Talk:James Hardy (surgeon)

Should Dr. Hardy get credit for first heart transplant? And I mean, Period, Full Stop.
from our only footnote --> http://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/21/us/james-d-hardy-84-dies-paved-way-for-transplants.html?pagewanted=1

" .  .  .  Dr. Hardy had been conducting transplant research in relative obscurity since 1955 and was ready to perform the first transplant of a human heart in 1964. But when the patient, Boyd Rush, 68, was admitted to the medical center on Jan. 23, 1964, no human heart was immediately available, so Dr. Hardy decided to use the heart of a chimpanzee.

"The newly transplanted heart beat on its own at first, but it was too small to maintain independent circulation and Mr. Rush died after 90 minutes. .  .  "


 * Yes, I'd say this is the first heart transplant. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 21:19, 3 November 2016 (UTC)

Getting references for date of first lung transplant: June 11, 1963
The University of Mississippi: Pioneers in Transplant, Thoracic Surgery, posted by K. Eckland, Aug. 2, 2011.


 * This source looks pretty good and seems to give a good overview, but it might be a hybrid between a professional publication and a wiki! FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:52, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

https://www.umc.edu/Education/Schools/Medicine/Clinical_Science/Surgery/Dr__James_D__Hardy.aspx An in-house publication of the University of Mississippi Medical Center, bio for Dr. Hardy and gives June 11th date.

Anesthesia for Transplant Surgery, Jayashree Sood, Vijay Vohra, New Delhi, London, Panama City, Philadelphia: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing, 2014.

We should include that first lung transplant recipient was a prisoner
Lung Transplantation: Principles and Practice, edited by Wickii T. Vigneswaran, Edward R. Garrity, Jr., John A. Odell, "Ch. 3 Ethical considerations in transplantation," Baddr A. Shaksheer, Sean C. Wightman, Savitri Fedson, Mark Siegler, CRC Press, 2015, page 23.

'On April 15, 1963, John Russell, a 58-year-old prisoner at the Mississippi State Penitentiary serving a life sentence for murder, was admitted to the University of Mississippi Medical Center with recurrent pneumonia unresponsive to antibiotics. He had squamous cell carcinoma of his left lung and was also suffering from emphysema and kidney disease. . .  .  .  In a five-paragraph section titled "The Moral Decision," Hardy stated, "Although the patient was serving a life sentence for a capital offense, there was no discussion with him regarding the possibility of a change in his prison sentence.  However, authorities of the state government were contacted privately, and they indicated that a very favorable attitude might be adopted if the patient were to contribute to human progress in this way." . .  .  '


 * And we should just include in straightforward fashion that the first recipient was a prisoner serving a life sentence for murder. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 19:09, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer.

Second Wind: Oral Histories of Lung Transplant Survivors, Mary Jo Festle, Palgrave MacMillan, 2012. " .  .  they also saw that the cancer had spread beyond the left lung.  Now it was certain that neither removing nor replacing the lung would save Russell for an extended life.  .  "

Additional references
Lung Homotransplantation in Man: Report of the Initial Case, JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), James D. Hardy, MD; Watts R. Webb, MD; Martin L. Dalton Jr., MD; George R. Walker Jr., MD, 1963;186(12):1065-1074  Dec. 21, 1963. See also Lung Transplantation in same issue.


 * A question, co-authors perhaps participated in surgery or surrounding medical treatment of Russell? FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:53, 16 November 2016 (UTC)

Medical Center marks 50th anniversary of momentous surgical achievement, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Bruce Coleman, May 13, 2013. ' .  .  Rowland Medical Library. . restored film in canister No. 97 opens with a demonstration of three different methods of performing kidney transplants. The coveted footage of Hardy’s initial lung transplant follows – in vivid color. . '

' .  .  Dr. Martin McMullan, professor of surgery, special advisor to the vice chancellor and a former resident of Hardy’s. . “The recovery room was serving as an ICU, and I would walk past the patient,” said McMullan, a surgical technician at the time. “I saw him smile from time to time. He had a tracheotomy. He was allowed to sit up at about a 45-degree angle in bed. . .  ”  .  .  '


