Talk:MOSFET/Archive 1

Splitup in progress
splitup of article Field effect transistor in progress, please see Talk:Field effect transistor Pjacobi 20:45, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Done Pjacobi 21:19, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Resistance Calculations....
The wiki says, "Conceptually, MOSFETs are like resistors in the on-state, and shorter resistors have less resistance." From the basic $$R=(pL)/A$$ surely reducing the length would not change the resistance?

EG: for this example lets make rho=5; let the width of the channel=2 and we will vary the length. If we start with the length at 10, the resistance will be: $$(5*10)/(10*2)= 2.5$$ If we reduce the length to 5, the resistance will be: $$(5*5)/(5*2)= 2.5$$

(NB: this is my first wiki edit and I've probably broken loads of conventions. Could someone please edit/delete this, whatever is appropriate)


 * The A in your formula is the area formed by the other two directions, so to speak width and height of the channel, not length.
 * But the article chapter you are referring to is nevertheless a but fishy.
 * Your edit was just fine, you only missed to use the "auto signing" feature of the software, putting four tildes at the end of your discussion statement, would give user and date/time info.
 * Pjacobi 22:50, 5 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Graphical Representation of MOSFET operation in circuits
Would it not be usefull to include Vin/Vout graphs? i.e. what the 'resistance' across the MOSFET does as the gain-source voltage increases? Yossarian 10:19, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Need for tidying?
Hi,

I plan to contribute to both the "power MOSFET" and "MOSFET operation" sections. The problem is that the article is relatively long now, and adding content to these sections will increase the "bloated" aspect of the article.

Furhtermore, there is a mix between power qnd microelectronics MOSFET in some section which make the whole not exactly consistent (for example, the termal runaway of power MOSFET is addressed in the "scaling" section, which is specific to microelectronic MOSFETs).

I think it is time to split the article, with a main root about the generic principle of a MOSFET and its history, and then articles about integration, power, maybe manufacturing. What do you think? CyrilB 12:18, 2 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Well, I'll will say that nobody is against some transformations on the article. I will start by creating a different article MOSFET model to put all the equations (and demonstrate them by the way), as they add little to the understanding of the principle and might frighten people... I think the MOSFET scaling should also go in its own article, but I'm not really an expert about this issue. -- CyrilB 18:50, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I didn't notice your first comment because the comment edit had to do with bjt operation in digital circuits. I think you're on the right step to divide up this article, but I don't think moving out the equations is the right step.  There's not much that can be added to that, so that article would remain small.  We have to move out a section that has room for growth.  So I would suggest moving out the Power Mosfet (as it's quite different) out into it's own artcile with a summary section in this page.  That would shorten the article considerably. -- Jeff3000 19:09, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I take back my comment a little, the Power MOSFET section by itself is not big enough, so I would move all the other MOSFET types out and use just the microelectronics MOSFET on this page. We would put a disambiguation link at the top of the page, with a short section in the bottom of the page, that other types of MOSFETs also exist. -- Jeff3000 19:13, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Actually, the equation part and the power MOSFET section are the two parts on which I plan to work, so they should grow in the near future. And both the microelectronics MOSFET and the power MOSFET share the same principle. So I think the MOSFET article should be more focussed on the history and basic principle of the MOSFET, and link to specific types. -- CyrilB 19:50, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * How bout you first work on moving out the Power Mosfet stuff, and if need be (through your additions in the equations) we'll move out the equations. In my mind the equations need to be on this page. -- Jeff3000 20:39, 6 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Done. But the page is still very long. Anyway, lets see how things go. -- CyrilB 21:34, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

BJTs better for some digital circuits?
At the end of "The Primacy of MOSFETs", the article currently states, "Ironically, the BJT has some advantages over the MOSFET in certain digital circuits; digital circuit designs can incorporate BJTs to speed signals in critical locations." Could somebody clarify this? Exactly what advantages do BJTs have in what sort of digital circuits? Does the wording here indicate that BJTs are faster than MOSFETs for digital switching? (if so, shouldn't this actually be mentioned explicitly?) -- Foogod 12:16, 28 November 2005 (UTC)


 * My guess is that the author didn't know what bipolar circuit it was exactly. The author was probably referring to emitter coupled logic Dunno if an article exists for it Snafflekid 19:12, 28 November 2005 (UTC)


 * The way you define digital circuits is where the nuance comes in. In many chip-to-chip digital communication protocals BJTs are used, but they operate on low-swing voltage signals.  Is that digital, well, because they are working on '1's and '0's it can be considered digital, but because the representation of a '1' and '0' is in an unconventional low-swing voltage it's really an analog signal.  So it's really a tossup.  These serial communication links have gone up to 40GB/s, and then are parallelized in the digital chip with  demultiplexors, and are used in the chip.  Both the demultiplexors and the rest of the chip use MOSFETs. -- Jeff3000 19:58, 28 November 2005 (UTC)


 * Sounds like TTL. - mako 06:44, 29 November 2005 (UTC)


 * BJT's are currently better for at least 3 jobs: The first is in high speed switching because they don't have the "larger" capacitance from the gate, which times the resistance of the channel gives the intrinsic time constant of the process.  Widening the channel reduces the resistance of the channel, but increases the capacitance by the exact same amount.  Reducing the width of the channel increases the resistance, but reduces the capacitance by the same amount.  R*C=k,  0.5R*2C=k, 2R*0.5C=k.  You can skip most of this problem with a BJT.  The second job stems from the first:  When driving many other gates the resistance of the MOSFET is in series with the gate capacitance's of the other FETs, creating another time constant.  This is how delay circuits work.  BJT's are better to drive the other gates because they output much more current per unit area, which causes the gates to charge faster and decreases the time constant, increasing the speed.  The third job is high current amplification, such as in audio and motor control applications.  MOSFET arrays where possibly thousands of MOSFETs are placed in parallel( I haven't seen any chips with millions in parallel) to provide the current, although these circuits suffer from the timing issues discussed above and usually use at least 1 BJT to drive the MOSFET array.--Jeffrobins 17:28, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

I'm 99% certain that the conclusion in Depletion mode MOSFETs section is the opposite of the information given in the beginning


 * You're right. I've corrected it. -- Jeff3000

Terminology Error
Hey, this article has a terminology error in it. I tried to correct it but it was changed back without thought and I don't want to get into an argument.

Digital MOSFET circuits operate in the cut-off and linear region, while the saturation region is used mostly for analog amplifiers. Just think about it from the IV curve: when the Vds is small we are in the linear region. If using the the FET as a switch in the saturation mode you'd have a larger Vds, not good for a switch. I noticed the same problem on the switching amplifer site and corrected it, although that's probably been changed back by now too.

Am I missing something here? Did they decide to clean up the terminology and not tell me?

Sorry about all the edits, I am a newbie here (but not to engineering!). -- Dkomisar


 * No, you're right. It's been re-corrected. - mako 21:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)

Modes of Operation
I deleted this statement:
 * In digital circuits MOSFETs are operated in cut-off and linear mode. The saturation mode is mainly used in analog circuit applications.

