situation ominous. The Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner. No records exist about the winter of 1541–1542 and the information must be gleaned from the few details provided by returning sailors. It seems the natives attacked and killed about 35 settlers before the Frenchmen could retreat behind their fortifications. Even though scurvy was cured through the native remedy (Thuja occidentalis infusion), the impression left is of a general misery, and of Cartier's growing conviction that he had insufficient manpower either to protect his base or to go in search of the Saguenay Kingdom.

Cartier left for France in early June 1542, encountering Roberval and his ships along the Newfoundland coast, at about the time Roberval marooned Marguerite de La Rocque. Despite Roberval's insistence that he accompany him back to Saguenay, Cartier slipped off under the cover of darkness and continued on to France, still convinced his vessels contained a wealth of gold and diamonds. He arrived there in October, in what proved to be his last voyage. Meanwhile, Roberval took command at Charlesbourg-Royal, but it was abandoned in 1543 after disease, foul weather and hostile natives drove the would-be settlers to despair.[26]

Later life Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo and his nearby estate, where he often was useful as an interpreter in Portuguese. He died at age 65 on September 1, 1557, during an epidemic,[27] possibly of typhus,[28] though many sources list his cause of death as unknown. Cartier is interred in Saint-Malo Cathedral.

No permanent European settlements were made in Canada before 1605, when Samuel Champlain founded Port Royal in present-day Victoria Beach just outside Annapolis Royal.

Legacy

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Jacques Cartier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

The Fleet of Cartier was commemorated on a 1908 Canadian postage stamp. Having already located the entrance to the St. Lawrence on his first voyage, he now opened up the greatest waterway for the European penetration of North America. He produced an intelligent estimate of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit with a considerable exaggeration of its mineral wealth. While some of his actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try at times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living along the St. Lawrence River—an indispensable preliminary to French settlement in their lands.

Cartier was the first to document the name Canada to designate the territory on the shores of the St-Lawrence River. The name is derived from the Huron-Iroquois word "kanata", or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the native term for the newly discovered land.[29] Cartier used the name to describe Stadacona, the surrounding land and the river itself. And Cartier named "Canadiens" the inhabitants (Iroquoians) he had seen there. Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate the small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens, until the mid-nineteenth century, when the name started to be applied to the loyalist colonies on the Great Lakes and later to all of British North America. In this way Cartier is not strictly the European discoverer of Canada as this country is understood today, a vast federation stretching a mari usque ad mare (from sea to sea). Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Galician and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot (in addition of course to the Natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River. His explorations consolidated France's claim of the territory that would later be colonized as New France, and his third voyage produced the first documented European attempt at settling North America since that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526–27.

Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing a ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbors without serious mishap, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the first to formally acknowledge that the New World was a separate land mass from Europe/Asia.

Rediscovery of Cartier's first colony

Plaque on the statue of Jacques Cartier in front of the Gabrielle-Roy public library, in the Saint-Roch neighbourhood of Quebec City. On August 18, 2006, Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced that Canadian archaeologists had discovered the precise location of Cartier's lost first colony of Charlesbourg-Royal.[30] The colony was built at the confluence of the Rivière du Cap Rouge with the St. Lawrence River and is based on the discovery of burnt wooden timber remains that have been dated to the mid-16th century, and a fragment of a decorative Istoriato plate manufactured in Faenza, Italy, between 1540 and 1550, that could only have belonged to a member of the French aristocracy in the colony. Most probably this was the Sieur de Roberval, who replaced Cartier as the leader of the settlement.[31] This colony was the first known European settlement in modern-day Canada since the c.1000 AD L'Anse aux Meadows Viking village in northern Newfoundland. Its rediscovery has been hailed by archaeologists as the most important find in Canada since the L'Anse aux Meadows rediscovery.[30]

Ships

Jacques Cartier on a 1934 Canadian postage stamp Grande Hermine Built: France 1534; given in 1535 to Cartier by the King of France; used in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages; replica 1967 built for "Expo 67" in Montréal; abandoned in 2001 from Saint-Charles River (Québec City) Petite Hermine Built: France; used in the 1535–1536 voyage and abandoned in 1536 springtime by Cartier in Saint-Charles River because too many of his sailors died in Québec City during last wintertime Émérillon Built: France; used in the 1535–1536 and 1541–1542 voyages Georges (1541–1542) Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage Saint-Brieux Built: France; used in the 1541–1542 voyage Monuments, remembrances and other art

Jacques Cartier Monument in St Malo

Croix Jacques Cartier on Saint-Quentin Island Jacques Cartier Island, located on the tip of the Great Northern Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador in the town of Quirpon, is said to have been named by Jacques Cartier himself on one of his voyages through the Strait of Belle Isle during the 1530s.

