Talk:Julian calendar/Archive 3

Celsus and the Triennial Cycles: A Proposal
And a happy Mother's Day (it's different over here). I thought the indent rule was that each contributor's posts were aligned, so that on this thread Dr Bennett would be justified left, I would be on first tab and Gerry on second. If I am wrong no doubt Joe will put things right.

I take it from the last post that none of the people Dr Bennett wants to call as witnesses is alive. I therefore suggest the following wordings:

Motivation

The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of twelve months, for a total of 355 days. In addition, a 27 or 28 - day intercalary month, the mensis intercalaris, was sometimes inserted immediately after February 23, the last five days of February (a.d. VI Kal. Mart. to Prid. Kal. Mart.) becoming the last five days of the mensis intercalaris with the same names. The start of the mensis intercalaris was delayed by one day in 170BC to prevent certain festivals of March (then the first month of the year) falling on a market day. An alternative model, proposed by Mrs Agnes Kirsopp Michels in 1967, is not now regarded as viable. The decision to insert the intercalary month, etc.

Leap year error

...In 1999, an Egyptian papyrus was published that gives an ephemeris table for 24BC with both Roman and Egyptian dates. The Roman dates are not aligned with any of these solutions - they are aligned with the Julian calendar as it would have been if it had been operated corrrectly.(note 8). One suggested resolution of the problem is that the triennial cycle never found favour in Egypt.

I don't follow Dr Bennett's reasoning on the fifth triennial cycle. If you apply it to my table Talk:Julian calendar/Archive 2, by 24BC 1 Thoth (wandering) is falling on August 27, but on the true Julian calendar it is falling on August 29 (the same day as in the fixed Alexandrian calendar). Vote (X) for Change (talk) 16:32, 7 March 2010 (UTC)


 * Thank you for confirming beyond doubt that you are our hydra-headed IP friend the Intercalary Fool engaged in yet another strategy for block evasion. Since WP does encourage blocked IP users to take a User ID (something I tried to get you to do 2 years ago), you get one free pass.  And only one.


 * Re your first point: It hardly matters whether any of the scholars I listed are dead or alive (though FYI some are very much alive -- and if that's your standard Ideler, de Sanctis and even Bickerman have been deader for far longer).  The fact is that Michels' reconstruction is the standard view of modern scholarship, and the cited work of these scholars is irrefutable evidence of it.  The reasons for this have been repeatedly explained to you over two years.  Further, you have been repeatedly challenged (a) to read Michels' book and (b) to provide any evidence at all of widely accepted refutations of her reconstruction (or indeed any published refutation by a reputable scholar), and you have repeatedly ignored this.  Without such evidence, there is no reason at all even to consider your suggested edit, which anyway does not belong in this article.


 * Re your second point: you are now arguing about whether the observation of a match to the proleptic Julian calendar belongs in the body of the text or a footnote.  Since the subject of the section is the triennial cycle, the main point is to explain why an alternate triennial cycle was suggested, so this text clearly belongs in a footnote.  If you really need it to be in the main text, please provide a justification for placing it there which amounts to something other than you don't think my reconstruction can be right, apparently because you don't like me.


 * Your other suggestion here, that the triennial cycle "never" found favour in Egypt, is entirely your own speculation. Jones' proposal to explain the Egyptian data is that the correct Julian calendar was in place in 24 B.C. but had been replaced by the Roman calendar sometime before 2 B.C.


 * As to how my triennial cycle works please see the Excel spreadsheet on my site at (HTML version at ).


 * As I said, this is your one free pass as far as I am concerned. If you start engaging in serious discussion we can discuss.  If you carry on as you have done, and as I fully expect you to do, I will be reverting you in both the article and this talk page for block evasion, and I trust others will too. --Chris Bennett (talk) 19:13, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

New calendar (Eastern churches)
There is still time to vote on the proposed change of name for this article. Please cast your ballot at Talk:Revised Julian calendar. Vote (X) for Change (talk) 16:32, 7 March 2010 (UTC)

What's the difference?
I just read a lot of this article but I still don't understand what the difference is between the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar. It sounds like they have the same number of days, the same number of months, the same names for the months and even the same arrangement for leap years. What's actually different? It would be best if this could be clearly summarised in the introduction to the article. (Huey45 (talk) 14:01, 2 July 2010 (UTC))


 * The only difference is that three leap days are omitted every 400 years in the Gregorian calendar. This is explained in the introduction to the Gregorian calendar article, which is the more appropriate place.  This introduction does link to that article in the second paragraph.  --Chris Bennett (talk) 14:13, 2 July 2010 (UTC)


 * Since we keep getting complaints about this (see the last one today), perhaps we need a differentiation in both articles. I'll put a bit in, if you don't mind. S  B Harris 23:47, 15 October 2010 (UTC)


 * As a pedantic point, let me say that another difference between the two calendars is the way that the date of Easter is calculated, i.e., the Computus. Rwflammang (talk) 20:22, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Fence post error?
IanOfNorwich suggests that the triennial leap year cycle described by Macrobius is an example of a fence post error. I haven't come across the term before, but I don't think this is correct, given the description pointed to. In essence, the distance between the fence posts was misunderstood, not the number of fence posts or the number of intervals between them.

What is an example of a fence post error, as described, is the inference that people draw from Macrobius' statement that the triennial cycle lasted for 36 years. Scaliger inferred 12 leap years from this, but Mommsen inferred 13. One of these numbers is due to a fence post error.

--Chris Bennett (talk) 20:26, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

Well, it probably depends on how you view it. As I understand it, initially, a leap year was held every 3 years rather than 4, as had been intended and that this was due to a misunderstanding between the number of years between leap years (3) and the period of leap years (4). In which case by analogy 3 is the number of fence panels and 4 the number of fence posts.

The example you cite is indeed a good example of a fence post error (and Mommsen's inference almost certainly the correct one). I see how you could choose to exclude from the definition of a fence post error situations where the panel width is 1 but I see no reason to do so. In any case it's certainly not content essential to the article, but I thought an interesting link between normally unconnected topics. IanOfNorwich (talk) 17:34, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

Is it possible to simplify the text?
This has to be one of the most difficult articles I've read on Wikipedia. Is there any way to simplify it through a summary? Or a series of short summaries, one in each section? The contributors evidently know a great deal about this subject but like the poster above, I have read this article a couple times and having only a passing interest in the topic, my curiosity is not satisfied as there is too much detail to read through.

I would suggest that this article is uninviting to the average Wikipedia user and that it would benefit from a structural edit to make it more approachable.

For example, starting with a simple comparison of the Julian calendar and the Gregorian calendar most (English-speaking) users will be familiar with would help to set the scene. Then some history about its development and use would give the historical context. Finally, the bulk of the article could address the detail of the Julian calendar. Casual viewers would then have a quick high-level view of the topic, while those in need of detail can still obtain what they seek. Nick in syd (talk) 22:22, 15 October 2010 (UTC)


 * I've added a bit to the intro. Is this okay, now? S  B Harris 00:22, 16 October 2010 (UTC)


 * I still feel it could do with simplifying. Some of the sentences have many sub-clauses, and would be more approachable if they were split into discrete sentences. For example:
 * The Julian calendar was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC as a reform of the Roman calendar. It came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year (known at least since Hipparchus).
 * The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months with a leap day added to February every four years. The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long.
 * The more modern Gregorian calendar eventually superseded the Julian calendar: a tropical year (or solar year), which determines the cycle of seasons, is actually about 11 minutes shorter than 365.25 days. These extra 11 minutes per year in the Julian calendar caused it to gain about three days every four centuries when compared to the observed equinox times and the seasons. In the Gregorian calendar system, first proposed in the 16th century, this problem was dealt with by dropping some calendar days in order to realign the calendar and the equinox times. Consequently, the Gregorian calendar drops three leap year days across every four centuries. See Gregorian calendar for the details of how this is now done.
 * Does this example show what I mean?  Nick in syd (talk) 09:42, 22 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Suits me. I've just used your text for the first part of the lede, with links added. I left the last two paragraphs in, since if the reader is satisfied at the end of your lede, he/she can just stop. And the present lede is not too long. So there we are. Go out and work on more ledes: you're an excellent minimalist writer, and this project doesn't have enough people like you. S  B Harris 22:26, 25 November 2010 (UTC)

Error in Dating
The article seems to make the claim that Julius Caesar introduced the Julian calendar one year before it was put into force. The Gregorian calendar article says that the Julian calendar was introduced and put into force in the same year. Could somebody correct this (as the article is locked)? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.151.63.144 (talk) 03:30, 26 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I can't find the bit in the Gregorian calendar article that you're referring to. Could you be more specific? S  B Harris 04:30, 26 December 2010 (UTC)


 * It was in Gregorian calendar. I removed "introduced" from both articles as imprecise and misleading, and replaced it with "began in 45 BC", although even that is somewhat misleading because the quadrennial Julian calendar did not begin until AD 4 or 8 after 45 years or so of erroneous leap years. — Joe Kress (talk) 09:56, 26 December 2010 (UTC)


 * To me, it referred to Caesar's decree which "introduced" the reform in 46, and the use of the word was incorrect in the Gregorian calendar article. And actually the first step in the reform -- the two extraordinary intercalary months between November and December which realigned the year -- did take place in 46.  Not a big deal -- it's only the lede, and the calendar itself did not begin operating till 45 (even if it was operated incorrectly at first).  --Chris Bennett (talk) 19:37, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Edits by Xact
User:Xact made some edits which contain at least one controversial point, some unclear wording, and some poor word choices or grammar. Two point in particular:
 * 1) The phrase "during reign of Pope Gregory XIII" was added; if this is relevant, it would be better to state that Gregory XIII ordered the use of the calendar by those subject to him, rather than just say it was proposed during his regn.
 * 2) "The Holy See of the Roman Catholic Church, which holds the key to the calendar" is debatable. If some other calendar were adopted by most of the civil authorities, it is not at all clear the Holy See could maintain the use of the Gregorian calendar. Conversely, if the Holy See were to make a unilateral change to the calendar, it is highly unlikely the new version would attain the level of acceptance that the Gregorian calendar has. Jc3s5h (talk) 23:07, 6 February 2011 (UTC)

In need of Rewrite
This article is incomprehensible enough to deserve a reconsideration of how it's structured.

By way of my reading level, I'm degreed in Physics, studied plenty of history, worked as an engineer. I can't find the meat of the subject in this article.

Without delving too deeply, it seems the problem is in not explaining how the Julian calendar actually worked (which is what I wanted to know). History overwhelms the article and yet the history is not followable without a prior understanding of the main points of how the calendar works.

My 2 cents. --Ej0c (talk) 13:55, 14 March 2011 (UTC)


 * So go for it! --Chris Bennett (talk) 15:50, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from Damienpryan1, 19 August 2011
"The Julian months were formed by adding ten days to a regular pre-Julian Roman year of 355 days, creating a regular Julian year of 365 days: Two extra days were added to Ianuarius,[3] Sextilis (Augustus) and December, and one extra day was added to Aprilis, Iunius, September and November, setting the lengths of the months to the values they still hold today."

Technically speaking the abvoe isn't true as later on Augustus Caesar took a day from Feburary and added it to Augustus. Also Augustus wouldn't have been knonw by that name yet.