Its true that in steady state, the mosfets in a digital circuit are either in cut-off or linear mode. But any time a cmos stage is switching, there is a transistor in saturation mode. Rather than complicating the statement to make it accurate, I just removed it; I thought it seems like an extraneous point. &mdash;Kymacpherson 04:42, 13 June 2006 (UTC)


 * Thanks for fixing that. I was just reading the previous talk where it went back and forth.  Some of us are old enough to remember metal-gate pMOS with saturated loads, and silicon-gate nMOS with sometimes-saturated depletion loads, too.  But as you say, in CMOS the interesting parts, namely the switching events, are done by transistors in saturation. Dicklyon 05:18, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

SVG symbols
Omegatron, good job on the SVG schematic symbols. I was considering doing something myself, but I'm a novice at SVG editing and not very comfortable with Inkscape yet (you know anything better on Mac OS X?). Just a couple of things I recommend changing: I'll work on it if you prefer. Dicklyon 01:54, 10 September 2006 (UTC)
 * P-channel JFET: the gate arrow should come out of the source side, like the N-channel, not the drain side; just swap the labels S and D. Alternatively, JFETs are usually drawn with the arrow centered, but then there's no defined choice of S and D.
 * The simplified MOSFET symbols are usually drawn with the bar extended to the same length as the triple bar in the complex symbol. For example, more like this one:


 * I didn't create them, except for the simplified ones. See Commons:User_talk:Jjbeard.  The simplified ones can be drawn either way:     I was just copying the bitmap diagram that was in the article previously. — Omegatron 02:55, 10 September 2006 (UTC)


 * Yeah, I didn't like it before, either. They CAN be drawn either way, but the lazy way is ugly, and less like the official way. I'll work on them at some point if you don't want to. Dicklyon 03:16, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

One more thing: a more complex issue. The complex MOSFET symbols, both depletion- and enhancement-mode, show the bulk or body terminal connected to the source. This is typical in single packaged transistors, but by no means the only widely used configuration. In typical ICs, most of the transistors have their bulk, body, or "back-gate" terminal connected to a power supply (VSS or VDD) rather than to the source; about half the time it's the same node, and of the ones with source not at VSS or VDD, the bulk is usually, probably 99% of the time, not connected to the source. So, ideally they are drawn as four-terminal devices, since that's how they are always used in IC designs. Dicklyon 02:46, 10 September 2006 (UTC)


 * I know. I was going to draw every permutation of transistor symbol, in the same style, size, and line width and everything, but I really don't have time. I saw these were already drawn and decided to go with them for now.  I agree that both types of symbols should be shown. — Omegatron 02:55, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Thermal runaway
You're both wrong. Or both right. A quick GBS search shows verifiable sources for both positions (that thermal runaway is "impossible" or "widely known"). So we need to represent both in the article, instead of a revert war. Here's one that says "less prone to" Dicklyon 00:55, 9 October 2006 (UTC)

I got this on my user page from an unregistered user, and answered it, but nobody is likely to see it there so I'm copying it here:

A few days I corrected your info on the MOSFET page, relating to thermal runaway. You then changed back that section, saying in comment that it didn't make physical sense. So let me try to explain it to you... Assume that a MOSFET device turned ON works as a resistance (which is true for DC current). Now imagine a circuit that connects a N-channel MOSFET's source to the negative of a 9V power supply and it's drain to the positive of the same supply. Assume also that the gate is biased so as to turn the MOSFET fully ON and that it's ON resistance is 1 ohm. The current following in this circuit will be 9V / 1 ohm = 9 Amps. Now let the MOSFET heat up and increase it's resistance to 3 ohm (typical increase at 125º C). The current flowing will now be 9V / 3 Ohm = 3 Amps. Now for the punchline : the power dissipated on a resistance is 'Power dissipated = Resistance x Current squared'. So for a cold MOSFET you'd get a dissipation of 1 Ohm x 9 Amps x 9 Amps = 81 Watts. And for a hot one 3 Ohm x 3 Amp x 3 Amps = 27 Watts. This means that thermal runaway is impossible. If you want to you can use the more known formula 'Power = Voltage x Current'. So with MOSFET cold Power = 9V x 9 Amps = 81 Watts, with MOSFET hot Power = 9V x 3 Amps = 27 Watts. Your info would only be correct if the current flowing through the MOSFET was constant. But then the voltage applied to source-drain would have to increase, which normally doesn't happen. Hope this clears up your misconception, and if you would be so kind as to correct the page... ;-)

Carlos Azevedo


 * Carlos, yes, that analysis is correct for a MOSFET switch connected across a power supply. However, a more typical situation is to have the MOSFET driving a load, with a load resistance that's higher than the MOSFET's on resistance, usually by a large margin, so that the load is receiving more power than the MOSFET is dissipating during the on state.  In this case, increasing the on resistance makes the power dissipated in the MOSFET go up, not down.  That's why thermal runaway is still possible.  It is closer to the constant-current case, and the drain voltages does increase in this typical configuration.  Please do a couple of calculations for such a configuration, and let me know if you accept this analysis or not.  It's probably still a good idea to revise the article to state approximate conditions under which thermal runaway is possible or not, with some references. Dicklyon 17:15, 13 October 2006 (UTC)

Body Effect
I removed this section because it seems out of place. Sure, it's included in Level 1 SPICE, but it's not required for a basic explanation of MOSFET operation. I'd like to see such material on a MOSFET modeling page. - mako 22:14, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that it could be removed from this page, but it deserves much more that MOSFET modelling. There is a real physical effect when the body is reverse or forward biased.  Regards, -- Jeff3000 22:18, 24 October 2006 (UTC)


 * I disagree that it can be removed. A MOSFET is inherently a four-terminal device, and a qualitative understanding of it in any other than ground-source configuration depends on being aware of body effect. Dicklyon 22:26, 24 October 2006 (UTC)


 * As the person who added it back, I'm with Dick on this one. Just as he said, MOSFETs are four terminal devices.  The body effect is only neglected for the purposes of circuit modeling if the body is shorted to the source or if the designer is doing a quick 'n dirty approximation.  As I said in my edit comment, you need only look at any small or large signal model for the MOSFET and you'll find factors accounting for the body effect.  -- mattb

Very well, I concede. Things should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler, eh? - mako 23:51, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

Primacy of MOSFETs excessively big-worded
I think the primacy of MOSFETs section could be reworded, since it uses a wide vocabulary that isnt necessarily useful. It sounds somewhat like an advertisement does (although I dont think it was added as advertising, it just reads like one. Examples: "primacy", "possess such technical attractions", "serendipitously", "Buoyed by this stroke of good fortune" and, "electronic hegemony". Kaldosh 10:51, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

What does it do?
OK, the MOSFET, transistors and stuff, I get it.

But what does it do? What do you get out of it that you might want? What do you need to put into it?