 * a different kind of reference and well worth including in our article. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 17:11, 8 December 2016 (UTC)

Broken links
http://orig.clarionledger.com/news/0302/21/m01.html


 * demoted from main page. If you can find it, be one guess.  I've tried.  FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 21:49, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

Additional references for heart transplant
Health-care innovator Joyce Caracci squeezes most from life, careers, University of Mississippi Medical Center, April 16, 2015. This is a human interest piece about two nurses, Joyce Caracci and Ruby Winters, who were involved in the 1964 heart transplant into Boyd Rush.


 * This is some great history, even though it's not particularly medical. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 22:41, 20 December 2016 (UTC)


 * and stating Boyd Rush lived only 90 minutes with transplant. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 20:17, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

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Hearts: Of Surgeons and Transplants, Miracles and Disasters Along the Cardiac Frontier, Thomas Thompson, McCall Publishing, 1971.

' [James Hardy speaking]. . .  I used to ask lay audiences, if they were dying, how many would agree to a kidney transplant to save their life, and a large number would raise their hands. I then asked how many would accept a liver transplant, and a smaller number went up. When I moved to the heart, nobody raised their hand. Nobody. . .  '


 * From religion, poetry, lore and legend, figures of speech and everything else, the heart was considered the seat of the soul, and not just a simple pump. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:28, 11 January 2017 (UTC)

1964 heart transplant, the ethics may have been lousy
Rush's sister Mrs. J.H. Thompson signed a consent form which stated, "I agree to the insertion of a suitable heart transplant if such should be available at the time. I further understand that hundreds of heart transplants have been performed in laboratories throughout the world but that any heart transplant would represent the initial transplant in man."


 * Every Second Counts, McRae, page 124.

The consent form did not include the possibility that a chimpanzee heart may be used. Hardy later stated that he had verbally discussed the procedure in detail with relatives, although there was only the one relative. [and in all honesty, I'm sure James Hardy talked with a bunch of families in a bunch of different contexts. He may have put the right memory in the wrong context. It happens.]


 * Xenotransplantation: Law and Ethics, Sheila McLean, Laura Williamson, University of Glasgow, UK, Ashgate, 2005, page 50.

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The one relative they could find may not have been asked, Hey, we're thinking about using a heart from a chimpanzee. What do you think of that? FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 19:07, 4 January 2017 (UTC)


 * Hastings Cent Rep. 1985 Feb;15(1):15-7. Baby Fae: the "anything goes" school of human experimentation. Annas GJ.

Another potential source FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 19:16, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

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A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, David K. C. Cooper MD, PhD, 2012 Jan; 25(1): 49–57.

' .  .  .  It is of interest to note that the consent form for Hardy's operation—which, in view of the patient's semicomatose condition, was signed by a close relative—stipulated that no heart transplant had ever been performed, but made no mention of the fact that an animal heart might be used for the procedure. Such was the medicolegal situation at that time that this “informed” consent was not considered in any way inadequate. . .  '


 * and another source, which should be plenty for time being. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 00:09, 5 January 2017 (UTC)

Mrs. J.H. Thompson was Boyd Rush's sister or stepsister?
McRae's book says sister (page 126)

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 * Xenotransplantation: Law and Ethics, Sheila McLean, Laura Williamson, University of Glasgow, UK, Ashgate Publishing, 2005, page 50.

Xenotransplantation says stepsister.


 * Intervention and Reflection: Basic Issues in Bioethics, Concise Edition Ronald Munson, Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2014.

Also says stepsister.

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And I seem to remember more sources saying stepsister. May seem like a small detail. But we're an encyclopedia and it's important to get these details right. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:30, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

Dr. Keith Reemtsma (and transplant of chimp kidneys) as inspiration for Hardy.
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/nyregion/keith-reemtsma-74-pioneer-in-medical-transplants-dies.html


 * a solid obituary of Reemtsma, but no mention of his influence on Hardy. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 20:07, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

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Baby Fae Case Leaves Tremors, Washington Post, Christine Russell, Boyce Rensberger, Nov. 17, 1984.