Damienpryan1 (talk) 05:34, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please be more specific about what needs to be changed. Topher385 (talk) 09:58, 19 August 2011 (UTC)
 * I think he's complaining about the "setting the lengths of the months to the values they still hold today.", when the short length of February hasn't (obviously) been explained by the previous parts of the sentence. However, February has always had 28 days since long before Julius, and Octavian had nothing to do with that. So this needs to be noted (see the Julian calendar in this very article). Yes, the month Sextilis wasn't named Augustus (after Augustus) until 8 B.C., but Augustus didn't change its length, which had been 31 days since Julius Caesar and stayed that length. I've added a "see below" bit to the above sentence, but we could also move the "length myth debunk" section to just after this one, if it seems that more readers will have the same problem as the one above. S  B Harris 22:18, 19 August 2011 (UTC)


 * I'm not objecting to this but it does seem to me that the before and after 45 BC columns of the "Table of Months" immediately after the introduction illustrate the point rather clearly. Maybe this description should be moved from its currently location to immediately before or after the table, since it is the core of the reform?  --Chris Bennett (talk) 01:41, 20 August 2011 (UTC)

Edit request on 21 December 2011
I want to add an external link to a menu page that is located at my home page. The links of the menu page are linking to web pages with weekday calculations in the Julian Calendar.

URL to my menu page: http://www.g-holbeck.com/english/tid/veckodagar

Link label: Calculation of weekday in the Julian Calender

Sources: Swedish book with title "Almanacka foer 500 aar" by Karl-Gustav Segland. Released in year 1984. Eilert Backman's Website, URL = http://web.comhem.se/~u12597836/index.htm

Göran Holbeck (talk) 15:14, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Not done:


 * There are at least three problems with this request:


 * (1) The objections that Qwyrxian raised when you tried to add the same link to Week in November 2010 still apply, and they are equally valid here and in 45 BC.


 * (2) The description of years in your second Julian table is wrong. 45 BC is not the same year as -45.  See Astronomical year numbering.  If your calculator is based on this assumption the results cannot be correct for BC years.


 * (3) This table assumes that one particular model of the triennial leap year cycle is correct, but there are others in the literature. See the discussion in this article in the section Leap year error


 * For these reasons I am also reverting the link you added to the same pages in 45 BC. --Chris Bennett (talk) 23:03, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Edit request for "Motivation"
The last sentence references Pliny the Elder when claiming that the equinoxes and solstices were set to viii kal. of their respective months. However, the cited text of The Natural History only gives a calendar date for the winter solstice, December 25. Rather, extrapolating from the number of days he claims pass between these events, the summer solstice and autumnal equinox would instead be (roughly) June 27 and September 28, respectively. The March 25 date for the vernal equinox would be the same, but is not mentioned explicitly.

With that being said, Samuel Butcher's The Ecclesiastical Calendar (available through Google Books) also gives the viii kal. dates on page 16, but it is unclear where the author gets this information. (The book's primary source is the writings of Clavius, but I can't read Latin to verify.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.221.191.200 (talk) 15:31, 22 December 2011 (UTC) Done --Chris Bennett (talk) 21:10, 22 December 2011 (UTC)

Sacrobosco's theory on month lengths
As for me, it is necessary to add more references to the section "Sacrobosco's theory on month lengths". Now only two articles refuting the theory are cited: the first one is very old (of 1919), and the second one refutes the theory only because 31 August is present in one place of one table. For many people it is natural to think that these two articles may contain mistakes, since the Sacrobosco's theory is really very widespread and appears in some very reliable sources (for example, the Great Soviet Encyclopaedia). And as for now I am also not sure that this information from Wikipedia is true. --D.M. from Ukraine (talk) 22:39, 24 March 2012 (UTC)


 * The article lists plenty of evidence -- the descriptions of the Julian reform by Macrobius and Censorinus, the internal structures of several months, a surviving pre-Julian calendar, and three contemporary documents from the period 45-8 BC which conflict with Sacrobosco's theory of how the calendar operated in those years. Are you asking for source citations for each of these items? Or is it not clear that they disprove Sacrobosco's theory?  Your comment seems to imply that you think this evidence is of no value, yet surely a date of 31 August at a time when August supposedly had only 30 days, or a February with only 28 days at a time it supposedly had 29, are pretty clear indications of a problem?  --Chris Bennett (talk) 05:11, 25 March 2012 (UTC)


 * I'd like to see more sources in the section. Unfortunately, I cannot spend a lot of time to analyze this question. Maybe, there are many proper citations refuting the theory in other sections (other than "Sacrobosco's theory on month lengths"). Then, as for me, it would be better to cite some sources once again in the section "Sacrobosco's theory on month lengths" or to write something like "according to the information given in the section...". --D.M. from Ukraine (talk) 16:23, 25 March 2012 (UTC)


 * I've added explicit source citations for each of the items of evidence listed in the article. Is that what you are looking for?  Unfortunately, except for Censorinus, the citations that were not already there are only publicly available on the web in Latin (though the relevant pieces of Macrobius and Censorinus are translated in Lamont's article), and Degrassi's publication and discussion of the Fasti Caeretani, which is also in Latin, is not available on the web.


 * I've also repositioned the citation to Lamont's 1919 article slightly to make it clear that the unique value of this article is that it traces the theory back to Sacrobosco, although his arguments against it are all perfectly valid. According to Pederson's 1985 survey of Sacrobosco's work there is no modern edition of his De anni ratione, and I haven't found one published since 1985, so Lamont is probably as good as we can get.  Personally, I suspect that Sacrobosco didn't make this up, at least not entirely, but got it from some Greek source, directly or indirectly, since the pre-Julian calendar he describes is an ordinary Greek lunar calendar, but I can't prove it.  --Chris Bennett (talk) 22:46, 25 March 2012 (UTC)


 * OK, thank you. Now it looks much better. --D.M. from Ukraine (talk) 16:10, 27 March 2012 (UTC)

Hostility to southern hemisphere residents
Mr. Bennett's reversion of HTML2011's introduction of neutral language concerning the equinoxes indicate a lack of consideration for the mental gymnastics residents of the southern hemisphere must go through while reading articles like this. These readers may not have grown up in a culture where the connection Julian - Julius Caesar - Rome - northern hemisphere is second nature. Further, while trying to mentally picture the relationship of solar system objects, having to remember the article is using the opposite seasonal terminology than what is natural for the reader adds one more challenge to a task that is undoubtedly difficult for some readers. Finally, this article will not be of interest only to astronomers, so any association that astronomers might have between "vernal equinox" and "northward equinox" is not applicable to the readership of this article. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:30, 8 April 2012 (UTC)


 * As one who was actually educated in the southern hemisphere I could find it very easy to resent your insinuation that education in that part of the world is so defective as not to cover the elementary fact that the seasons in the two hemispheres are of opposite polarity. It was drummed into us every Christmas!  My own experience is entirely the opposite: once, having explained that I grew up in Australia I was, in all seriousness, asked by an American how I dealt with the heat, which must be extreme because Australia is so far south of the equator.


 * Your argument that the terms "northward" and "southward" should be used so as not to confuse or belittle WP's poor benighted southern hemisphere readers is the same kind of political correctness one reads too much of in BC/AD vs BCE/CE debates. This argument distracts mightily from the real issue at hand: how does the choice of terminology clarify the text under review?  Context is all important.  I don't doubt that in certain technical astronomical contexts it is appropriate to use the "northward"/"southward" terminology to avoid ambiguity.  But it is not in this context.


 * The terms used should be both familiar and appropriate. "Vernal equinox" and "winter solstice" are certainly more familiar in ordinary English usage than "northward equinox" and "southward solstice". The context is a historical one, not an astronomical one.  The terms are appropriate for that context.  Vernal equinox is correct because it is associated with the Annunciation.  Winter solstice is appropriate because the Anglo-Saxons celebrated the fact that the midpoint of winter had been reached and the days would now become longer.


 * I also point out that the "vernal equinox" reference was already linked to an article on the equinox which explained the technical astronomical details, so the reader of this article who really did not understand what is meant could easily find out. The mention of the "winter solstice" was not so linked, but it would be very reasonable to add such a link.  These links are all that is needed for the purposes of this article.


 * I hope that you will accept that this minor emendation is all that this article needs to resolve this question.

--Chris Bennett (talk) 02:54, 9 April 2012 (UTC)


 * I am not too concerned with Australian readers, due to their cultural links to Europe, which will probably make the meaning apparent. I am more concerned with southern hemisphere readers with little cultural association with Europe, such as some countries in Africa. "Northward equinox" is not very familiar, so I would go along with the terms "March equinox" and "December solstice". Jc3s5h (talk) 14:41, 9 April 2012 (UTC)


 * Looking into the history of this it appears that the mention of the vernal equinox was added by Piledhigheranddeeper about a year ago. While I think it's harmless, it doesn't actually add anything to the explanation of why 25 March was a New Year's Day -- the reason was that that was believed to be the date of the Incarnation, not that it was an approximation to the vernal equinox.  I am perfectly happy to return to the previous text:  However, most of those countries began their numbered year on 25 December (the Nativity of Jesus), 25 March (the Incarnation of Jesus), or even Easter, as in France.


 * I added the statement about the winter solstice recently as part of a brief outline of the changes in New Year in England. In this case it is an essential part of the explanation of why 25 December was a common New Year's Day in Anglo-Saxon England: it was a near-direct transference of the pagan New Year, which was marked by the winter solstice. Since the seasonal association is the point, I cannot agree to replace "winter" by "December", because that obscures the point. ("Southward" is even worse, not just because it is arcane, but because it is a convention that makes the reference point the summer solstice of whatever hemisphere is identified by the direction.)  Moreover, explaining that 25 December was the "December" solstice is bad style -- it looks tautologous.


 * Some stats for you. This table gives the number of articles in the NASA/Harvard Astrophysics database using various terms describing equinoxes and solstices.  (Their search engine treats terms of the form [ ] as equivalent.)


 * Clearly the dominant convention used by professional astronomers is seasonal. Month-based terminology is about half as common, and "northward"/"southward" isn't even in the running.  I don't see why WP should be different.


 * So: second proposal:  (a) strike the mention of "vernal equinox" and (b) wikify the mention of "winter solstice". --Chris Bennett (talk) 19:12, 9 April 2012 (UTC)


 * I agree that the equinox seems irrelevant to the start of annunciation-style start of year, and could be stricken.
 * The first mention of the winter solstice is in the phrase "when Pliny dated the winter solstice to 25 December" and is acceptable since "December" and "solstice" are in close proximity, and that mention of solstice could be wikified.
 * Later, in the phrase "In Anglo-Saxon England, the year most commonly began on 25 December, which, as the Southern solstice" I could go along with "winter solstice" since the sentence makes it clear that both the northern hemisphere and December are intended.


 * In general, I wouldn't put too much weight on astronomical usage in an article aimed at a more general audience. Sure, don't contradict astronomical usage, but astronomers deal with a frightful array of reference systems, and seem accustomed to twisting and turning from one system to another in ways that will leave a normal person dizzy. So when used in isolation, I would still prefer month-based names to season-based names. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:53, 9 April 2012 (UTC)


 * I read this as agreement to (1) "vernal equinox" being struck (2) "Southern solstice" => "winter solstice", as before, and have implemented it. Additionally (3) I have wikified "winter solstice" on both mentions, since they are quite widely separated and the second was already wikified when "southern" was introduced.  -- Chris Bennett (talk) 20:14, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 26 April 2012
I notice "have also replaced it by the Gregorian calendar".

Usually, I'd see "with" instead of "by"; please consider making that change here.