 * I'd suggest reading transistor. A full discussion of "what a MOSFET does" is rather out of the scope of this article and more suited for a semiconductor physics course.  In a nutshell, a MOSFET is a type of transistor that uses electric fields at an oxide-semiconductor interface to control the conductivity between two terminals.  What you "get out of it" depends on how you use it.  Transistors in general can be used for switching, amplification, buffering and impedence matching (followers), etc. -- mattb


 * Or think of it by analogy with a neuron; the brain is made of billions of neurons, but what do they do? What do you put into them and what do you get out of them?  Answer: all kinds of signals, depending on what role they are playing.  In one simple configuration, you put in a voltage signal and get out a current signal; in another, you put in a voltage signal and get out an amplified voltage signal.  I agree with Matt: start with the transistor article. Dicklyon 16:26, 27 November 2006 (UTC)


 * Here's a radio schematic in which each transistor is labeled by what it does functionally, in terms of RF (radio-frequency), IF (intermediate-frequency), and AF (audio-frequency) signals. Dicklyon 16:31, 27 November 2006 (UTC)


 * Though it should be noted that the transistors in that receiver are BJTs rather than MOSFETs. The small signal operation of BJTs and MOSFETs are modeled much the same, but the actual operation and utility of each is significantly different from the other (e.g. BJTs exhibit much higher transconductance and are thus better small signal amplifiers while MOSFETs have very high gate input impedance and are good for buffers, etc).  As Dick pointed out, it's impossible to summarize the uses of any transistor in one neat statement.  One quick generalization I can make is that FETs (MOSFETs primarily, perhaps HFET/HEMTs) tend to be better switches (digital circuitry) and bipolar transistors (BJTs, HBTs, etc) tend to be better amplifiers (analog circuitry), though they can both be used in either capacity. -- mattb


 * That's a conventional generalization, but it's less true with modern FETs than it was in the old days. FETs can easily deliver any transconductance value you need, any drive level, any speed, etc.  Dicklyon 19:21, 27 November 2006 (UTC)


 * Sure, but a bipolar transistor of similar physical dimensions will still deliver higher transconductance; just as a good heterojunction system can produce a bipolar transistor with extremely high common-emitter input impedance. BiCMOS exists for the very purpose of leveraging the advantages of both types of transistor.  I still think that the generalization is valid. -- mattb


 * I remain unconvinced. For both types, transconductance is approximately proportional to the output current DC level, with a small numerical advantage to the bipolars.  The FETs, however, can often carry more current in a given area, at least in modern CMOS IC and power device technologies.  My impression is that BiCMOS is no longer much used; it offers extra circuit flexibility, but there's not much net advantage. Dicklyon 22:48, 27 November 2006 (UTC)


 * We could go on like this for awhile, but I'd rather not seeing how it's non-critical to this article and the original question. I think we'll just have to agree to disagree for the time being.


 * Do consider, however, that bipolar transistors I-V relationships are based on exponential law while MOSFETs are (more or less) modeled with a square law. That is part of the reason that BJTs usually have a transconductance advantage.  I'm also a bit skeptical about your current claims since you can compensate for current crowding pretty easily in the BJT if high current power electronics are your aim (I've helped design HBTs for high current applications).  In general it's the bipolar transistor design that can drive more current because it is limited more by lower extrinsic series resistance than the pinch-off regime that exists in the MOSFET channel.


 * The IGBT comes to mind, which combines the voltage control and fast switching transient characteristics of a MOSFET with a BJT. This is specifically for high voltage/high current applications where it would be more difficult to create a MOSFET that could handle the required power.  On a similar note, last I talked to my contacts at a RF power amplifier company, they use GaP/InGaP HBTs for their high power radio amps.  Notice some of Skyworks' high current PAs; they use HBTs.  You can be sure they'd be using cheaper transistors (like Si MOSFETs) if they could easily be fabricated to deliver the same kind of gain and power.


 * Anyway, as I said, I don't really want to continue this discussion since it's not very important to this article at this time. I just wanted to point out that in my humble experience, bipolar designs are inherently superior over MOSFETs for amplification and current driving.  Take that for whatever it's worth to you. :) -- mattb


 * Matt, I do appreciate your experience in this. I just like to be contrarian sometimes.  Since a good chuck of my FET experience is in using them in the subthreshold (weak-inversion) region, where their transconductance per output current is almost as high as bipolars, and since that transconductance degrades only gradually as you go above threshold into the quadratic region, I allowed for a "small numerical factor" of BJT superiority there.  And I certainly agree that you can get big advantages from exotic (non-Silicon) semiconductors, which are generally easier to  make BJTs with than FETs.  Anyway, no problem living with our differences.  Thanks. Dicklyon 00:33, 28 November 2006 (UTC)

Thanks everyone, that's clear. I had looked it up being told that it was making HVDC transmission more viable, and somehow got the impression that it was a more complex device rather than just a kind of transistor.

Orphaned Derivative Page
The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor_structure article is an orphaned derivative of this page. Someone needs to either merge any new content there back into this page, or add more unique content to that page and link it from here. Lord Nightmare 22:40, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I favor the latter. There's an awful lot that can be said about the MOS structure that's independent of whether you make transistors out of them, so that's a good place for it. Dicklyon 00:00, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree with Dick... Anyone who wants to bring the MOS article up to speed is welcome to do so... -- mattb
 * I also agree... I intended to add more content to this article, and never did. Sorry CyrilB 12:23, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Metal Gates and recent Intel/IBM announcements?
How are traditional metal gate MOSFETs distinguished from the recently announced Metal Gate CMOS processes? These announcements proclaim that FETs have been built using polysilicon for 40 years! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 71.202.40.194 (talk) 06:48, 29 January 2007 (UTC).


 * Er... Poly-Si isn't really a metal, making the "M" is MOSFET a bit of a misnomer. The materials being used for compatibility with new high-k gate dielectrics are actual metals again. -- mattb

JFET
the jfet symbol should be removed from this page as it is a significantly different device ZyMOS 18:48, 18 April 2007 (UTC)


 * I think it doesn't hurt, since they are clearly identified as not MOSFETs, but cousins thereof. Dicklyon 19:35, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

SAGFET plagiarism
This diff is where the plagiarized material on the invention of the SAGFET came in. It was the only wikipedia contribution of this IP user. If someone wants to take a look and summarize and reference the source site, it might be useful. Thanks User:Oli Filth for catching this. Dicklyon 02:40, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

Expert help needed
On Metal–oxide–semiconductor structure; please help fill in the outline with what you know. Dicklyon 20:59, 28 April 2007 (UTC)


 * Oooops! I started this article, and dropped it! I'll have to do some work on it (not sure when). Thank you for reminding me of it, and sorry for the mess!CyrilB 21:56, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Subthreshold sensitivity to process variation
There is no doubt that the subthreshold region is exponentially sensitive to variations in threshold and oxide thickness. The impact this has on optimization is simply that a subthreshold circuit must be designed to support a huge variation in MOSFET behavior, which naturally means that the design cannot be pushed too far or it will suffer from poor yield. Is there any dispute over these matters? If so, what??Brews ohare (talk) 16:13, 19 November 2007 (UTC)