Jacques-Cartier River, a tributary at Donnacona, Quebec of the St. Lawrence River Jacques Cartier Park in Gatineau, Quebec Jacques Cartier Bridge, a steel-truss bridge between Montreal and Longueil, Quebec Jacques Cartier Provincial Park, located 5 km east of Alberton, PEI Jacques-Cartier State Park, in St. Lawrence County, New York Place Jacques-Cartier, a square in Old Montreal Cartier Pavilion, built in 1955, at Royal Military College Saint-Jean Jacques Cartier Monument, in Harrington Harbour, Quebec The province of Quebec's Parliament Building tower, which was built between 1877 and 1886 by Eugène-Étienne Taché, is dedicated to Cartier Manoir de Limoelou, Saint Malo houses the Musee Jacques Cartier plaque at Saint Malo cathedral[32] Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site, Quebec City Statuary at his birthplace, Rothéneuf Quebec City, in front of Gabrielle-Roy public library at Palais de la Découverte, Paris by Joseph-Arthur Vincent in Montreal: Place Jacques-Cartier[33][34][35] bronze at PEI's Jacques Cartier Provincial Park cast iron sculptures at Gaspe, Quebec[36] cross monument at Gaspe, Quebec[37] cross monument at Saint-Quentin Island near Trois-Rivieres Quebec by Joseph-Émile Brunet in Saint-Malo Paintings Charles Walter Simpson, Saint-Malo, April 1534[33] C.W. Simpson, Jacques Cartier at Gaspé, 1534[38] Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin, Jacques Cartier découvre et remonte le fleuve Saint-Laurent au Canada en 1535[38] Walter Baker, The Arrival of Cartier at Stadacona, 1535[33][39] Lawrence R. Batchelor, Jacques Cartier at Hochelaga (Montreal)[38] Adrien Hébert, Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535[40] Lucien Boudot and Fernand Cerceau, Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana[41] Alfred Faniel, Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal[42] Frank Craig, Jacques Cartier Relating the Story of His Discovery to Francis I at Fontainebleau[38] Walter Baker, Jacques Cartier's Return to Stadacona, 1541[43] Théophile Hamel, Portrait imaginaire de Jacques Cartier (reproduced on many stamps) Léopold Massard and de Clugny, Jacques Cartier Navigateur[44] Auguste Lemoine (1895) after François Riss, Portrait of Jacques Cartier (Musée d’Histoire de St Malo)[45] Charles William Jefferys, Cartier meets the Indians of the St. Lawrence, 1535[38] Napoleon Sarony (ca. 1850) Jacques Cartier – His First Interview with the Indians at Hochelaga[46] Paul-Émile Borduas, Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535[47] Paul-Émile Borduas, Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535[48] Popular references The fr:Banque Jacques-Cartier existed, and printed banknotes, between 1861 and 1899 in Lower Canada, then Quebec. It was folded into the fr:Banque provinciale du Canada, and later still the National Bank of Canada.

In 2005, Cartier's Bref récit et succincte narration de la navigation faite en MDXXXV et MDXXXVI was named one of the 100 most important books in Canadian history by the Literary Review of Canada.[49]

Canadian rock band The Tragically Hip reference Jacques Cartier in their 1992 song "Looking for a Place to Happen". The song deals with the subject of European encroachment in the New World and the eventual annexation of indigenous lands in North America.[50]