128.63.16.82 (talk) 17:54, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Done Either usage is acceptable. --Chris Bennett (talk) 22:09, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 26 April 2012
I find:

"Since 2000 was a leap year according to the Gregorian calendar, the Julian calendar remained in step with it:"

I suggest some rewording; try this: "Since 2000 was a leap year according to both the Julian and the Gregorian calendars, the difference of 13 stayed the same:"

The idea is to remove "remained in step with it" because the Julian calendar is 13 days OUT OF STEP with the Gregorian (until during the year 2100, when the difference increases to 14 days).

Done I worded it slightly differently but I agree with your point. --Chris Bennett (talk) 22:09, 26 April 2012 (UTC)

Edit request on 27 April 2012
In reference to the current 13-day difference between Julian & Gregorian calendars, I find:

"This difference will persist through the last day of February, 2100 (Julian),"

Try "Gregorian" in place of "JuliAan" in parentheses in the string I just quoted. Notice that the calendar would have:

15 Feb. 2100 (Julian) is 28 FebA. 2100 (Gregorian) -- 13 day difference

16 Feb. 2100 (Julian) is 1 March 2100 (Gregorian) -- 14 day difference because the Julian calendar will have to include Feb. 29 and the Gregorian calendar will have just skipped it.

128.63.16.82 (talk) 14:49, 27 April 2012 (UTC)

Done Good catch --Chris Bennett (talk) 19:38, 27 April 2012 (UTC)


 * I agree that this change is necessary. However, two parts of the paragraph are still problematic.


 * The first is: "Thus, in the year 1700 the difference increased to 11 days after February 28 (Gregorian); in 1800, 12; and in 1900, 13." where "February 28 (Gregorian)" should be changed to "29 February (Julian)".


 * The second is: "Monday 1 March 2100 (Gregorian) falls on Monday 16 February 2100 (Julian), a full two-week discrepancy." This should be changed to "Monday 1 March 2100 (Julian) falls on Monday 15 March 2100 (Gregorian), a full two-week discrepancy."


 * Stating that the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars is a specific number of days implies that that difference is the same when going from Julian to Gregorian and from Gregorian to Julian. They should differ only in the sign of the number of days, in this case (after 1582), positive when going from Julian to Gregorian and negative when going from Gregorian to Julian. This is true as long as the number of days in corresponding months is the same in both calendars. But between 1 March (Gregorian) and 29 February (Julian), both inclusive, in 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc., a no man's land exists where the absolute value of the difference differs by one day depending on the direction (Julian to Gregorian vs Gregorian to Julian) and whether February is assumed to have 28 or 29 days.


 * These lines show the correspondence between Julian and Gregorian calendars in 2100:
 * G Feb 27  28   1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9  10  11  12  13  14  15  16 Mar
 * J Feb 14  15  16  17  18  19  20  21  22  23  24  25  26  27  28  29   1   2 Mar


 * The following two lines show the number of days counted naturally. That is, when going from Julian to Gregorian count toward the right (in the positive direction) on the Julian line with a February 29, but when going from Gregorian to Julian count toward the left (negative) on the Gregorian line without a February 29. In the latter case a February 29 (Julian) cannot be generated, here marked by X. Also note that in "no man's land" Julian to Gregorian is +14 days, but Gregorian to Julian is −13 days.
 * J>29>G +13 +13 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14 +14
 * G>28>J -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 -13 X -14 -14


 * The following two lines show the number of days counted unnaturally. That is, Julian to Gregorian without February 29, but Gregorian to Julian with February 29. Julian to Gregorian now has X, whereas the conversion days still differ, now +13 vs −14.
 * J>28>G +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 X +14 +14
 * G>29>J -13 -13 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14 -14


 * The variations in "no man's land" are beyond the scope of this article and should not be discussed. My suggested corrections avoid that discussion. — Joe Kress (talk) 08:44, 28 April 2012 (UTC)


 * Hmm.  AFAIK the usual convention is to account the difference as increasing on the single day where the date of 29 February (G) is dropped, which is what the current text describes [though it would be clearer to say "on 1 March (G)" than "after 28 February (G)"].   I see that the discussions at Gregorian calendar and Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars also account the difference as increasing on 1 March (G).


 * Your convention arrives at two different days for the increase, depending which calendar you are considering. This seems counter-intuitive and confusing, especially since you also end up with an indeterminate difference between the two calendars.  After all, the physical day X exists, and it has a real date in both calendars -- in your example February 29 (J) = 14 March (G).  This suggests a definitional problem to me.


 * Can you point to any reference that uses your convention for calculating differences? E.g. do Holford-Strevens & Blackburn have anything to say about this?  --Chris Bennett (talk) 18:31, 28 April 2012 (UTC)


 * Nautical Almanac Offices of the United Kingdom and the United States of America (1961) provide a table on 417. Although there is no blow-by-blow explanation of the difference column, one can infer that they always count off the days on a Gregorian calendar. The Gregorian date for Julian Feb. 29 in Gregorian common years is always listed explicitly, and the difference column for these dates is blank. I must say I find the other arguments in this section hard to follow, and would appreciate if Chris Bennett could supply a reliable source for "the usual convention". In view of Chris' interest in calendar matters, he might find the 1961 source a worthwhile purchase; it seems to be widely cited on the subject of Gregorian-Julian conversions, as well as listing dates when countries converted to the Gregorian calendar. Jc3s5h (talk) 18:18, 30 April 2012 (UTC).


 * OK, thanks for the citation. I don't have easy access to this and since my interest stems from an interest in ancient chronology, which standardises on the Julian calendar, I rarely have actual occasion to perform Gregorian/Julian conversions.  That being said, I assume from your description that the table you refer to is similar to the one you have generated in Talk:Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars?  If I saw this table without your interpretive discussion, I would not think it showed that the difference between the two calendars depends on which direction you are going.  Rather I would think it was illustrating that the effect of dropping the date of February 29 in the Gregorian calendar causes the difference between it and the Julian calendar to increase by a day from that point forward.  Joe's discussion above illustrates the theory you both describe more clearly and explicitly.


 * What I described as "the usual convention" = the way I have always understood it, not much different from my understanding that 2+2=4, so perhaps a little hyperbolic (I did say "AFAIK"). I don't understand your comment that it is "hard to follow".  It seems to me obvious and natural that the relationship between the calendars would change at the point where the Gregorian calendar omits a February 29 that exists only in the Julian calendar, and only at that point, since that is the sole difference in calendar structure.  To me, the convention you and Joe are describing is much harder to understand:  it is asymmetrical, it creates two transition points not one, and the second has an undefined state that has no obvious necessity or value.  But that's just my opinion.


 * On reliable sources: Since "there is no blow-by-blow explanation of the difference column", the Almanac is not explicit enough to qualify as a reliable source for the asymmetric convention.  Such a source would need to be something authoritative that actually works through all the complexities that Joe describes above, or close to it.  I don't have a source for the symmetric convention to hand -- until this discussion I was not aware that anyone thought of it any other way, or even that they could, and a quick pass through my own library isn't helpful.  For either convention, the source should be a book on calendars that works through the transition point in detail.  I suggested Blackburn & Holford-Strevens as one possibility, perhaps there are others.


 * This article is not the main discussion of the relationship between the two calendars. It's possible to read the current text in a way that is consistent with either convention, now that you have eliminated the "full two-week discrepancy" comment.  Hopefully we can keep this article out of the debate on that basis.


 * The places where the convention really needs to be settled are the Gregorian calendar and Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars discussions, both of which purport to go into detail. I see you and the IP editor are starting to revert each other's table in the Gregorian calendar discussion.  I suggest you hold off until a good RS is found.  I also note that that table is only showing a single value for the difference, and that your version is standardising on Julian 29 February as a sole transition point, with no mention of either Gregorian 1 March or asymmetric differences.  That does not accurately reflect the convention being proposed.  Also those two discussions should use the same convention.  They currently do not.  --Chris Bennett (talk) 02:38, 1 May 2012 (UTC)


 * Chris Bennett asked if Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars agrees with the 1961 explanatory supplement. Yes, I input it, and made it agree as closely as I could considering that Wikipedia does not support some of the odd typography used in that source.


 * As for an asymmetric algorithm, I didn't really follow Joe Kress' comments about that; I see nothing asymmetric about the method for using the table in the 1961 explanatory supplement.


 * The way I look at it, a date like "1 May 2012" is more like a name than a number, because dates advance in an irregular way that does not easily accommodate arithmetic. So the Julian and Gregorian calendars are essentially lists of names, not unlike the lists of Roman consuls who used to be used to name years. There are two different lists, because some of the February 29ths on the Julian list have been omitted from the Gregorian list. There are periods lasting about a century or two where the two lists are the same, but offset. For example, the lists are the same from 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800. So during these periods you can find the offset (11 days for our example) and count forward or back on the list to do calendar conversions (but all bets are off if you go off the end of the list).


 * If you want to come up with an algorithm that describes a date conversion where you would have to count past a 29 February on one list, but not the other, a thorough description of the algorithm should be provided and any offset that might be provided in a table must be calculated to harmonize with the algorithm. Jc3s5h (talk) 03:29, 1 May 2012 (UTC)


 * Perhaps I misunderstood your editorial comment "Could be 13 days or 14 days depending on whether you count off the days on a Gregorian or Julian calendar". This appeared to be exactly the asymmetry Joe described.  I understand his theory, but I seriously doubt that that is how the relationship between the two calendars from 1 March (G) to 29 February (J) is normally accounted in centennial years ≠ 0 (mod 400), and would like to see evidence of it before it gets incorporated into WP, in this article or any other.


 * I agree that anyone who wants to come up with a bidirectional computational algorithm (in the appropriate place) needs to describe it very carefully. FWIW I think the latest changes to the table in Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars has made things worse, not better.  But I would really prefer to keep out of this!  --Chris Bennett (talk) 17:48, 1 May 2012 (UTC)


 * I certainly have not though of every possible algorithm that lists a difference for every date range in the calendars, and has an algorithm that can convert any date. I don't know if such an algorithm must be asymmetric. The only thing I'm sure of is the calendar you count the days off on can't be the Gregorian calendar, because there would be no way to convert from, for example, March 13, 1900, Gregorian to February 29, 1900 Julian. I'm willing to consider this thread closed. Jc3s5h (talk) 18:55, 1 May 2012 (UTC)

Edit Request on 6 October 2012
Ewawer rewrote and reordered the introductory paragraphs a few days ago. He has a fair point that the introduction should say briefly where and how the Julian calendar was mainly used after it was introduced, but its use was not limited to Europe. Also, the rewrites are rather clumsy, and the reordering makes it seem as though it is more important to understand how the calendar is used by the Orthodox church than it is to understand the actual structure of the calendar, which doesn't seem right to me.

Since the article is permanently semi-protected, could someone look at this and do some editorial cleanup? I prefer the previous version. I think it only needs some minor tweaking to the first paragraph of that version to fix what seems to be the main point of Ewawer's change; perhaps that paragraph should be split into two. Something like:


 * The Julian calendar is a reform of the Roman calendar introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC (708 AUC). It took effect the following year, 45 BC (709 AUC), and was the principal civil calendar in Europe and in European colonies until it was replaced by the Gregorian calendar. It continued to be used as the civil calendar  in some countries into the 20th century.


 * The calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, as listed in Table of months. A leap day is added to February every four years. The Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long.