 * The sensitivity to Vth is greater in subthreshold only to the extent that the transconductance relative to Ids is greater. Either above or below threshold, threshold fluctuation comes in as a delta in Vgs-Vth, the surface potential that controls the current.  Circuits do have to be designed to tolerate threshold fluctuation, as do above-threshold circuits; it's important in mirror ratios, but not so much in differential pairs, for example, just as in above-threshold analog circuits.  The issue is not usually a yield issue, though; either the design tolerates a wide range of Vth fluctuation or it doesn't, in which case it has some badly controlled parameters.  Designers are traditionally afraid of subthreshold because they haven't been taught to understand it, not because it's inherently much different or more sensitive than above-threshold circuits. Dicklyon (talk) 23:26, 19 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm unclear about the ratio argument. For example, g_m/I_D in subthreshold is independent of V_th: does that mean more tolerance to V_th variation than above threshold?? I hope I could figure all this out eventually, but maybe you could rephrase the remarks on subthreshold to be more accurate?Brews ohare (talk) 00:16, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, in some ways a well-designed subthreshold circuit can easily tolerate lots of threshold variation; the key is to control the bias current in transistors whose gm you care about. Doing so usually requires some mirrors, so big devices are likely needed in some places to keep the threshold fluctuation under control.  Here are some places to look for things to say about it. Dicklyon (talk) 01:02, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll take a look, thank you. Aside from its impact on signal processing, the Shukla reference suggests that the variation of power consumption with manufacturing variations can be an issue. The Srivasta reference suggest a modified worst-case design methodology is needed because worst cases are just too conservative with an exponential dependence. So besides my lack of understaning of the ratio argument, there may be other complications in subthreshold??Brews ohare (talk) 01:11, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The key to controlling subthreshold power is to program currents, not voltages. The threshold becomes irrelevant over a wide range.  Exactly how to do this is where the good tricks are.  Dicklyon (talk) 04:05, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Early Effect Terminology
I am concerned with the usage of the term "Early Effect" in the MOSFET article. This is a bit misleading as the term "Early effect" is meant to apply exclusively to BJTs and "channel length modulation" is generally a much more descriptive label. While some texts do allude to the Early effect due to the similar behaviour and notation (particularly allusions to the "Early voltage" in a MOSFET) it is not something attributed to James Early. More importantly, I have always found the term "Early effect" overly ambiguous and qualitatively void. I have, however, noticed that this terminology has also been used on the Early effect page as well and possibly on other pages. Thus it may be some ordeal to fix. So ultimately I just plan to inform the community and see if it is worth correcting. I suppose it just caught my eye due to it seeming something of an oversight in such a well developed article. Thanks for considering. (Vincent Baier, unregistered) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.21.137.68 (talk) 07:49, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

Self-Aligned Gate Technology
I think it would be beneficial to either add a section on self-aligned gates or add a link to the self-aligned gate page under the see also pages nd revise/add to it. Blewis87 (talk) 20:16, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

enhancement mode
please explain the reason/logic for naming the enhancement MOSFET in the article (and what is the difference between this kind of MOSFET and the depletion MOSFET). 62.219.54.250 (talk) 09:46, 15 June 2008 (UTC)


 * The enhancement-mode device doesn't conduct much at all at zero gate bias; a field from the gate enhances the conduction. A depletion-mode device does conduct at zero gate bias; a field from the gate depletes the channel of carriers to make it not conduct.  The difference is really just whether the threshold is positive or negative; the fields I mention above are actually of opposite polarities. Dicklyon (talk) 06:11, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

Editted image
I made an update of that image to make it more clear. If anyone likes it, please install it. The new name is simply MOSFETs.jpg. Dicklyon 04:40, 30 August 2006 (UTC)

Nobody home here, so I'll go ahead. Revert if you disagree. Dicklyon 16:53, 1 September 2006 (UTC)


 * Does anyone happen to know if the pair of FETs pictured form a functional device? It looks like they could work as a digital inverter, but I can't identify the doping regions just from looking at the photo... -- mattb


 * That layout is not compatible with the idea that one is an nFET and other a pFET, since they share a source/drain contact of one type. Nonetheless, you could bias one device to act as a saturated load, by setting its gate near threshold, and use the other gate as input, and make a functional inverter that way.  But, no, it's not designed to be an inverter, I would say by looking at it.  I don't know where the picture came from. Dicklyon 04:15, 11 September 2006 (UTC)


 * It is possible to make an inverter using strictly nMOS or pMOS. Based on the dimensions of the two devices, I would say that the two FETs would most definately function as a basic inverter if properly biased.

It should be noted that added label on the photo "are added afterwards". It is my opinion. What others think? Čikić Dragan (talk) 20:27, 15 December 2008 (UTC)


 * The labels were added after the image was enhanced. Are you suggesting that we need to say that in the caption?  Or that we should leave the labels off, so that they can be added in other languages?  Or what? Dicklyon (talk) 04:51, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Gate Capacitance
I don't know where to add this: " Gate of MOSFET is a capacitor to be charged and discharged. Typical effective capacitance is 2nF."1 Chendy (talk) 09:28, 25 April 2009 (UTC)


 * It might be useful to have a section on gate capacitance, since it's a key property of MOSFETs. But that source is way too narrow to be helpful.  Typical values are from femtoFarads through picoFarads to nanoFarads, depending on geometric factors like width, length, and oxide thickness among other things.  Dicklyon (talk) 14:49, 25 April 2009 (UTC)

History
Is the MOSFET a development of the Metal rectifier, analagous to a triode valve being developed from a diode valve? Biscuittin (talk) 20:08, 30 April 2009 (UTC)


 * No relationship; the "metal" in MOS is pretty irrelevant; the "oxide" (insulating latey) is key. Dicklyon (talk) 21:47, 30 April 2009 (UTC)

Etymology
I deleted some stuff that didn't make sense. If anyone knows what it was about, please restore it in an intelligible form. Rumiton (talk) 15:26, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

LED driver example
I think the circuit shown in File:Mosfet n-ch circuit.png is a bad example for MOSFET applications because there are simpler/similar LED driver circuits with better properties.

Such LED driver circuit would only work properly (that is, driving the LED at ~20 mA) if the voltage source is constant and the LED has a forward voltage drop fairly known. I mean, you can't use this circuit to test LEDs of several types and you must use a fairly exact voltage source in order to work as intended.

212.183.240.71 (talk) 15:34, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Threshold symbol?
I changed the threshold voltage subscript in the triode/saturation/cutoff region because it was labeled incorrectly. For an n-channel MOSTFET, the threshold voltage is written as VTN, not Vth.


 * Here are 76 books that disagree with you. Dicklyon 06:48, 30 November 2006 (UTC)


 * I've seen it written both ways and don't particularly care which convention is used as long as its consistant. -- mattb


 * In book search, I find TH about twice as common as TN (is that because it's used for both types, as opposed to TN which is for n-type only?). Capitalization varies a lot. Dicklyon 15:46, 30 November 2006 (UTC)


 * In a couple of my books, they use Vto, as in SPICE (VTO parameter), for all MOS/JFETs. 212.183.240.71 (talk) 15:39, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Must be a candidate for the most overcomplex wiki page award...
Article goes into unbelievable levels of math, but nowhere does it state in clear-language what the device does, or what its fundamental characteristics and operating limits are. In fact, the statement "Each of these components can sustain a blocking voltage of 120 volts and a continuous current of 30 amperes." suggests to the reader an impossibly-high power rating, it being unclear that these two conditions cannot exist simultaneously for more than a very short time.

