Talk:Limonite

1911 dump
Removed 1911 dump replete with scan errors from article to here:


 * additional material from a 1911 encyclopedia in need of merging and modernization


 * By the operation of meteoric agencies, iron pyrites readily pass into limonite often with retention of external form; and the masses of "gozzan" or "gossan" on the outcrop of certain mineral-veins consist of rusty iron ore formed in this way, and associated with cellular quartz. Many deposits of limonite have been found, on being worked, to pass downwards into ferrous caroonate; and crystals of siderite converted superficially into limonite are well known. Minerals like glauconite, which contain ferrous silicate, may in like manner yield limonite on weathering. The ferric hydrate is also readily deposited from ferruginous waters, often by means of organic agencies.


 * Deposits of brown iron ore of great economic value occur in many sedimentary rocks, such as thi~ Lias, Oolites and Lower Greensand of various parts of England. They appear in some cases to be altered limestones and in others altered glauconitic sandstones. An oolitic structure is sometimes present, and the ores are generally phosphatic, and may contain perhaps 30% of iron. The oolitic brown ores of Lorraine and Luxembourg are known as "mioette," a diminutive of the French mine (ore), in allusion to their low content of metal. Granular and concretidnary limonite accumulates by organic action on the floor of certain lakes in Sweden, forming the curious "lake ore." Larger concretions formed under other conditions are known as "bean ore" Limonite often forms a cementing medium in ferruginous sands and gravels, forming "pan"; and in like manner it is the agglutinating agent in many conglomerates, like the South African "banket," where it is auriferous. In iron-shot sands the limonite may form hollow concretions, known in some cases as "boxes." The "eagle stones" of older writers were generally concretions of this kind, containing some substance, like sand, which rattled when the hollow nodule was shaken.


 * Bog iron ore is an impure limonite, usually formed by the influence of micro-organisms, and containing silica, phosphoric acid and organic matter, sometimes with manganese. The various kinds of brown and yellow ochre are mixtures of limonite with clay and other impurities; whilst in umber much manganese oxide is present. Argillaceous brown iron etc is often known in Germany as Thoneisenstein; but the corresponding term in English (clay iron stone) is applied to nodular forms of impure siderite.


 * J. C. Ullmann's name of stilpnosiderite, from the Greek word "shining," is sometimes applied to such kinds of limonite as have a pitchy lustre. Deposits of limonite in cavities may have a rounded surface or even a stalactitic form, and may present a brilliant lustre, of blackish colour, forming what is called in Germany Glaskopf (glass head). It often happens that analyses of brown iron ores reveal a larger proportion of water than required by the typical formula of limonite, and hence new species have been recognized. Thus the yellowish brown ore called l5y E. Schmidt xanthosiderite, from iaweos (yellow) and o-L1,1p01 (iron), contains Fe2O(OH)4, or Fe2O3&middot;2H2O; whilst the bog ore known as limnite, from Xtui',~ (marsh) has the formula Fe(OH)3, or Fe2O3&middot;3H2O. On the other hand there are certain forms of ferric hydrate containing less water than limonite and approaching to hematite in their red colour and streak: such is the mineral which was called hydrohaematite by A. Breithaupt, and is now generally known under R. Hofmann's name of turgite, from the mines of Turginsk, near Bogoslovsk in the Ural Mountains. This has the formula FeO(OH). It probably represents the partial dehydration of limonite, and by further loss of water may pass into hematite or red iron ore. When limonite is dehydrated and deuxidized in the presence of carbonic acid, it may give rise to siderite.

There is info here to include, but an unedited dump is not the way to do it. Glean useful nuggets from the 1911 material, wikify and add them in an appropriate way into the article. -Vsmith 02:38, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Citation to Dana
A citation to Dana would be appropriate. Does someone have a recent copy? Is it still published? --Bejnar (talk) 08:54, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * 17th ed 1959 by Hurlbut lists as amorphous. "an amorphous form of goethite with adsorbed and capillary water." (p. 316)
 * 20th ed 1985 by Klein and Hurlbut "used mainly as a field term to refer to natural hydrous iron oxides of uncertain indentity." (p. 319)
 * Dana's System 7th ed. by Palache 1944 "... cryptocrystalline goethite with adsorbed or capillary water." "... may conveniently be retained as a field or generic term to refer to natural hydrous iron oxides whose real identity is unknown." (p. 684)
 * I have all three volumes if more detail or ref needed. Vsmith (talk) 01:21, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Formation
The Formation section could use beefing up. Maybe there could be a subsection on notable locations? --Bejnar (talk) 22:57, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Names
The Names section could use some citations to reliable sources. --Bejnar (talk) 22:57, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Use
The paragraph on gossans needs some clean-up and citation to reliable sources. --Bejnar (talk) 22:57, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Not a mineral
This is not a mineral. Please remove it from the mineral category. Limonite is a ROCK type. Eudialytos (talk) 18:14, 1 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html?_r=1
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Ferrous metallurgy in Africa
An editor inserted the comment "most very early iron-age sites are in present day Turkey, Syria, and Iraq" directly in the text. I've replaced this with a dubious template and a link here. The claim does seem poorly supported. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 02:51, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
 * The whole ferrous metallurgy section needs some serious editing. A footnote makes the claim "Iron oxide becomes metallic iron at roughly 1250°C, almost 300 degrees below iron's melting point of 1538°C" which badly needs sourcing -- if it's even correct, which I strongly doubt. --Kent G. Budge (talk) 02:55, 13 April 2022 (UTC)

Discontinuity in article
"Limonite (/ˈlaɪməˌnaɪt/) is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH2O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely." -- this description of limonite would seem to rule out that it contains any nickel, yet under Formation we learn that "limonite laterite ores are a source of nickel" and under Uses, that "Nickel-rich limonite ores represent the largest reserves of nickel". I suggest some emendation of the introduction to resolve this apparent contradiction. 2601:280:CA80:1690:2179:E9AC:6D1F:FC06 (talk) 20:11, 24 December 2023 (UTC)