Thanks. --2602:304:7882:BE49:8CD7:1129:9F85:38BA (talk) 20:57, 6 October 2012 (UTC)

Month name questions & new year
I have a question. If 1 January was the first day of the year most of the past two millenia, why are the last 4 months of the 12 month year named "7, 8, 9, & 10?" (Septem, octem, novem, decem)

Also, I was told once that 1 April was called "April fools" because the calendar had changed new years from 1 April to 1 January, so those wishing you "Happy New Year" on 1 April were called "April fools." Any merit in this?

Dennis Dudley 24.223.136.40 (talk) 16:11, 7 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Blackburn and Holford-Strevens (see footnote 4 in the article for full details) on page 669 indicate that the legendary king Romulus is reputed to have created a ten month calendar, which would explain why, among the months named with Latin number-words, there are none higher than 10. But the historical records don't go back far enough to figure out the details. Jc3s5h (talk) 16:45, 7 November 2012 (UTC)
 * January and February initially were not months in the Romulus Calendar, which included 51 days not counted and not named during the winter. The new year then started on March and was terminated on December (the 10th month of the calendar).
 * New Year remained on March 1 even after the Numa calendar decided to shorten the 10 months, in order to create two full months in January and February, which were placed at the begining of the Calendar for one good reason: the last days of February (just before the important date of March 1) was a time for celebration or purification prior to this most important Kalends day. If January and February had been placed at end of the calendar, they would not be grouped with March 1 and would not match the Roman practice of counting of days backward to important dates (instead of foreward today.
 * So the Roman calendar since Numa places January and February at the begining of the CALENDAR, but at end of the YEAR. The YEAR unambiguously started on March 1 (and this was the date where new years could be named after the name of an emperor or consul : these years were counted foreward since March 1 in their year of accession to power). Even the backward counting in Roman tradition obeys the same rule: calendars were used FIRST to prepare the FUTURE, not preserving the PAST (so the importance given to prediction in paganism, completely opposed to Christianity desire to keep track of the past and notably for the birth of Jesus, meaning that backward counting on calendars was abolished at the same time as Christianity became the single rule in the old Roman Empire).
 * So effectively, January was the 11th month of the Roman year, and February the 12th, even if they appeared at start of the calendar since Numa and were not named in the Romulus calendar which still placed "Winter" at the begining of the calendar, only to prepare the FUTURE fests of March). In Christianity ONLY God knows the FUTURE. Christian humans have to keep track the PAST and must not resist to what will happen in the FUTURE (religious fests may be delayed, but must not occur in advance, so the Christian Easter is celebrated LATE, after the effective equinox).
 * The New Year shifted from March 1 to January 1 very late (many centuries after the adoption of the Julian calendar or even the Gregorian calendar), causing a change in how months were assigned to numbered years (before this occured, it was needed to define the epoch after the birth of Jesus, and this only happened in the Concile of Nicee during the 3rd century, when the Roman empire was converted to christinity and counting years from past rulers was abolished in favor of a single epoch, and when January was judged preferable to align the calendar and the year, or to align the christian festivities related to Jesus birth, Christmas and Epiphany, to the new Year in January, instead of the old paganist fests of the Kalends of March).
 * Note that Christian rulers decided to use the events related to Jesus christ birth in preference to the other celebrations of Spring (i.e. Easter). In some orthodox christian calendars the New Year is still celebrated on Easter or near the spring equinox on 21 March, even if their calendars are now counting January as their 1st month on their calendar (this means that their months in the same year are number in this order: 11,12,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, to match the month names !)
 * Some of these local orthodox calendars have abolished the old Paganist month names (January, February, March, April, May, June, named after Roman gods or godesses) and the names related to Roman emperors ("Julius"=July, "Augustus"=August) to use only names based on these month numbers (something similar to "Undecilis"/"Undecember"=January, "Duodecilis"/"Duodecember"=February, "Unilis"/"Unember"=March, "Duilis"/"Duember"=April, "Trilis"/"Triember"=May, "Quadrilis"/"Quadriember"=June, "Quintilis"/"Quintember"=July, "Sextilis"/"Sextember"=August), but this never succeeded, so the Roman Paganist and two Emperial names have survived.
 * (The Roman Catholic church in fact did not want to abolish the reference to the old Roman Empire, where Christianity was born, and that caused Christianity to spread throughout the Empire and the world, and survive up to today ; in fact many Christian events are related now to old Paganist fests, including Easter; the old Paganist gods and goddesses are forgotten and were no longer a threat to the Christinity of the Empire, but was a proof given to other countries with religions that they should also convert to Christinity and have some recognition of their festive traditions, compatible with Christinity ; so even today, God is named "Allah" for Christians speaking Arabic, or "Yeovah"/"Yaveh" for Christians speaking Hebrew).
 * Month names are not judged important in Christianity, only numbers on calendars have some spituality assigned to them (they are immutable and must occur in a fixed sequence without any hole or repetition – unlike the Jewish and Islamic calendars where some months may be repeated and have names more important than their numbers, even if Hebrews have kept some numerologic traditions from old paganist times, but only in their alphabet and not in their sacred calendar).
 * verdy_p (talk) 16:17, 14 December 2012 (UTC)

Utterly confusing copy
The second paragraph suggests the Roman, not the Julian, calendar was introduced by Caesar. Neither does it explicitly explain the name - ie, Julian after Julius. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.96.85.216 (talk) 13:46, 18 December 2012 (UTC)


 * I cant understand either. When does it start compared to the Gregorian calendar ? -45 BC, 1st of January ? is that right ?
 * Can the description be more simple ? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.254.145.42 (talk) 20:28, 8 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Unfortunately, it isn't just the article that's confusing, the actual situation is confusing too. The calendar went into effect on 1 January in the year we would call 46 45 BC (this could also be written &minus; 45 &minus;44, but it's wrong to write &minus;45 BC). However, the Romans didn't implement the leap year rule correctly for the first 40 or so years, so if you were to start at a date when the Julian calendar was implemented properly, say, 1 January 5 10, and apply the rules backward, we don't quite know what the first year the calendar in force would have been labeled; maybe 30 December 45 44 BC, maybe 3 January 46 45 BC, or something in between.


 * For the name of the first year the new calendar was in force, the Romans didn't use a number, they used the name of the consuls so it would have been the year of the consulship of Julius Caesar without colleague. Jc3s5h (talk) 23:11, 8 January 2015 (UTC) Corrected 18:40, 9 January 2015


 * There are a lot of misconceptions here.  The Roman calendar was introduced when Rome came into existence, in the eighth century BC.   The Julian calendar, imposed by Julius Caesar, came into effect on the Roman date 1 January 45BC, not 46BC as claimed by Jc3s5h.   To the Romans, that was the Roman calendar.   The Gregorian calendar doesn’t come into the mix because it wasn’t invented till 1582.   The Julian calendar wasn’t continuously operated from its introduction  because Caesar was assassinated in 44BC and the “bridge builders”, (the college of pontifices), who had charge of it messed it up.   It was not until 8BC that Caesar Augustus got a handle on it and instituted corrective measures to ensure that (eventually) it would run as if the foulup had never happened.   Jc3s5h further increases confusion by saying that it might have started not on 1 January but on 30 or 31 December or 2 or 3 January.   It would have been helpful if he could have said why he thinks that.


 * We know the history, because it was chronicled in contemporary sources – if you read Latin you can look it up in Solinus or Pliny or in English Censorinus or Macrobius.


 * Macrobius gives the following account of the introduction of the Julian calendar:

“Caesar’s regulation of the civil year to accord with his revised measurement was proclaimed publicly by edict, and the arrangement might have continued to stand had not the correction itself of the calendar led the priests to introduce a new error of their own; for they proceeded to insert the intercalary day, which represented the four quarter – days, at the beginning of each fourth year instead of at its end, although the intercalation ought to have been made at the end of each fourth year and before the  beginning of the fifth.

“This error continued for thirty – six years by which time twelve intercalary days had been inserted instead of the number actually due, namely nine. But when this error was at length recognised, it too was corrected, by an order of Augustus, that twelve years should be allowed to pass without an intercalary day, since the sequence of twelve such years would account for the three days which, in the course of thirty – six years, had been introduced by the premature actions of the priests.”

So

(1) the year was considered to begin after the Terminalia (23 February)

(2) the calendar was operated correctly from its introduction on 1 January 45BC until the beginning of the fourth year (February 42BC) at which point the priests inserted the first intercalation

(3) Caesar’s intention was to make the first intercalation at the beginning of the fifth year (February 41BC)

(4) the priests made a further eleven intercalations after 42BC at three – year intervals so that the twelfth intercalation fell in 9BC

(5) had Caesar’s intention been followed there would have been intercalations every four years after 41BC, so that the ninth intercalation would have been in 9BC

(6) after 9BC, there were twelve years without leap years, so that the leap days Caesar would have had in 5BC, 1BC and AD4 were omitted

(7) after AD4 the calendar was operated as Caesar intended, so that the next leap year was AD8 and then leap years followed every fourth year thereafter.

This is historically correct and the reason why people who continue to operate the Julian calendar place the leap day in years which divide by four without remainder. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 17:09, 9 January 2015 (UTC)


 * The table in the "Leap year error" section shows estimates from various scholars of when leap year errors were made and when Augustus corrected the errors. Some scholars think Augustus fully corrected the errors, and others think he under- or over-corrected. Thus, if we start from a date when the Julian calendar was working correctly (such as 1 January 10) and follow the leap year backward until the actual day when Romans really started to observe the Julian calendar (which they would have called "1 January"), the date we end up by counting backward could be 31 December, 1 January, or 2 January, depending on which scholar was right. Jc3s5h (talk) 18:31, 9 January 2015 (UTC)


 * If you look at that table, the only Julian starting dates mentioned are 31 December, 1 January and 2 January.  Right.   I queried 30 December and 3 January.   There's something about this in the penultimate thread - "First aligned date must be wrong."   The OP says Bennett's data must be wrong, and he is correct - there is a flaw in Bennett's argument.   I'll draft an amendment to the section to explain this. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 19:03, 9 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Whether Bennett is wrong or not is really a different topic from whether the article is confusing. I suggest any discussion about Bennet's argument be in a new section of the talk page. Also, I don't see where the OP says anything about Bennett; as far as I can tell the OP is User:2.96.85.216 and the date of the original post was 18 December 2012.


 * A further point is that the table in the "Leap year error" section cannot be thought of as a complete survey of all the scholars worth examining, because Wikipedia editors are not reliable sources and cannot be presumed to know who all the scholars worth examining are. Thus, there could be other credible hypotheses about the leap year error that are not mentioned in this article. If we were to find scholarly disproof of all but one hypothesis in the table, we still can't say that one is correct. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:19, 9 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Sorry, I shouldn't have used the term OP.  I meant Blue Tie in the penultimate thread. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 19:28, 9 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Discussion moved to the penultimate thread. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 11:03, 10 January 2015 (UTC)

What was the Julian calendar aligned to?
On the section Realignment of the year it is stated that: “The first step of the reform was to realign the start of the calendar year (1 January) to the tropical year”, but it is not clear to me what were they trying to align the calendar to? After the "calendar alignment" important astronomical events such as the winter solstice or spring equinox would fall on December 25 and March 25 respectively. Why would the romans want to align their calendar to these (seemingly) arbitrary dates? I've also asked a question regarding this issue at History StackExchange site. -- NavarroJ (talk) 12:58, 3 January 2013 (UTC)


 * The short answer is that no one knows whether Caesar intended to align the calendar to a specific astronomical event, or just intended the months to be aligned to the seasons. I have expanded the footnote on this point.  As noted, Ideler thought 25 December was a "traditional" date for the winter solstice, but the evidence for this date is all post-Julian -- and in fact Varro, in 37 BC, does not give this date.  So it is perfectly likely that the date of the winter solstice was fixed at 25 December after the Julian reform, and as a side-effect of it.  --Chris Bennett (talk) 03:20, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

Error in comparison of Julian and Gregorian dates in the lead text
The article states correctly that the Julian calender gains about three days every four centuries but later incorrectly states " Consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar; for instance, 1 January in the Julian calendar is 14 January in the Gregorian" which should be opposite " Consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind advanced the Gregorian calendar; for instance, 1 13 January in the Julian calendar is 14 1 January in the Gregorian"
 * ref http://www.fourmilab.ch/documents/calendar/
 * Henrik thomsen (talk) 07:21, 5 July 2013 (UTC)


 * I agree this section is confusing, but I suggest a different approach, involving a more complete rewrite. Since Julian and Gregorian calendars are not a count of days like Julian dates, it may be more useful to think of Julian and Gregorian calendars as naming days, rather than numbering days. Words like "gain" or "difference" are confusing in contexts where arithmetic can't be done on these dates directly. So maybe we should concentrate on how the seasonal phenomena move through the calendar dates.