Agree with previous post that the LED driver is a poor example, not because it wouldn't work (it would) but because it is a pointless use of the device, the same result being achieved if the switch replaces the mosfet. A better example would be as a relay or motor-driver for low-current logic outputs. This would illustrate quite well the device's ability to control moderate or high currents with negligible input-loading, which is its key advantage over bipolar transistors. --Anteaus (talk) 13:49, 17 October 2009 (UTC)


 * Although the amount of math is not the worst problem, I agree that this is a severe case of WP:OBVIOUS. I added a few words to the lede. The article needs graphics to explain the channel. I added a figure from Commons, next to that very long table of contents. /Pieter Kuiper (talk) 15:05, 20 November 2009 (UTC)


 * And typically, User:Dicklyon immediately finds fault. Being the expert, he changes "no conduction" to "little or no conduction" with the admonition "don't deny subthreshold conduction" - as if I had deleted the section MOSFET. I reverted parts of his edits, because the introduction is about trying to explain basic operation, not about showing off one's expertise to colleagues. /Pieter Kuiper (talk) 16:38, 20 November 2009 (UTC)


 * I didn't add anything about subthreshold conduction; just trying to make it correct by not denying it; it was wrong before where it said "...below the threshold for making a conductive channel; there can be no conduction...", so I made it right with a small change. And the electrons pretty much all come from the source in normal operation (or from the source and drain when the transistor is not in saturation) (see these books).   The idea that the mobile charges can come from somewhere else, like they do in a MOS capacitor, is hardly applicable to the transistor.  Furthermore, the idea that the channel becomes "n-type" seems like an unusual way to describe inversion; what's inverted is the carrier density ratio, not the doping type; but there are a few books that do use your terminology there, so I'll leave it alone for now.  Dicklyon (talk) 01:46, 21 November 2009 (UTC)

How to test does a MOSFET work?
I have a damaged video card PCI express for a computer. I've seen various ways for testing but it isn't explained I am suppose to test the MOSFET when there is a power source connected or I can test when it is offline (not powered on). I have a multimetter Metex ME-32. I've calculated that there is less than 1k omh when cheking the gate and drain (around 125 omhs resistance) and 36 mega omhs when cheking source and drain the same resistance is for source and gate. Does this means the MOSFET is damaged? I didn't apploed current and used only the one coming from the multimetter. --LucaTurilli89 (talk) 11:00, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Mistake in equation for output resistance
Shouldn't the MOS output resistance (ro) just be lambda/Id? That's the equation given in both references [13] and [14] -Protective1 (talk) 00:59, 15 March 2010 (UTC)

The formula should be $$ r_{OUT} = 	\frac{1}{\lambda I_D}$$. rout is the inverse of gds where $$ g_{DS} = 	\frac{\partial I_{DS}}{\partial V_{DS}}$$. Caragpietro (talk) 19:25, 13 April 2010 (UTC)

Parasitic drain-source (body-source) diode
There needs to be discussion of the purpose of the embedded parasitic DS (body-source) diode. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nasukaren (talk • contribs) 00:34, 24 August 2010 (UTC)

Wrong picture
I would to you take a look at this image, where channel, at VDS=0.6, is located near source AND EVEN near drain. But if it so, common pictures like this are wrong, because channel should be located, even in saturation, not only near source but even near drain. Is my argument correct? -- Lenore (talk) 10:20, 10 September 2010 (UTC)

Redundancy and Wikipedia style
It's quite redundant to say a " ish is a type of " (or worse yet, "... is a that is ish"). If the reader is minimally sentient, this is obvious, and if the reader is not sentient, it's not part of our target mandate anyway. Wikipedia's resources are indefinite, but the reader's lifespan is short and valuable; let's not waste it. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:29, 10 January 2011 (UTC)


 * Yes, I realize that redundancy is problematic. However, please put yourself into the position of a non-technical reader reading the introduction. If you read a word monster like "metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET)", and have never heard of a "transistor", you will probably not realize that a MOSTFET is a type of transistor, thus the duplication. As a compromise, I wikified the term transistor (a link to "transistor" was missing in any case). Can you live with that? Sebastian (talk) 23:02, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * One link per paragraph is usually enough; just how clueless do we need to assume the reader is? --Wtshymanski (talk) 02:12, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Ah,sorry,didn't see the link further down. BTW, could you please tone down your rethoric a bit? We're not in kindergarten here :-/. Thank you.Sebastian (talk) 22:04, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You revert "poo" out of enough articles in a day, and you're in kindergarten. MIT this isn't. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:24, 11 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed! Sometimes, like Elliot on SVU, I just want to put away the perps, or worse, instead of AGF.  Dicklyon (talk) 01:57, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Elliot is a model of grandmotherly kindness; my impulses tend more to those of Ellen Ripley. It's the only way to be sure. --Wtshymanski (talk) 14:34, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Dubious section
The section MOSFET needs to be removed, or updated based on modern sources. These differences between MOS and BJT have pretty much gone away in the last few decades. Dicklyon (talk) 17:04, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

Copied from pre-splitup Field-effect transistor
Most of what I've done here doesn't need any explanation, but there's one correction I think warrants a note. I replaced every instance of "glass" with "oxide". This is because the silicon dioxide layer under a gate is not glass. Glass would not work. A glass is an amorphous solid - irregular arrangement of atoms. The common usage of "glass" happens to be an instance of this. SiO2 in MOSFETs is crystalline, not glass. -- Tim Starling


 * Small correction: amorphous oxides can work perfectly well as gate oxides. see link. At least as far as I know, these films are almost entirely amorphous.  The best films are done with ECR, but you can also use PECVD and get decent results.  On physical grounds, I don't see any reason why a gate dielectric has to be crystalline in "work".  --User:Dgrant

In fact, crystallinity is an undesirable effect in gate dielectrics, as it creates grain boundaries, which can dramatically increase gate leakage. User: Stonecold21


 * You're the man Dave, I'll take your word for it. Before you came along, I didn't know amorphous oxides were used for anything other than window glass :) I notice that the resistivity of the oxide in your reference is many orders of magnitude less than for crystalline silicon. That would degrade performance somewhat, but at least the breakdown voltage is still high. -- Tim Starling


 * "Oxide" is more correct than "Glass". A glass is not only amorphous but it also contains lots of impurities of highly mobile ions as softener, making it very inadequate as gate oxide. Dgrat is right about amourphous oxides, although they will result in very instable transistors. In organic transistors, even polymers are used as gate dieletric. --Qdr 17:12, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

what does "whereas those to the left abstract from the body contact." mean? It doesn't make any sense to me, or at least is doesn't convey the indended meaning, in my mind. dave


 * It doesn't mean anything. I changed it to something which makes sense, and is probably right. I seem to remember seeing some FET-like structures with the body insulated from the backside, but I don't think they do that for MOSFETs. -- Tim Starling 00:39 May 14, 2003 (UTC)


 * You have that in SOI (Silicon on Insulator) FETs, but these work slightly different.--Qdr 17:12, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

mosfet symbols
The schematic for your MOSFET shows a solid line connecting the Source and Drain. Does this not indicate a depletion mode MOSFET?. An enhancement mode MOSFET is symbolically shown with a dashed line between the Source and Drain.

The arrows for the 'metallurgical' contacts point at the bottom of the N diffusions. The metal contact is on the top surface. Shouldn't your arrows point to the upper surface of the N regions?.