See also flag	France portal map	North America portal History portal Timeline of New France history (1534 to 1607) References Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6. His maps are lost but referenced in a letter by his nephew Jacques Noël, dated 1587 and printed by Richard Hakluyt with the Relation of Cartier's third voyage, in The Principall Navigations [...], London, G. Bishop, 1600. Trudel, Marcel. "Cartier, Jacques". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 5, 2019. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. Jacques Cartier at the Encyclopædia Britannica. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. "Exploration — Jacques Cartier". The Historica Dominion Institute. Retrieved November 9, 2009. "Jacques Cartier". The Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 9, 2009. This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. No baptismal certificate has been found, but Cartier stated his age in at least three letters. See Marcel Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, Fides, vol. 1, p. 68. Alan Axelrod. A Savage Empire: Trappers, Traders, Tribes, and the Wars That Made America. Macmillan, 2011; p. 30 Biggar, H.P. (1930) A Collection of Documents relating to Jacques Cartier and the Sieur de Roberval, Ottawa, Public Archives of Canada. Over 20 baptisms cited. Gustave Lanctôt observed that Cartier was absent from Saint-Malo's registers at the time and that his first voyage in 1534 arrived at the very place in Newfoundland where Verrazzano's explorations had ended ten years prior; Lanctôt surmised that Cartier had accompanied Verrazzano on that voyage. This was dismissed as conjecture by Marcel Trudel, who noted that Cartier's Relations are devoid of any reference to such an experience. See Trudel, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, vol. 1, 1966, p. 58-60. Baron de La Chapelle, « Jean Le Veneur et le Canada », Nova Francia, vol. 6, 1931, pp. 341–343, quoting a genealogical work made in 1723 for the Le Veneur family. After his final trip, he said he would never search again. Tracy, Frank Basil (1908). The Tercentenary History of Canada. New York, Toronto: P.F. Collier & Sons. "A History of Vermont". Mocavo.com. 1903. p. 1. Seed, Patricia (1995). Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World: 1492-1640. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. Some accounts make this captain to be Donnacona himself, the ruler at Stadacona, e.g. the Canadian Encyclopedia, but this does not seem possible from Cartier's firsthand accounts. Other sources show that Donnacona let his sons go willingly, along with some corn. the World Book Online Encyclopedia This tertiary source reuses information from other sources but does not name them. Trudel, Marcel (1979) [1966]. "Cartier, Jacques". In Brown, George Williams (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography. I (1000–1700) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. "Jacques Cartier's Voyages". Chronicles of America. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. Carta del curso del río de San Lorenzo desde su desembocadura hasta el lago de Golesme. Bibliotecadigital.rah.es Ebberts, Derek (March 9, 2015). "To Brew or Not to Brew: A Brief History of Beer in Canada". Manitoba Historical Society. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved January 28, 2017. Jacques Cartier and his crew could well have died from scurvy had they not been shown how to make this brew "Jacques Cartier". Eindhoven University. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010.[permanent dead link] Biggar, H.P. (1924) The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Ottawa: Publications of the Public Archives of Canada. No. 11. p. 204 Hildreth, Richard (1871). The History of the United States of America. 1. p. 46. "Jacques Cartier, Short Biography (w/timeline)". Elizabethan Era. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. "Cartier's Third Voyage to Canada, 1541–1542". American Journeys. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. "Jacques Cartier's Third Voyage – 1541, Settlement of Charlesbourg-Royal". Simpson Shack. 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2010. "Parks Canada — Cartier-Brébeuf National Historic Site of Canada — Natural Wonders & Cultural Treasures — Jacques Cartier, Explorer and Navigator". Pc.gc.ca. July 15, 2009. Archived from the original on March 2, 2007. Retrieved March 13, 2010. Walford, Cornelius (1874). The insurance cyclopeadia. McMullen, J.M. (1855) The History of Canada: From Its First Discovery to the Present Time. C. W., J. M'Mullen (no copyright in the United States), p. 7. No ISBN. "Pottery shard unearths North America's first French settlement". canada.com. August 22, 2006. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010. "Long-lost Jacques Cartier settlement rediscovered at Quebec City". canada.com. August 19, 2006. Archived from the original on August 25, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2010. muse-Jacques-cartier.fr: "The memory of Jacques Cartier" ameriquefrancaise.org: article on "Jacques Cartier" "Montreal Neighborhoods: St Henri - Monuments Archived August 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Joseph-Arthur Vincent - Monument à Jacques Cartier - 1893" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine shutterstock.com: "Stock Photo: Gaspe, Quebec, Canada - September 18, 2009 : cast iron sculptures symbolize the scenes of the historic encounter between Jacques Cartier and Iroquois in July 1534" "pointeoharagaspe.ca: "Jacques-Cartier's Cross Monument"". Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016. begbiecontestsociety.org: "New France - La Nouvelle France" declaration.net: "the declaration of Conquerants" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Adrien Hébert - Jacques Cartier atterit à Hochelaga en 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Lucien Boudot, Fernand Cerceau - Jacques Cartier est reçu par le chef Agouhana" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Alfred Faniel - Jacques Cartier sur le sommet du mont Royal" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "habitantheritage.org: "Walter Baker - Compiled by Diane Wolford Sheppard"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 15, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2016. "collectionscanada.ca: "Jacques Cartier - W.H. Coverdale collection of Canadiana"". Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved October 27, 2016. traveltoeat.com: "Jacques Cartier, Verrazano and France in the New World" loc.gov: "Photos, Prints, Drawings - Jacques Cartier, his first interview with the Indians at Hochelaga now Montreal in 1535" artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Paul-Émile Borduas - Les voyages de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534 et 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine artpublic.ville.montreal.qc.ca: "Paul-Émile Borduas - Plan d'Hochelaga par Jacques Cartier en 1535" Archived October 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "What Howie Meeker and Atwood have in common". The Globe and Mail, November 18, 2005. "Album Review: A look back at The Tragically Hip's Fully Completely". postcity.com. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2015. Further reading Blashfield, Jean F (2002), Cartier: Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage, Compass Point Books, ISBN 0-7565-0122-9 Cartier, Jacques (1993). Ramsay Cook (ed.). The Voyages of Jacques Cartier. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5015-8. Greene, Meg (2004), Jacques Cartier: Navigating the St. Lawrence River, Rosen Central, ISBN 0-8239-3624-4 Guitard, Michèle (1984). Jacques Cartier in Canada. Ottawa: National Library of Canada. Text in English and in French, in parallel columns. ISBN 0-662-52832-8 Jacob, Yves (2000), Jacques Cartier (French version), Éditions l'Ancre de marine, ISBN 2-84141-145-1 Trudel, Marcel (1973). The Beginnings of New France, 1524–1663. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ASIN B000RQPTDK. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacques Cartier. Jacques Cartier at the Encyclopædia Britannica Works by Jacques Cartier at Project Gutenberg Works by or about Jacques Cartier at Internet Archive English translation of Cartier's accounts Jacques Cartier at Civilization.ca Watch a Heritage Minutes feature on Jacques Cartier Authority control Edit this at Wikidata BIBSYS: 90165117BNE: XX1238394BNF: cb12115432r (data)GND: 118668633ISNI: 0000 0001 2133 4905LCCN: n50080987NKC: uk2014840106NLI: 000413362NTA: 07132223XSNAC: w6s77ttqSUDOC: 029552257VIAF: 54179877WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 54179877 Categories: Explorers of CanadaFrench explorers1491 births1557 deaths16th-century French people16th century in Canada16th century in QuebecFrench Roman CatholicsPeople from Saint-MaloBreton peopleFrench exploration in the Age of DiscoveryPersons of National Historic Significance (Canada) Navigation menu Not logged inTalkContributionsCreate accountLog inArticleTalkReadView sourceView historySearch Search Wikipedia Main page Contents Featured content Current events Random article Donate to Wikipedia Wikipedia store Interaction Help About Wikipedia Community portal Recent changes Contact page Tools What links here Related changes Upload file Special pages Permanent link Page information Wikidata item Cite this page In other projects Wikimedia Commons Print/export Create a book Download as PDF Printable version