 * Consider "As a result, the calendar year gained about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons." This could be interpreted to mean that the calendar year was 365 days long in AD 1, but by AD 401 it had increased to 369 days, which of course is nonsense. Maybe something like As a result, the dates of equinoxes and seasons moved about three days earlier in the calendar year every four centuries.


 * For "Consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar; for instance, 1 January in the Julian calendar is 14 January in the Gregorian" we might write Consequently, for the 21st, 22nd, 23rd, and 24th centuries, 14 January Gregorian is the same day as 1 January Julian. Astronomical Almanac for the Year 2011. Washington: US Government Printing Office. 2010. B4. 


 * If you use the fourmilab site to convert 1 January 2013 from Gregorian to Julian, you find that it is 19 December 2012, not 13 January 2013. Jc3s5h (talk) 14:06, 5 July 2013 (UTC)


 * This seems unnecessarily detailed to me. The sentence is in the lead, which is supposed to be just a general introduction:  "currently" is surely enough to signal that the exact relationship can and does change, and no more needs to be said.  Also, the example given (which is, as you note, correct) should be enough to clarify any uncertainty about the meaning of "behind".  So I have no problem with the sentence as it stands, I don't find it confusing at all.


 * I do have a problem with the first (italicized) sentence, which describes the Julian calendar as "the calendar used in the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire". While it is a true statement (though other calendars were also used), it is incomplete and strongly implies that the Julian calendar was not used after the fall of the Empire, which couldn't be more wrong.  I'm not sure why it is necessary to distinguish the Julian calendar from the Julian Day at the very start of the article, instead of just including "Julian Day" in the "See also" section.  I guess the point is about the use of the calendar (in which case "astronomical" is also incomplete).  Anyway, accepting for the sake of argument that the distinction must be made here, perhaps this paragraph could be rewritten as:


 * This is an article about the calendar used for civil and liturgical purposes. See Julian day for the day-number calendar used for astronomical and historical calculations.

though my preference would be to delete it entirely.

2602:304:7882:E029:5159:A842:23C5:BDF8 (talk) 19:10, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

It is customary to a templates at the top of the article to direct readers to other articles that are likely to be what the reader really wanted to find. I agree that the current wording implies the Julian calendar fell out of use much earlier than it actually did. But ...BDF8's proposed wording would suggest it is the primary calender in current use, but in fact, the Gregorian calendar is the world's primary calendar today. I can't think of brief wording that would describe the real status of the Julian calendar. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:41, 14 September 2013 (UTC)


 * I agree that the need for the redirect is based on someone's assessment that the alternative is "likely to be what the reader really wanted to find". I don't know what basis s/he had for that assessment. IMO it will only be true for a very small number of readers.  But my statistics are no better than yours -- i.e. bias and guesswork -- so I don't object to leaving it in, I just don't see any evidence that it is actually justified.


 * As to alternate wording, how about:


 * This is an article about a calendar formerly widely used for civil and liturgical purposes. See Julian day for the day-number calendar sometimes used for astronomical and historical calculations.


 * though this might offend some Berbers and some of the Orthodox who still use it. Or even:


 * This is an article about a calendar used for civil and liturgical purposes. See Julian day for the day-number calendar used for astronomical and historical calculations.


 * Meaning that this is just one civil and liturgical calendar among many, with no implications at all of current status, which was my original intent. 2602:304:7882:B1C9:24BE:AC33:435F:26C2 (talk) 20:23, 14 September 2013 (UTC)


 * ...26C2, I wouldn't worry about the Berbers; their civil use hardly qualifies as wide use. But there are a fair number of Orthodox Catholics who use it for liturgical purpose; that might qualify as wide current use. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:58, 14 September 2013 (UTC)


 * So does that mean you are comfortable with my second suggestion? Since the article is semi-protected, and I have no interest in setting up a WP user account after previous experiences, could I ask you to make the edit?  Thanks.  2602:304:7882:B1C9:24BE:AC33:435F:26C2 (talk) 22:13, 14 September 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 16 September 2013
For reasons discussed in the previous section concerning misleading historical implications, please change the initial paragraph, which currently reads:


 * This is an article on the calendar used in the late Roman Republic and Roman Empire, see Julian day for the day-number calendar used for astronomical calculations.

to:


 * This is an article about a calendar used for civil and liturgical purposes. See Julian day for the day-number calendar used for astronomical and historical calculations.

Thank you. 2602:304:7882:7419:E8A3:39B2:F657:CEBC (talk) 18:39, 16 September 2013 (UTC)


 * I'm not seeing a consensus for a specific wording in the previous section. It might be better to get more user input on this. I've unprotected the page as the previous protection was for a specific incident in 2010. This mean you should be able to edit the page yourself.--User:Salix alba (talk): 11:28, 18 September 2013 (UTC)


 * Thanks. As for getting more user input there doesn't seem to be much interest.  We do have agreement that the current wording is misleading, we have an objection to one proposed alternative, and no response to another made in the same breath, which indicates, at a minimum, lack of objection to me.  I think that's sufficient grounds to make the edit.  If someone decides at this point to object to it they can do so.   2602:304:7882:3479:3120:F0E5:675A:CBC8 (talk) 17:33, 18 September 2013 (UTC)


 * I waited to comment further, hoping I could come up with a better wording than the version ...CBC8 just put into the article. I couldn't think of anything better, so I guess we'll just leave it until someone more eloquent than either of us comes along. Jc3s5h (talk) 19:37, 18 September 2013 (UTC)

Egyptian calendar
I added a reference and link to Egyptian calendar. - Benjamin Franklin 75.74.157.29 (talk) 20:28, 31 March 2014 (UTC)

First Aligned Day must be wrong
The article lists a host of "First Aligned Day" for various theories of the leap years before AD.

These first aligned days almost certainly HAVE to be wrong. The only way that the calendars get misaligned or aligned is by adding and subtracting the 29th of February. Hence there can be NO SUDDEN ALIGNMENT before that date.

In fact, I have looked over Bennett's data and his first alignment is 1 March BC 1.

So this table is wrong. I am not correcting it in hopes that the person who is responsible for the table will research the data and correct it. --Blue Tie (talk) 01:21, 21 April 2014 (UTC)


 * Only in modern times was the leap day considered to be February 29. Originally what we would call February 24 was the leap day. According to Richards (cited as source 4 in the article) on page 595, section 15.3.3, "Caesar's Reform",
 * "This intercalary day was inserted before VI Kal. Mar. and termed Bis VI Kal. Mar.; it fell between VII Kal. Mar. (February 23) and VI Kal. Mar. (February 25th). [Internal cross-references omitted.]"


 * I suspect if you check the modern observances of saint's days in the Roman Catholic Church, comparing a common year to a bissextile year, you will see that the observances are arranged as if February 24 is the leap day. Jc3s5h (talk) 03:16, 21 April 2014 (UTC)


 * Bennett wasn't only a Wikipedia editor, he was a classical scholar as well.  Bennett  and Cassidy  have covered the ground pretty thoroughly, and if a theory isn't mentioned by either of them you can be confident it doesn't exist.   Bennett's arguments are flat out wrong.   We know that the Egyptians were using the correct Julian calendar by 24BC and in all probability from its inception on 1 January 45BC.   At inception the date in Egypt and Rome must have been the same, i.e. their 1 January 45BC must have been our 1 or 2 January depending on whether 45BC was or was not a leap year.   31 December is impossible. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 11:03, 10 January 2015 (UTC)


 * I think we have different ideas of what the "First aligned day" column means. Today some of us still use the Julian calendar according to the Caesar's rules. We can count backward according to those rules until we encounter an error due to the incorrect observance of the rules during the period 45 BC to 8 AD (roughly). The column is supposed to set out the beginning of the period, which extends to the present, of correct observance of Caesar's rules in Rome. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:08, 10 January 2015 (UTC)


 * The "First Julian day" and the "First aligned day" are not independent of each other.  Bennett's theory has  been around since 2003.   It has not, as far as I am aware, been approved or even mentioned by reputable scholars.   It has not been peer - reviewed - it's a fringe theory which shouldn't be in Wikipedia.
 * The scholarship, such as it is, is out of date.  Brind'Amour's theory has been peer - reviewed and disapproved.   Bennett's citations are out of date.   The theory that the Asian calendar was operated on a triennial cycle was peer - reviewed years ago and disproved.   More errors on the part of Bennett - the months didn't start on the 23rd of the Julian month - they started on the ninth before the calends.   He says "the 31st day of 31 day months was ... the  first day of these months".   This is nonsense.
 * Bennett also claims that certain theories are "provably incorrect" with no citation.  This is unsourced material which should be removed. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 13:54, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Chris Bennett published numerous articles on Egyptian, Ptolemaic, Roman and Indian chronology, perhaps you should check these first before you remove material. Sadly, he can no longer contribute to WP. AstroLynx (talk) 14:08, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't know how to go about it.  You're a scholar with access to this kind of material -if there's anything there you could reference it in the article to prevent it being deleted. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 15:44, 11 January 2015 (UTC)
 * As regards the reverted edit, nobody has suggested that the material introduced is incorrect.  If anyone wishes to dispute its accuracy please discuss on this talk page. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 14:35, 20 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Please give a diff for the reverted edit you are referring to. Jc3s5h (talk) 15:59, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Special:Permalink/643373678 section "Leap year error". 156.61.250.250 (talk) 18:33, 20 January 2015 (UTC)
 * The edit contains a link to http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/ifa/zpe/downloads/2000/129159.pdf but this URL produces a 404 error. You should not cite what you did not read, therefore the edit is invalid. Furthermore, this section is about the accuracy of the "First aligned date" column in the table, and it does not appear that edit relates primarily to the correctness of the column. Thus you should start a new section to discuss the edit. Jc3s5h (talk) 22:40, 20 January 2015 (UTC)

RFC: Is the Julian a reform of Egyptian calendar?
Is the Julian calendar a reform of the Egyptian calendar, as asserted in these edits by User:Rarevogel, rather than a reform of the Roman calendar? Jc3s5h (talk) 01:39, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

It's Roman. The Julian calendar resembles the old Roman one far more than the Egyptian one. The Julian and old Roman calendars both have months of varying length, versus 12 30-day months in the Egyptian calendar. Also, the Julian calendar had the same month names as the old calendar; even Julius Caesar wasn't bold enough to name a month after himself. In the absence of any compelling evidence to the contrary I think the edit should remain reverted. Roches (talk) 00:09, 2 October 2014 (UTC)


 * I agree that it is Roman and not Egyptian. The naming of the individual days (relative to the nones, ides and kalendae) in the Julian calendar is clearly based on the similar system already employed in the Republican calendar. The edits by User:Rarevogel should be reverted. AstroLynx (talk) 08:19, 2 October 2014 (UTC)


 * Another compelling reason to revert is that the Roman conquest of Egypt happened in 30 BC, 16 years after the introduction of the Julian calendar. Roches (talk) 11:01, 2 October 2014 (UTC)

I'm the initiator of the RFC. I also think it is a reform of the Roman calendar, mainly because that is the first calendar that was displaced by the new one. I note that User:Arcorann has changed it to "Roman" in the article. I provided a source which supports the claim. The supporting text in Richards is "By &minus;46, the Roman calendar had gone badly awry; the months no longer followed the lunations and the year had lost step with the cycle of the seasons. This state of affairs was reformed by Julius Caesar (107–44 B.C.), who took the advise of the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes. [Citations within Richards' text omitted.]"