 * All textbooks use different notations. I can't remember right now what is right, and what is depletion, enhancement, etc...  However, should use standard IEEE conventional symbols, whatever those are, and we should state that they are the IEEE standard symbols.  If there are some common "misuses" of the symbols out there, then we should mention that.  So first thing I think is to check IEEE and see if there are standard symbols, and secondly to check something like Art of Electronics and see what it uses.  dave 22:06, 16 Oct 2003 (UTC)

IEEE: http://ewh.ieee.org/soc/es/Nov1998/14/education/


 * You are right about the 'metallurgical' junctions, they are on top of the diffusion region and are not the same! Modern FETs do not only use high doping, but also metal silicides at this place.--Qdr 17:12, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)

MOSFET section
I'm planning on doing a lot of work on the MOSFET section. I hope to discuss how MOSFETs are evolving to smaller and smaller submicron dimensions, and the problems designers are encountering...obviously non-technically. I've created two subcategories I want to expand upon--why MOSFETs are so popular and the problems with scaling. Rmalloy 13:47, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I think some work needs to be done in the introduction to MOSFET...most important part. for later. Rmalloy 18:38, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Thanks for your efforts! I assume at some point it would make sense to put all MOSFET stuff in separate article. Agreement? Pjacobi 19:26, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * I dunno, I'm new here and don't know what the protocols are. As long as info is easily accessible it makes little difference to me. I'm not going to touch stuff like that. Rmalloy 20:06, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * It could make sense to have a rather generic introduction to FETS on this page and move all the details (different types, processing, materials) to other pages. --Qdr 17:12, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Splitup plan, please comment under each point if necessary. If no active disagreement is seen, I'll do the splitup around 2004-07-19 21:00 UTC. Pjacobi 18:49, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * The MOSFET specific parts of Field Effect Transistor will be moved.
 * This applies to section MOSFET (currently 1.1) and DMOS (currently 1.5).
 * It will go to http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=MOSFET&redirect=no which is currently a redirect.
 * The JFET, MESFET, and HEMT sections are not yet substantial enough to be moved to separate articles.


 * Sounds good, but I think also the other types of FET devices should be moved somewhere as they are way too specialized for a generic introduction. Maybe an article about "special" or "exotic" FETs? --Qdr 19:59, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Lumping together JFETs and MESFETSs into Field effect transistor (exotic) (or Field effect transistor (bizarre)]?) will break my heart ;-). I'd vote keeping them (temporarily) in the main article, or as a second choice, make all separate articles, even when [[HEMT will be a short one. Pjacobi 21:34, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * I vote for separate articles, maybe that is also an incentive to extend the individual articles a little. And btw, there should also be a link to TFTs in the main FET article. --Qdr 22:17, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * I second this. With some diagrams all of these transistor types would be good separate articles. I think Field effect transistor should be a list of links. Maybe some generic discussion. Rmalloy 00:14, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Rmalloy: There are some inaccuracies in your additions: The reason for using polysilicon as a gate material is the reduction of interface states and the self aligned S/D diffusion. Replacing it with metals (for example TaN, TiN) is subject of current research. Current gate oxide thicknesses are way below the 20nm you stated, I changed it to 2nm. But somebody should look up an accurate number. The problem with thin oxides is not breakdown, but leakage by quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons through the oxide. To remedy this, the industrie works on high-k dielectrics.--Qdr 17:41, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * QDR: First-off, I must admit that I haven't worked in this area for 2 years. But I think I am right about the polysilicon gate. The self-aligned S/D diffusion process would work equally well with a metal gate. I went back and looked at some stuff I wrote on www.everything2.com when I was a grad student in this area. Look at the article MOSFET that describes and shows diagrams of the fabrication process. The self-alignment process work the same if the gate were aluminum. I'm 99% sure that the reason you can't use aluminum is that there is a high-temperature annealing step after the gate is deposited, and this would melt aluminum. Now the reason the annealing must be done after the gate is deposited relates to the self-alignment process (S/D to be annealed created after gate), so we could be both right in a sense.


 * I looked up the melting points of the metals you mention, and they have very high melting points. When I was a grad student, I don't recall much effort into using these metals as gates. I don't know why, so I won't argue. But I do remember heavy emphasis on the silicides, like I wrote in this article. I know what surface states are, but I don't see how they relate.


 * 2nm is the accurate number. I meant 20 angstroms. 2nm was considered an absolute cutoff.


 * Now my memory is that 2nm is still a long way for an electron to tunnel. I seem to recall that, like I said, the oxide broke down, creating states in the oxide that acted like rocks across a river that you can jump across, facilitating tunneling. So I won't argue with you here...we might both be right. And it's not worth arguing. But I'm 99% sure that 2nm was the cutoff, considered absolute by the chief technology officer of TSMC. And I agree about the high-K dielectrics, and mentioned it in the article. Rmalloy 18:54, 17 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * I did some quick websearching. An Intel site claims successful operation with 1.2nm of gate oxide, so I guess I'll have to bite my tongue on 2nm. And I'm reminded of another key issue for gate materials--work function. The current setup, where the source, drain, and gate are all doped heavily at the same time gives the gates the proper work function for the transistor type--NMOS or PMOS. Successful metal gate processes would require two kinds of metals--one work function for each transistor-type. It's dawning on me that the choice of gate materials involves several issues, including all the ones we've mentioned and probably several more.


 * Feel free to clean up, correct, or add to anything I wrote. These issues are complex and there are many issues to discuss...maybe it would be best to avoid difficult issues like this altogether in an encyclopedia. Phew I'm glad I left this field! Rmalloy 16:35, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * The oxide thickness is a moving target, IMO around 2nm is a good guess. Intels 1.2 nm oxide was probably already nitrited oxide. There are many candidates for new metal gates, however the ones I quoted have been announced by the IMEC recently. And yes, there are various leakage mechanisms (poole frenkel, schottky emission into insulator valence band, direct tunneling, fowler-Nordheim) and they are enhanced by soft breakdown, however they are usually not regarded as breakdown itself.


 * I am pretty sure that the main incentive to use polysilicon gates was the self aligning SD process, back in the 70ies. I do not know the exact problem with Al gates and the self aligning process, but for example the spacer oxide would be pretty difficult to apply to an Al-Gate. Anyways, all of this is way too detailed for a Wikipedia article, the best way is to formulate it as generic as possible. --Qdr 19:59, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Good point about the spacer. I have the melting thing stuck in my head...I must have picked it up somewhere. I agree this is all too detailed for Wikipedia, but I guess I thought some explanation for the polysilicon gate would be advisable. At first glance, polysilicon is a very strange choice for gate material. You obviously know what you're talking about, so don't hesitate to delete or change anything I wrote. Rmalloy 00:14, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Analog circuits
I've added all I feel comfortable adding about MOSFETs in analog circuits. I wish someone could discuss analog stuff, since everything is so digital digital digital. Rmalloy 23:38, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Try contacting one of the engineers at National Semiconductor (www.national.com). I don't work for them, but their stuff is good. User:rank newbie 184.76.184.200 (talk) 02:11, 12 March 2011 (UTC) A quesiton: "The MOSFET's strengths as the workhorse transistor in most digital circuits does not translate into supremacy in analog circuits, in which the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has traditionally been seen as the transistor of choice, due largely to its high gain." This does not seem correct, since FETs have near-infinite gain - essentially no current flows into the gate. Glengarry 21:09, 15 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Bad subject-verb agreement for one thing :(.