" .  .  .  As far back as 1963, Reemtsma transplanted chimpanzee kidneys into six human patients in New Orleans. In the most successful case, the patient lived nine months.

"Reemtsma said yesterday he tried the procedure because many patients were suffering potentially fatal kidney failure, and human organs were not yet available. Kidney dialysis, using the artificial kidney, had not yet been developed.

"Shortly afterward, James Hardy, a surgeon from Jackson, Miss., who had been impressed with Reemtsma's success, implanted a chimpanzee's heart in a man. .  .  "

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A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, David K. C. Cooper MD, PhD, 2012 Jan; 25(1): 49–57.

"James Hardy (Figure ​(Figure 8), who had carried out the first human lung allotransplant in 1963, visited Reemtsma and was impressed by the health of some of the patients with chimpanzee kidney transplants. In 1964, Hardy was determined to carry out the first clinical heart transplantation and decided to acquire some chimpanzees as potential “donors” in case he could not identify a deceased human donor. .  .  "


 * Have included these last two references in our article. On this topic, the flow of scientific influence, we perhaps could use a couple of additional references.  Please jump in and help if the topic interests you!  :-)   FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:49, 25 January 2017 (UTC)

MAJOR CHANGE. Enough references to say Hardy performed first human heart transplant.
Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case, JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association), James D. Hardy, MD; Carlos M. Chavez, MD; Fred D. Kurrus, MD; William A. Neely, MD; Sadan Eraslan, MD; M. Don Turner, PhD; Leonard W. Fabian, MD; Thaddeus D. Labecki, MD; 188(13): 1132-1140; June 29, 1964.

A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, David K. C. Cooper MD, PhD, 2012 Jan; 25(1): 49–57.

Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart, Donald McRae, G.P. Putnam Son's (Penguin Group), 2006, page 123.


 * Yes, it was a xenotranplant in which Hardy used a chimp's heart, but he still inserted a heart into the chest of a human being with the goal of extending this desperate ill patient's life. I think this counts as the first heart transplant. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 17:48, 18 January 2017 (UTC)

gearing up for separate Wiki entry on Boyd Rush

 * Yes, as the first human being to receive a heart transplant, Boyd Rush should definitely have his own Wikipedia entry. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 01:03, 2 May 2017 (UTC)

Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006, in Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling" pages 123-127.

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Strange But True, America: Weird Tales from All 50 States, John Hafnor, illustrated by Dale Crawford, Lone Pine Productions, 2009. page 64.

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Paving the way for transplant history, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jan. 27, 2014.
 * " .  .   Boyd Rush, a retired upholsterer in Hattiesburg.  .  "

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A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation, Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, David K. C. Cooper MD, PhD, 2012 Jan; 25(1): 49–57, section on "JAMES HARDY AND THE FIRST HEART XENOTRANSPLANT."

" .  .  .  a less-than-ideal patient who would not be accepted for heart transplantation today, as he had widespread atheromatous vascular disease throughout his body—for which he had undergone amputations of both legs—and was in a semicomatose state at the time the transplant was undertaken.  .  .  "

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James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants, Obituary, New York Times (Associated Press), Feb. 21, 2003.

' .  .  .  said Dr. William W. Turner Jr., chairman of the medical center's surgery department. What he [Hardy] was incredibly proud of was taking techniques that had been developed in the laboratory and extending them to humans.. . .  '

' .  .  .  But when the patient, Boyd Rush, 68, was admitted to the medical center on Jan. 23, 1964, no human heart was immediately available, so Dr. Hardy decided to use the heart of a chimpanzee.

'The newly transplanted heart beat on its own at first, but it was too small to maintain independent circulation and Mr. Rush died after 90 minutes. . .  '


 * And I want more than just McRae's book, as good as it is. FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 18:00, 12 April 2017 (UTC) And we now have more.  FriendlyRiverOtter (talk) 00:25, 5 May 2017 (UTC)