Jc3s5h (talk) 15:10, 2 October 2014 (UTC)


 * Guys, I don't think this is really debateble.. You won't find any scholar anywhere who willclaim that the Julian calendar is derived from the Old Roman Calendar. The Julian calendar REPLACED the Old Roman one, but is not derived from it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rarevogel (talk • contribs) 09:34, 3 October 2014 (UTC)


 * If you're saying the astronomical underpinnings of the Julian calendar are based on the Egyptian calendar, and on Egyptian astronomical knowledge, that's undisputed. But the language used to describe dates was not significantly changed when the Julian calendar replaced the Roman calendar. When the Gregorian calendar replaced the Julian calendar, it took advantage of ideas and observations that were unknown in the first century BC, such as the ideas of Copernicus, yet we say the Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar. Jc3s5h (talk) 13:34, 3 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Use wording similar to what Jc3s5h uses immediately above this comment: That post, in explaining the difference, uses wording we can pretty much paste into the article to resolve the dispute.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  00:23, 4 October 2014 (UTC)


 * I agree with Jc3s5h. Rarevogel has claimed, in an edit comment, "The Roman calender was a lunar calendar." But the source he cites, page 205, says "The calendar of Republican Rome, before the institution of the Julian calendar in 46 BCE, ... was clearly not lunar." Maproom (talk)


 * ITS EGYPTIAN!!----The Egyptian calendar was later disseminated by the Ptolemies in parts of their eastern Mediterranean empire, possibly leading to the creation of the 364-day Judaean calendar. Finally, the Egyptian calendar was used as a model for the institution in Rome of the Julian calendar. In this context, attention is given to the Roman calendar that preceded it, and to the reasons why Julius Caesar instituted a new calendar. Weird right??  The herald  14:13, 12 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I agree with Jc3s5h and SMcCandlish. Chris Troutman  ( talk ) 03:58, 17 October 2014 (UTC)


 * Roman, but clarify. My brief research seems to indicate that it is usually referred to as a reform of the Roman calendar. If I understand things correctly, the Romans basically took the Egyptian solar calendar year and adopted it into their system. The article should probably say something to that effect, but the local editors probably know better than I do how to say it. Alsee (talk) 01:40, 19 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Roman The difference between the Egyptian calendar and a calendar designed by men from Alexandria (working for a Roman dictator) seems to escape some people. And Meton of Athens was neither. It was not intended as an improvement on the Egyptian calendar; it was not accepted in Egypt for almost two centuries. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 21:16, 3 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Roman, but clarify. Afaik, it bears hardly any similarities to the ancient Roman calendar and quite a lot more to the Egyptian one. Still, we can describe it as a "reform of the Roman calendar" because it was the reform (renewal, replacement) of a Calendar used by Romans. Still, it might be stressed that it does definitely not derive its system (except the names of the months) from the former Roman Calendar. But to say "It was a reform of the Egyptian calendar" would be misleading about who it was intended for and where it was used in the first place. Ilyacadiz (talk) 23:37, 3 November 2014 (UTC)

Rewrite of the "Leap year error" section, cite error in yesterday's revision and other matters
The diff of the changes can be seen by clicking on the diff link at the top of the article history.

The link in the second thread above shows a cite error at note 35. This can be dealt with, as can the other matter raised by Jc3s5h, by amending the second reference beneath the table to read " ". I had a copy of Alex's paper in front of me while I was drafting the edit - I copied the URL from the article not realising it was wrong.

156.61.250.250 (talk) 09:44, 21 January 2015 (UTC)


 * This is not a private discussion among a few editors. You must provide a title for this section that will put the whole world on notice as to what this section is about, and an introductory paragraph describing what change you want to make. Jc3s5h (talk) 09:50, 21 January 2015 (UTC)


 * There's another error in the second reference of the section.  It should read " ."

156.61.250.250 (talk) 11:22, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

The penultimate sentence in reference 46 in the current version should read

Dio stated that this leap day was compensated for "later".

156.61.250.250 (talk) 11:54, 21 January 2015 (UTC)

Reason for marking certain statements as original research
My reason for marking certain statements as original research is that the sources are websites, and the "No original research" policy NEVER refers to websites as sources, as can be evidenced from the following extract:"Any material that is challenged or likely to be challenged must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to reach or imply a conclusion not directly and explicitly supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see below.

In general, the most reliable sources are:

peer-reviewed journals books published by university presses university-level textbooks magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses mainstream newspapers". Tell me, do you see the word WEBSITE in any of the above? The correct answer is NO, so references citing websites should be either considered original research or removed from the article COMPLETELY. Thank you.--Marce 10:35, 23 January 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Fandelasketchup (talk • contribs)


 * Highly respected online journals exist. Your argument is so absurd it is hard for me to assume good faith. Jc3s5h (talk) 17:50, 23 January 2015 (UTC)

Statement added by User: 156.61.250.250
In this edit 156.61.250.250 states "Information regarding a change of calendar can only be confirmed by examination of the relevant legislation. See Gregorian calendar."

While examining legislation can be helpful, a blanket statement that the change of calendar can only be confirmed by relevant legislation is clearly false. For example, Richards, E. G. (2013) cited in the article states on page 583 "[The Gregorian calendar] is the official calendar of the United Kingdom (since 1752), but not of the United States (which has no official calendar)."

I reverted the edit and 156.61.250.250 re-reverted with the edit summary "This is what YOU [Jc3s5h] said - Talk:Year 2000 problem)" But that isn't what I said at all. What I actually said that it would have been easier for American programmers to feel sure they knew if 2000 was a leap year if they could find a law adopting and defining the Gregorian calendar for the US, but there was no such law, which made the search for authoritative information more difficult for American programmers. Jc3s5h (talk) 18:16, 23 January 2015 (UTC)


 * You have consistently opined the opposite of what you are now saying.  See Talk:  Gregorian calendar where you say

For example, it might be entirely reasonable to think that the United States constitution assigns authority over calendars to the several states, so one might have to look to the statutes of the 50 states to decide which ones had "officially" adopted the Gregorian calendar.

On the Y2K issue, you said

I know from personal experience that finding authoritative statements about whether 2000 was or was not a leap year was difficult, and this knowledge was a prerequisite for screening programs.

You can't get more authoritative, as far as secondary sources are concerned, than the United States Naval Observatory Astronomical Almanac (or whatever it was called in those days) but that wasn't good enough. Your team went to the primary source, which is the legislation.

In Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Law/Archive 10 you said

In connection with the Gregorian calendar, Julian calendar, and Revised Julian calendar articles, I would like to know if there is a list of what countries have formally adopted a calendar, and ideally, pointers to the legislation. There are many countries, such as Greece, which might have adopted the Gregorian calendar, or might have adopted the Revised Julian calendar, or might have delegated the choice of a calendar to the state religion. Since the latter two calendars happen to agree with each other for the time being, you can't tell by observing when things happened and how those events are dated in government documents.

In a similar vein, does anyone know how the United States, at the federal level, adopted the Gregorian calendar? Is it just on the basis of all the states having adopted it by statute or through recognition of statutes of the various colonial powers that controlled the states before their admission to the union? I'm pretty sure it isn't directly due to the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, because the federal government never recognized any British statutes, did it?

The lawyers who dealt with your query could only answer it by reference to the primary sources, the legislation. All experts proceed on this basis. Here's an expert asking for help tracking down statutes because he knows secondary sources are useless..

Some countries have had the Orthodox church as their state religion at the time they abandoned the Julian Calendar, so it isn't perfectly clear whether they adopted the Gregorian Calendar or the Revised Julian Calendar (especially to foreigners who don't speak the respective language and don't know how to find the relevant law, like me).

Programmers on both sides of the pond handled the Y2K issue by going to the primary sources - in the "documented errors" section I gave five links - these show that the secondary sources were found to be unreliable or non - existent and the matter was resolved by accessing the legislation. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 15:32, 25 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Your description of my remarks are hopelessly inaccurate, so I'm done communicating with you. If you put your statement back in the article I will pursue dispute resolution. Jc3s5h (talk) 15:48, 25 January 2015 (UTC)


 * Well, let's play around with the wording.  How about

Experts confirm information regarding a change of calendar by examining the relevant legislation. See Gregorian calendar.? 156.61.250.250 (talk) 15:58, 25 January 2015 (UTC)

There's nothing to take to dispute resolution. This edit of yours endorses what everybody else says on this issue. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 10:54, 2 February 2015 (UTC)

RFC: method for verifying calendar change?
The OP is trying to insinuate that I believe that the method I outline should be made mandatory. This is poppycock. We are all volunteers. Is it true that " the only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar is to examine the relevant legislation. See Gregorian calendar" as stated in this change by 156.61.250.250?

Discussion of verifying calendar change

 * As the editor starting the RFC, I will state that the United States disproves the concept that the only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar is to examine the relevant legislation; according to Richards, E. G. (2013, p. 583) cited in the article "[The Gregorian calendar] is the official calendar of the United Kingdom (since 1752), but not of the United States (which has no official calendar)." Since the US has no official calendar, it would be necessary to examine sources other than legislation to determine what calendar is used in the United States. Jc3s5h (talk) 12:46, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Before societies became complex, people used to make changes informally - e.g. instead of counting days by marking off notches on a piece of wood, they might assign a god to each of thirty days, thus starting a formalised month.  With civilisation, that couldn't be done any more, legal systems were developed and calendar changes were  implemented by fiat.   Thus at the time of the Julian reform in 45 BC a Roman answered a comment on when a star would rise with the words "no doubt in accordance with the edict."

When people go to lawyers for advice, the lawyers look up the law. A change in calendar is a change in the law, so it follows that a reference to the law must be made to ascertain the position. In the section above, I show that Jc3s5h (who is legally trained) always adopts this approach when the issue comes up. The argument he puts forward in setting up this RfC is flawed. If the United States had no official calendar there would be chaos. The nearest analogy is clock time. In the nineteenth century every settlement did its own thing. The coming of the railway joined everyone up, and a common time became essential. That unanimity was effected by legislation.

So where did the United States get its calendar from? Simple. The settlers brought their calendars with them. So the Gregorian calendar operated in Louisiana and Nova Scotia (French), the Julian in New England (English) and the same in Alaska (Russian). Then a law was passed, the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, which replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian. So contrary to what Jc3s5h maintains, the only way to verify what calendar the United States uses is to examine the legislation.