 * Ok, this is not an area I know a lot about, but let me try to explain as best I can. "Gain" invariably means "small signal voltage gain" (output signal voltage / input signal voltage). The fact that a MOSFET gate allows no DC current isn't relevant (though its true). The job of analog circuits is to handle small signals.


 * Suppose a transistor is being used for amplification in an analog circuit, it is "DC biased" to put it in the high gain regime. A small signal voltage is applied between gate and source (or between base and emitter), creating a small signal current from drain to source (or from collector to emitter). The ratio of this small signal current to the small signal voltage is called "transconductance." My sense is that BJTs have substantially higher transconductance than MOSFETs. For a tiny bit of support, see http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~ee130/SP03/homework/hw13soln.pdf. This small signal current may drive a resistive load, giving an small signal output voltage of the current times the resistance of the load. Thus you end up with a higher "gain" (output voltage/input voltage).


 * I'm really shaky on everything analog, and that's why I made such a vague statement. I just felt like it would be inappropriate to only talk about digital stuff when analog circuits are very important. I think what I wrote is essentially correct, but if someone wants to delete it that's fine. I'd rather someone teach me though! Rmalloy 00:42, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * The gain issue is easily misinterpreted and is always good to start a flame war at news://sci.electronics.* or http://www.diyaudio.com. I'd write something into article but for the fear of a edit war! In essence there are four quantities which can be seen as geen dV(out)/dV(in), dI(out)/dV(in), dV(out)/dI(in), and dI(out)/dI(in). Of course MOSFET score big on dV(out)/dI(in) and dI(out)/dI(in) in NF, as no input current flows, but the practical significance is more that there is moe leeway in designing the preceeding stage.
 * What's more the problem with MOSFETs in discrete designs, is the variabiliy of there threshold voltage.
 * Pjacobi 07:27, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * It's not true that no *small signal* input current flows into a MOSFET. Current is constantly charging and discharging the MOSFET gate, so dI(in) != 0. In fact, capacitors, like the MOS capacitor, are short-circuits to high-frequency current. I think this topic is probably best left alone in the article unless someone is an expert on the subject, so we avoid misinformation.Rmalloy 13:04, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)


 * Agreed that the transconductance of a BJT is favorable compared to a MOSFET. I'll made the change in the article. Thanks, Glengarry 14:56, 16 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I edited the analog section of this article to add a few things. I took out this section from it because I thought it sounded kinda weird and it isn't exactly true:


 * "Some analog circuits are designed solely using MOSFETs in a fabrication process specialized for digital circuits because it is advantageous to incorporate digital and analog circuits onto the same chip and digital fabrication processes are less expensive."


 * Any difference between the analog and digital fabrication process would have to be changed to incorporate the analog components. I am also not aware of any difference, although that doesn't mean there isn't one.

Undefined term
Unless I'm missing something, the term "V subscript T" (sorry, I haven't got to grips with entering maths yet) as used in the section "Cutoff, subthreshold, or weak-inversion mode" is currently undefined. I think it should equal kT/q (and then I suppose k, T and q would need to be defined as well). This may well be supported by reference 4, but I don't have access to the relevant page of that book. It's also in "Mosfet modeling for VLSI simulation: theory and practice" by Narain Arora, for example. Richard J Price (talk) 11:04, 4 April 2011 (UTC)


 * You are correct, it is the thermal voltage: $$V_T = kT/q$$; these variables are somewhat more well-known constants and absolute temperature; are they perhaps already defined in the article? Dicklyon (talk) 06:34, 5 April 2011 (UTC)


 * OK, I've added the definition of $$V_T$$ but none for k, T or Q, since as you rightly say these are more well-known. (I can't find them defined elsewhere in the article, incidentally.) Richard J Price (talk) 12:36, 5 April 2011 (UTC)

Suggest merge
Over at 2N7000 there's a bunch of MOSFETs being discussed; it would seem to be to be a natural merger to th is article under "Popular devices" or some such heading; it would give the parts list a context. --Wtshymanski (talk) 20:02, 17 April 2011 (UTC)


 * It's not clear to me how it would help either article to have a section on a few particular popular hobbyist small-signal switch MOSFETs here. That would be a magnet for listing every part anyone cares about.  At least with a separate article, there are some criteria like notability and relationships of the notable part to other parts as found in reliable sources to help control the proliferation.  I think this proposal works against your stated goals.  Dicklyon (talk) 01:53, 18 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Parts aren't usually made for the hobby market, which must be a fairly insignificant part of the electronics business. ( We don't know from the 2N7000 article how many are made or sold each year in any case.) The 2N7000 article has very little content and a recitation of 3 or 4 popular exemplars giving their data sheet parameters would take up little space here and would avoid repeated explanation under the 2N7000 article. It would be more appropriate to discuss a collection of part numbers under a collective title, rather than lump them under one randomly selected part number. --Wtshymanski (talk) 03:09, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

If I see no support for this proposal soon, I'll back it out. Dicklyon (talk) 05:13, 21 April 2011 (UTC)
 * They are not important enough...to list...in an article about MOSFETs, but they are important enough to have their own articles. Right. that settles it, I'm not smart enough to edit this encyclopedia. --Wtshymanski (talk) 13:33, 21 April 2011 (UTC)

Break up Circuit Symbols Box/Table
Can someone proficient with the format code break up the MOSFET box with the 10 graphics so the two JFET symbols occupy their own box? (essentially split the single box into two boxes so that JFETs occupy one and MOSFETs occupy the other). It's currently confusing boxing them together for myself trying to learn about MOSFETs, when JFETs are a separate device.
 * Why are you confused by having JFETs also shown with the various MOSFETs? Dicklyon (talk) 00:15, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * It's not having them shown together that I have an issue with. It's having them shown in the same box. This implies to my brain that JFETs are a type of MOSFET, which they are not. Zerohourrct (talk) 02:15, 1 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I don't see the problem. The text before and in the box make it pretty clear that they are not MOSFETs.  Dicklyon (talk) 02:20, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Description and corresponding letters of source, gate, and drain
A total newbie to electircal engineering here. I was working with a MOSFET and assumed G was ground, not gate. Something indicating the meaning of S, G, and D would be hugely appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.116.170.225 (talk) 20:36, 23 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Agree. This is an excellent article but it lacks some very basic information that the general public would want to know. Somewhere in the lede there should be something like this.
 * "A MOSFET is a three terminal electronic device, the three terminales being the gate (G), source (S) and drain (D)."
 * Or anything similar to that. 64.40.60.149 (talk) 05:53, 19 March 2012 (UTC)

MOSFET a four terminal device
This reversion suggests "rv substantial uncited rewrite. A claim that MOSFETs are generally four-terminal devices and only three- in the exceptional case is going to need a serious citation." is misconceived. The reverted statement is:
 * Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET often is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field-effect transistors.