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1000 birds?
I am at a loss where this information is from. Wk99tfmd (talk) 06:29, 8 July 2020 (UTC)

Description of indigenous people
I take issue with this sentence: “the Iroquoians no longer made friendly visits or peddled fish and game, but prowled about in a sinister manner.” The idea that indigenous people were sinister or prowlers suggests that they were evil and criminal. The Iroquois or Haudenosaunee were a powerful people comprised of five nations, not evil prowlers on their own land. 9oclockgun (talk) 22:20, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

Why Donnacona told of Saguenay
Did Cartier take Donnacona to tell the king of the Kingdom of Saguenay so that Cartier may return on further voyages, or did Donnacona tell this so that he might be allowed to return to Canada as he was held in Europe unwillingly? The article tells the former but I have heard of the later explanation.  Nik ol ai h ☎️📖 21:28, 26 December 2021 (UTC)

Protected: why?
The article has St.Lawrence [sic] which can't be fixed. There are other clear minor problems. 142.205.202.71 (talk) 18:37, 13 December 2023 (UTC)


 * I've fixed that instance. Given that this page was indefinitely protected over a decade ago in 2012, you could probably request unprotection at WP:RFPP. ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 03:45, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 March 2024
Gyatt Gyatt Shimiya You Gyatt trolled — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.70.129.37 (talk) 15:41, 24 March 2024 (UTC)