If you don't do this you fall into error. On Friday Jack of Oz posted links on Talk:Gregorian calendar which erroneously stated that the U.S.S.R. abandoned the Gregorian calendar in 1929. He put the same misinformation into the article. These are reliable sources but they are wrong. Had he gone to the legislation rather than the secondary sources he would not have fallen into error. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 13:43, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * First, I am not legally trained. Second, I cited a reliable source, Richards, showing that the United States does not have an official calendar. It would be up to 156.61.250.250 or some other editor to provide reliable sources to show Richards is wrong. I do not accept the idea that the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 applies to the United States, especially to the federal government. The article Reception statute explains the process for recognizing English laws in the United States. That article mentions that the several states, except Louisiana, have done so, but there is no mention of the federal government having done so. It is my understanding that the federal government never passed a reception statute, so English laws that were in effect at the time of the American Revolution are not automatically in effect at the federal level. Jc3s5h (talk) 14:25, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * It doesn't have to be done at the federal level.  The states have legislative capacity.   Part of the job of editors is to assess the reliability of sources.   Jc3s5h does not appear to understand this.   Here he added rubbish to Gregorian calendar  and here he says it is useless to go to the scientific community rather than the law for information  while here he misuses reliable sources to justify the nonsense claim that in England Greenwich Mean Time and British Summer Time are the same .   I challenge him to find one newspaper or book that uses the terms in this way. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 15:16, 16 February 2015 (UTC)


 * That makes no sense, as intrastate trade would turn into chaos if we ended up with 50 different calendar systems. We have what we have with language, a defacto standard without legislation promulgating it. We also have inherited common law of England of 1776. Some agencies will use Julian dates, for various reasons unique to those agencies, such as for astronomy and military logistics, but again, those are not official calendars, they are a common calendar that provides for unique requirements in each case. An official calendar would require a regulatory law or statutory law for the official adoption of a calendar and that is utterly vacant in the US. A previous English law, via royal edict was in common usage when the colonies became the United States, but the United States simply retained the calendar in an official status.Wzrd1 (talk) 09:33, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Look at it this way.  On 3 July 1776 all the colonies were subject to British law, including the law of the Gregorian calendar and the law against murder.   If the British laws all vapourised on independence then there would have been an awful lot of killing on the Fourth of July, and that didn't happen.   So I suppose the old laws remained in force until the states set up their own legislatures and started passing laws of their own.   But they wouldn't have repealed the law of the Gregorian calendar because they carried on using it.   This is why you have to consult the statute book to see what happened. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 13:42, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

That is the biggest load of poppycock I've ever heard in my life! The governor of the colony didn't evaporate, the legislature didn't beam off into a starship or something. Civil law remained in effect,lacking a national government until the Articles of Confederation were signed and later, the US Constitution was ratified. British common law remained in effect and remains in effect even today. Your claim that murder would have been legal is nonsensical, as murder is usually a local crime and the city/town/county handles such breaches of colony/state laws and each colony had its own constitution long prior to the revolution. You are either being highly disingenuous or your knowledge of US history is severely lacking. Regardless, systems of measurement wouldn't evaporate or be replaced randomly when the British Empire was ejected from our continent, lest chaos ensue in business and trade.Wzrd1 (talk) 14:44, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


 * , the question for this RFC is "Is it true that 'the only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar is to examine the relevant legislation. See Gregorian calendar' as stated in this change by 156.61.250.250?" I am unable to discern your answer to this question from your comments. Jc3s5h (talk) 20:07, 22 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I apologize if I was unclear. The United States has no legislation in place that defines an official calendar. Using the IP editor's standard, there is no calendar at all in use in the United States, whereas there is a defacto standard that was inherited and hence, is customary. So, examining non-extant legislation would not serve in the case of the United States. If that fails in the case of the case of the largest population of English speakers in the world, on an English encyclopedia, it fails entirely. So, checking legislation cannot be a primary means of ascertaining the calendar in use in every nation.Wzrd1 (talk) 05:24, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Wzrd1 is still unclear.  In his penultimate post he says

Civil law remained in effect.

In his initial post he said

We have what we have with language, a defacto standard without legislation promulgating it.

The two statements are mutually incompatible. In his final post he reiterates what he said initially. Does he have sources to back anything he has said, and if so would he kindly cite them?

There are two possibilities, as he correctly points out. Either it is de facto, which means it is not backed by law, or it is de jure, which means it is backed by law. To postulate the first alternative shows Wzrd1 has very little understanding of human nature. If that were right, there would be murder mayhem.

When the legal backing for law is removed very unpleasant things start to happen. In August 2011 there were urban riots across the country. If the police had sat on their hands law and order would have broken down. Order was only restored when additional officers were drafted in, putting 15,000 officers on the streets. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 10:30, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Just to clarify, Wzrd1's claim that I claimed there is no calendar at all in use in the United States is false. I said the opposite - the United States uses the Gregorian calendar and this can be verified by examining the statute book. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 10:39, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Just to question, IP editor proclaimed statute where not has been posted and where I've not found one. IP editor also changed the title of the RfC, making the entire thing a sham. IP editor also provides tangential items that have nothing whatsoever to do with reality, something about rioting, police inactivity and heaven knows what else, perhaps next, space aliens. Provide a citation for your claim of federal statute or STFU. It's that simple.Wzrd1 (talk) 13:27, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Try reading what I wrote for once.  I mentioned state law, not federal law.   And your suggestion that the party who closes this RfC will be influenced by its title rather than the arguments made therein is a slur on the ability of those who do this very skilled job. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 13:43, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Federal statute informs national policy, which a calendar is part of. Changing the RfC title changes the benchmark, thereby changing the view of new persons providing input and can even change what the entire discussion was originally about. If you are going to change the title, do get consensus. To be blunt, at this point, I'm ready to move for arbitration and cite your change of subject for one reason. I'll add that there is a certain prejudice against IP editors, largely due to disruptive editing, span, abuse and defacement of articles. So, do you want to continue this hostile stance? Or do you want to reason?Wzrd1 (talk) 14:04, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

Wzrd1 and I seem to be in complete agreement. 156... seems to agree that there isn't a federal statute adopting an official general purpose calendar. I suggest that consulting state statutes (and the statutes of federal territories, associated commonwealths, and reserves such as Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia is not "the only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar", for several reasons.

First, this is an encyclopedia with a diverse audience all over the world; there is no particular definition of who is doing the confirming; it could be a business manager, computer programmer, judge, or a historian. Since this is not a Wikipedia guideline, the statement is not a statement about how Wikipedia editors should write calendars about articles. The vast majority of people who have a serious need to find out what calendar is or was in effect at a particular place and time will not have the skills to find and interpret the relevant legislation (if it exists). There are other more economical and reliable methods (given the limited legal skills of most inquirers). For example, newspapers from the region in question can be examined for the dates stated for major international events and astronomical events such as new moons, and these can be compared to known dates for the events. Another method is to rely on publications from a national nautical almanac office, since mariners have had a critical need for centuries to know what calendar is in effect in each port they visit.

Second, not all government decrees are actually observed by the people, or even government departments. For example, the US has not adopted the metric system to the extent one would think by just reading the legislation that adopted it. So reliable sources that assess the actual practice of the populace is more useful for many purposes that the position taken by the government.

Third, demonstrating that the US is a counterexample, our article Reception statute explains that each of the 49 states that adopted English law did so in its own way; some adopted it though court decisions (which is not legislation). If one insisted on a purely legislative approach, one would have to examine how each state received English law and whether their statute included the British calendar act. For those states that didn't receive the British calendar act, one would have to search the statutes to see if they passed some other statute to adopt the Gregorian calendar. This would be an arduous effort to find out what calendar is in force in the US. It's so arduous that I doubt anyone has ever gone through this effort. Jc3s5h (talk) 14:16, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * (ec)Are you saying that legislating re the calendar is ultra vires the state legislatures?  (That means they do not have the legal powers to enact such a law).   As far as the title of the RfC is concerned, it's up to the OP to prove that my edit (which is the subject of this RfC) suggests it be made compulsory to examine the statute book if he wants to put that in the title.   That's just stupid - we're all volunteers and nobody can compel us to do anything. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 14:22, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Well, you could do a grand tour of 50 - odd states to ask the populace what calendar they use, then pop into the central library to trawl through hundreds of years worth of newspapers and almanacs - you'd be finished by Christmas with luck.  Or you could do what I suggest - examine the reception statute.   It's probably online and you'd be finished in an afternoon. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 14:44, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Meanwhile, states may not determine trade within the United States and worse, the article is *not* about calendars in the United States. You've also entirely been citation free in your bold claims. Add in the consensus so far is two to yourself, we've arrive at a majority or arbitration, which I previously suggested in strong terms. If the majority has consensus and you still object, I suggest you seek arbitration. Otherwise, you're a disruptive editor and other methods are available to handle that problem. Good night, I have to go to bed now, as my work schedule isn't very pleasant.Wzrd1 (talk)


 * Yes, I can see you have problems .  Are you in some far - flung outpost where it's about three o'clock in the morning?   It was Jc3s5h who started talking about the United States, so you're saying his argument is not relevant, which means the closing party won't take any notice of it.   Also, while it's theoretically possible to quiz the population, read hundreds of newspapers and leaf through hundreds of almanacs that's not a practical method, so I doubt the closer will take much notice of that argument either. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 15:20, 23 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I think the "reception statute" argument is a red herring.  We agree that the civil law remained in force on 4th July 1776.   So some states repealed some laws subsequent to independence.   So what?   The law of the Gregorian calendar was valid at the time it was introduced and that's what matters.   We celebrate Mother's Day although AFAIK there is no law requiring us to do so.   That doesn't make the celebrations invalid.


 * Another red herring is this talk about sitting down and looking for statutes that replaced the original law of the Gregorian calendar.  What possible reason is there to do that?   Is someone going to argue that unless someone checks old laws and comes up with one that orders us to celebrate Christmas we can't celebrate Christmas?   As far as my edit is concerned, please don't claim that it advocates doing this.   It doesn't.   It relates to verifying a change of calendar.   The United States hasn't changed its calendar.   It still uses the Gregorian calendar. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 09:14, 24 February 2015 (UTC)


 * TLDR. This edit is unsourced OR. EEng (talk) 18:10, 25 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Hi, EEng, what on earth does TLDR mean?


 * Wzrd1, good morning (I assume it's morning where you are).  I agree that with twenty days on this RfC remaining now might not be the most opportune time to make the change, but what do you mean by "rv unsourced"?   I provided two good references. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 14:40, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
 * See WP:Too long; didn't read. Since the center of the discussion seems to be the edit linked at the very top, and I don't need to read all this verbiage to know that it's obviously WP:OR, I simply pointed that out. EEng (talk) 20:46, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * No reason to limit only to legislation. I don't really see any content or specific sources being brought up here, so it's difficult to see what the actual purpose of this RfC is. Looking for legislation would seem to be an overeliance on a WP:PRIMARY source and somewhat WP:OR, so I'd be looking for secondary reliable sources that state what kind of calendar is used and when changes occurred. Historians, etc. would be good sources here. If there are specific questions on reliability for certain content besides legislation, it would have been best to bring it up in this RfC or else bring them to WP:RSN. — Preceding unsigned comment added by kingofaces43 (talk • contribs) 02:30, 28 February 2015 UT


 * , this is not a guideline addressed to Wikipedia editors, it is an article addressed to the whole world. So putting this statement in the article means Wikipedia is telling everyone the only way to verify a calendar change is to consult legislation. Jc3s5h (talk) 03:27, 28 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Addressing the lack of content/specific sources, here is an expanded version of the change:

For 12 years from 1700 Sweden used a modified Julian calendar, and adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1753.

The only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar is to examine the relevant legislation. (See Gregorian calendar). An authoritative source states that Russia changed on 31 January/14 February 1918 and Greece on 10/24 March 1924.

Areas of Russia not under Bolshevik control at the start of 1918 changed on different dates. The date given for Greece is actually the date that the Greek Orthodox Church adopted the Revised Julian calendar. For civil purposes, Greece changed on 15 February/1 March 1923.

In the twentieth century the Roman Breviary, the most authoritative source apart from the Papal Bull, stated that if the Epact is 25 and the Sunday Letter is C Easter Sunday is 25 April. It may still say that, and it is wrong. Some calendars are so alike that it is difficult to tell them apart. The Gregorian and Revised Julian dates are currently identical. For Muslims, the dates in the Turkish Islamic calendar, Umm - al - Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia and tabular Islamic calendar may be the same but they have different rules. There are a number of variations of the tabular calendar.

Wikipedia is read by the barrister and the child in the school playground. It must necessarily give general advice. It does not give legal or medical advice. If the reader has a medical problem he is advised to see a doctor. If he has a legal problem he is advised to see a lawyer. The change does not alter that. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 10:26, 28 February 2015 (UTC)


 * The claim "the only way to confirm information regarding a change of calendar is to examine the relevant legislation" is obviously false. If a small European duchy changed its calendar in the 17th century, and records of its legislation do not survive, there might still be convincing sources for the change. Maproom (talk) 08:03, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

I think it goes without saying that if a source is lost we cannot use it. Do you have any source to back your suggestion that seventeenth - century legislation could no longer be extant? In this country legal memory goes back to 1189 and we have carefully preserved our laws since then. This year we celebrate the 800th centenary of Magna Carta (on 15 June if my memory serves me) and there are many copies still in existence. How would you ascertain what Magna Carta says without reading it? How would you ascertain what is in the Domesday Book without reading it? 156.61.250.250 (talk) 09:22, 2 March 2015 (UTC)


 * Can we close this now? The article's not going to say that legislation is the only valid authority. This is a colossal waste of time. EEng (talk) 19:20, 2 March 2015 (UTC)


 * EEng, maybe you can find an uninvolved administrator to close it on the basis of WP:SNOW. Speculate for yourself what will happen at 8:34, 4 March 2015 (UTC). Jc3s5h (talk) 19:43, 2 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not sufficiently angry at any admin I know to inflict such a task on him or her. Let's see if some unsuspecting victim wanders along. EEng (talk) 20:47, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

Day numbering within a month
Perhaps I'm missing something in the article's text or in the discussions here, but does anyone know when and by whom the practice of counting backwards toward the Kalends, Nones, and Ides gave way to the modern practice of counting forwards from one? Further, was there some transition period when both counting methods were in parallel use or in competition with each other? It seems that the change from Roman calendar to Julian was a fairly simple reform, just a matter of standardizing the calendar (mostly by borrowing from the Egyptian calendar), and that the change from Julian to Gregorian was even simpler, tweaking the older one on a long-term basis, but I think that changing Pridie Idus Martius into the fourteenth of March (in whatever language) would be pretty notable as well.

Ideas? Theories? Simple answer? -- Couillaud 23:26, 25 February 2015 (UTC)


 * See our article Roman missal. Near the bottom there is a link to the English translation. See the calendar beginning on page 121. you will see that both counting from the beginning of the month and the traditional Roman method are given. So the Roman method has not fallen completely out of use. Jc3s5h (talk) 00:55, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * In my copy of the First Book of Common Prayer of Edward VI (1549) the February page is divided into nine columns.  Column 1 is the Sunday Letters, a sequence of 28 of them, starting with d and finishing with c.   The second column is the Roman notation with "vii. kl.", "vi. kl." and "v. kl." adjacent to e, f and g respectively.   The third column contains the ordinal dates xxiii., xxiv., and xxv.   In the fourth column, "Matthias." appears opposite xxiv.


 * The list of saints is sparse compared to the Roman martyrology because most of them were thrown out at the Reformation.  Rev. W D Macray, in The Calendar of the Prayer - Book, Oxford 1912, says that these saints continued to be commemorated in almanacs until the change of style in 1752.   The current Prayer Book of 1662 omits the Roman notation, and some early copies have symbols for the saints taken from the old clog almanacs.


 * The Small Missal (London, 1944) notes "February 24, or 25 in Leap Year.  S MATTHIAS, Apostle."


 * The Monastic Diurnal (1956), an Anglican Benedictine translation of the Day Hours from the Breviarium Monasticum published at Bruges in 1925 has on page 481 "February 24 or in leap year February 25 St. Matthias, Apostle."  On page 482 it says simply "(February 28) St. Oswald, B.C."


 * The Kalendar notes:


 * February 23 St. Peter Damian, B.C.D., Double.  In Lent, Commemoration.   Vigil, Commemoration.   In Lent, at Mass only.
 * February 24 St. Matthias
 * February 28 (St. Oswald, B.C.)
 * In Leap - year:
 * 23 St. Peter Damian
 * 24 Vigil.  In Lent, Commemoration at Mass only
 * 25 St. Matthias.

The Hours of Prayer from Lauds to Compline inclusive compiled from the Sarum Breviary and other rites (London, 1928), E C Trenholme, S.S.J.E., an Anglican publication, has the following on the February page:

f|24|St. Matthias, Apostle, Double.

-|29|This day is added in Leap - year.

Before Vatican II, the big Missal was printed entirely in Latin, so used the Roman notation. Post Vatican II, Latin remains a liturgical language of the Church, so I would guess Latin Missals are still in use (and the link provided by Jc3s5h is a translation). According to Wikipedia, the 1962 Missal may still be used. In the latest calendar, however, all the feasts from the 24th to the 28th of February have been cleared out. However, it would be interesting to see a copy of the latest Breviary, and compare the saints for which services are provided with what's in the Missal. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 14:40, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Sorry, but that response did not answer my question. It does not tell me when the transition between the two systems of naming days of the month happened. THAT is for what I am looking.  I know that the Gregorian calendar reform was in 1582, but that the 10 days that were dropped from the Julian were the 10 days immediately preceding the ides of October (4 Oct followed by 15 Oct, or XII a.d. Id. Oct. follwed by Id. Oct.)  Does anyone know when common people started counting the days of the month upward?  Had it happened in a century or two after the fall of the Empire, or was it still in effect in the 16th Century? --- Couillaud 16:50, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * People have been counting days from the start of the month since the dawn of time.  It's only the Romans who had this weird system.   Anybody speaking in Latin would count the days in this manner.   I suspect that people speaking in the vernacular would not do this.   I believe the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle did use the Roman system.   Almanacks in English began to be published in the fifteenth century.   This was about the time that Arabic numerals began replacing the Roman ones.   It's a long time since I examined a fifteenth - century almanack but off the top of my head I would say that the dates were in Arabic numerals from one upwards.


 * Edward VI's first Prayer Book has both Arabic and Roman dates so most likely the two systems operated in parallel, but by 1662 when the present Prayer Book was published the Roman dating was obsolete. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 156.61.250.250 (talk) 17:25, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * Slight correction - the days at the beginning of the month were counted back from the nones - 4 October was a.d. IIII Non. Oct.  The deletion had nothing to do with the dating system - the dates to remove were chosen because there were fewer Saint's days in that interval, and it was outside Eastertide so you could square accounts by having fewer Sundays after Pentecost. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 17:33, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * "People have been counting days from the start of the month since the dawn of time."
 * Or at least since the dawn of calendars. :-) Actually, when talking of lunations, I would guess that counting down to the next new or full moon makes more sense in early society than counting forward.


 * I seem to recall a non-Roman day numbering being attached to 13th-century documents regarding Joan of Arc, but that's about the earliest I can think of (and I'm far, far from a scholar on this subject).


 * Yes, I realized after I posted that I had confused the nones and the ides, but was writing from memory/guessing, and forgot. So that would have been VI a.d. Nones Oct or so?


 * I'm just wondering if the Byzantine churches strayed from Roman dating before the Roman churches did, and it just gradually spread from there. I just think that the system of counting days of the months would have created at least some controversy and some sort of historical paper trail.  -- Couillaud 18:17, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * See [[File:Fuchs.margin.jpg]] for a Latin calendar of 1460.  The Byzantine churches were Greek and counted normally.   I have two copies of the 1549 Prayer Book.   One, printed by James Parker of Oxford in 1882, has on the title page

Londini in Officina ''Edouardi Whitchurche. Cum privilegio ad imprimendum solum''. Anno Do. 1549, Mense Martii.

All the numbers are Arabic.

The other is printed by Rivingtons, London, in 1870. On the title page it says

LONDINI IN OFFICINA ''Edouardi Whitchurche. Cum Privilegio ad imprimendum solum''. ANNO DO. 1549.  Mense Junii.

Apart from the date on the front, all the numbers are in Roman numerals. 156.61.250.250 (talk) 19:08, 26 February 2015 (UTC)


 * I'm again not sure if the reference to the prayer book's title page is relevant. It doesn't matter if the numbers in Roman numerals; it is the method of counting the days.  At what point in European history did the post-Roman world begin thinking of Pridie Kalends March as 28 February and start counting the days upward? -- Couillaud 16:31, 2 March 2015 (UTC)


 * Narrowing it down a bit, the 1604 edition of the Book of Common Prayer has Roman and normal notation in the calendar, exactly as does the Prayer Book of 1549.   Whether the numerals are Arabic or Roman is immaterial.   However, the 1604 book has an almanac (the precursor of the modern Table of Movable Feasts) which does not use the Roman notation at all.   The Roman notation was still in use in 1515 (Journal of the British Astronomical Association 102, 1, 1992 page 41 ).   You can see a sixteenth - century Latin book with normal dating at .   A 1617 almanac with similar dating is at .156.61.250.250 (talk) 09:29, 4 March 2015 (UTC)

Reducing the error of the Gregorian calendar to zero
I don't see anything complicated in this. It's the same as the system for adding leap seconds, but on a larger scale. The astronomers track the equinox, and when it deviates more than a specified amount from a named location in the calendar a leap year is added. Unlike leap seconds, which can come every year, these extra leap years will only come about once every 700 years to start, tailing off as the length of the tropical year (expressed in mean solar days) continues to decrease. 87.81.147.76 (talk) 17:49, 8 July 2015 (UTC) 87.81.147.76 (talk) is one of several London area IP sockpuppets of banned User:Vote (X) for Change
 * Well, yes, of course you can make ad hoc adjustments to the leap year rule, but you can't accurately predict exactly when they will need to be made, just as you cannot exactly predict when leap seconds will need to be added. In addition, the measured mean solar year is not the same interval as the measured interval between equinoxes, at least they will differ in any given millennium depending on the orientation of the line of apsides with respect to the equinox.  John Herschel proposed a correction to the Gregorian calendar, making years that are multiples of 4000 not leap years, thus reducing the average length of the calendar year from 365.2425 days to 365.24225. Although this is closer to the mean tropical year of 365.24219 days, his proposal has never been adopted because the Gregorian calendar is arguably based on the mean time between vernal equinoxes (currently 365.242374 days).    D b f i r s   19:44, 8 July 2015 (UTC)