This statement agrees that the S-B connection is commonly made, and does not claim that "MOSFETs are generally four-terminal devices and only three- in the exceptional case". That is, in fact, completely contrary to what is said. Brews ohare (talk) 17:12, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

It might be added that there is no doubt that the MOSFET is a four-terminal device, regardless of how it is used. Brews ohare (talk) 17:14, 21 March 2012 (UTC)


 * This might stand within the body of an article, but I don't believe it belongs as the second sentence of the lead. A typical reader isn't going to know much about MOSFETs, but they will probably know them as the typical three-terminal device. If pretty much the first thing we say is that MOSFETs are actually four-terminal devices, then that's going to create more confusion than clarity.
 * Secondly, is this true as such a broad and general statement? There are many, many sorts of MOSFET around. Some are individual packages, most are in ICs on a shared substrate, others are peculiar variants for high power use. Does this broad statement apply equally to all of them? Of course, there's also the question of citing it. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:26, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Some diagrams in the article show all four terminals.
 * Yes, the broad statement is universally true: one cannot obtain the field effect (semiconductor) without a body connection, which can be attached to the source, of course.
 * A citation could be found: I'd guess that it is somewhere in the article already inasmuch as many of the diagrams trhere show the four terminals. Brews ohare (talk) 18:00, 21 March 2012 (UTC)


 * So what about the first point?
 * Additionally, if " cannot obtain the field effect (semiconductor) without a body connection" (by which I assume you mean that two of these four terminals must always be commoned), then is there any real scope for ever calling this a four terminal device? Andy Dingley (talk) 18:08, 21 March 2012 (UTC)


 * Andy: I have added a source from the well-known Berkeley group under Chenming Hu. There is no requirement that any two terminals be connected together. There is a requirement that a voltage drop be made to exist between the gate and body.
 * I don't find it confusing to state the existence of four terminals. That is what the structure is.
 * If anything, it's more confusing to start with a three-terminal structure that doesn't correspond to the physical facts, and then later introduce a fourth terminal.
 * If a reader arrives accustomed to the three-terminal operation, they are immediately put on board by the statement that the source and body are commonly connected. I assume that makes it clear that when two terminals are connected to each other only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams.
 * There is a section in the article on body effect that might clarify the substrate connection.
 * Hope we are now on the same page. Brews ohare (talk) 18:20, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

Brews is not incorrect, but I think maybe the way I had put it was better received: "Like other field-effect transistors, a MOSFET is usually a three-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), and drain (D) terminals; the substrate of the MOSFET is sometimes connected to the source terminal, and is sometimes a separate fourth terminal." It's a matter of point of view on what the "device" is, and what a "terminal" is. In chip design, you generally have to treat them as 4-terminal devices, but in discrete transistors, they're usually thought of as 3-terminal devices. That's life. And it is possible to have field-effect devices with only three terminals, controlled only by gate relative to source, with no bulk (e.g. certain JFETs). Dicklyon (talk) 03:55, 22 March 2012 (UTC)


 * Brews' last point is rather what I was thinking about. If a large number of MOSFETs are formed on a shared substrate, then is that substrate connected to the Source terminals (and by implication, all the Sources are thus commoned!) or is it instead that the body substrate has to be held to some separate potential, such that the potential across all of the Gate / Body junctions is appropriate, but that the Sources don't need to be commoned? Andy Dingley (talk) 11:08, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Andy, these are technical details that vary with the application. The basic point to be made is that these choices are predicated upon there being four terminals whose use can be adapted to the application. Brews ohare (talk) 15:21, 22 March 2012 (UTC)


 * This "vary" is what I'm getting at. If there is variation (and for shared substrates, I suspected that there was), then I don't think we can place such a blanket statement, so early in the lead. Andy Dingley (talk) 15:46, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Andy, what does this boil down to? It seems that you feel the statement that a MOSFET is a four-terminal device, while accurate, involves counting to four instead of counting to three, and so is too complex and should not be mentioned early in the article. Your reasoning, though not stated so baldly, is that a majority of readers will come to the article with the idea that the MOSFET is a three terminal device, and will be floored by the idea that it has, in fact, four terminals. The immediate bridge in the initial statement, that the source and body are frequently tied making the four terminals into three, is so convoluted that these readers simply will be left perplexed and leave the article in a daze of confusion. Is that your perspective? Brews ohare (talk) 16:52, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Not really. If it's true that all (and I mean all) MOSFETs are 4-terminal devices with the Body & Source strapped together, then maybe there's reason to put this so bluntly, so early. However I'm still not convinced that they are - in the case of shared substrates across many devices. They obviously have commoned Bodies, so AFAICS this would also imply that all such MOSFETs would also have their Sources commoned, which I don't believe to be the case. The Body needs to be kept at a certain potential relative to the Gate. For an individual device, the easy way to do this is to strap it to the Source. However the fundamental requirement is just to manage that substrate potential (which can be done as a one-off across a whole die of devices), not specifically to tie the Source.
 * I also have a slight concern about the phrasing of "four terminal". Wouldn't it be clearer if we had some other term here for the contacts, and so could keep "terminal" for the connection that goes outside the package. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:02, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the elaboration. The word "contact" could be used if you like that better than "terminal". Your statement:
 * "If it's true that all (and I mean all) MOSFETs are 4-terminal devices with the Body & Source strapped together, then maybe there's reason to put this so bluntly, so early."
 * is a bit confusing to me. The way I'd put it is:
 * "All MOSFETs are 4-terminal devices. In many applications the Body & Source are strapped together."
 * It seems you wish to involve the early discussion in distinctions between discrete devices and those in ICs. That is something I'd relegate to later in the article. IMO the most accurate and the cleanest way to proceed is to introduce the 4-terminal device in its full glory and then proceed to its various ramifications having presented the general concept. An evolution from the general to the particular. Brews ohare (talk) 17:46, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * For the lead, I don't think we need to mention either. The MOSFET has a function (to be an active device or transistor) and it has a primary means of operation (the channel production). Anything beyond this, such as fabrication, or the need to bias the substrate, is secondary. I don't think secondary things need to go in leads. Andy Dingley (talk) 17:59, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Andy, I as far as I know, "all" is correct, though one could imagine MOSFET structures without a separate body (e.g. a thin channel region between commoned gate terminals, more like a JFET but with insulating layers). It is certainly NOT the case that in chips were all share a body that they would also share source contacts; you wouldn't be able to make logic circuits, or much else, in that case.  Typically in CMOS about half of device sources connect to the body terminal, but in some chips, none do, like in old  NMOS chips with substrate bias, and in some CMOS with regulated well potentials.  The fact that they are four-terminal devices is important, well known, and universal.  So let's work out the best way to say that.  Per Brew's remark, yes, it's true that some readers will be baffled and put off when they read four and they see three in every MOSFET they look at, which is why I had said it in a way that would introduce that surprise more gently.  We could go back to not mentioning terminals in the lead; I had added that per a talk page request (which asked for an explanation of the three terminals, from a guy who didn't know about four).  Dicklyon (talk) 18:02, 22 March 2012 (UTC)

Here is a Google book search and here's another. The "four-terminal" approach to MOSFET is very common. Brews ohare (talk) 18:22, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Here is the corresponding search for the three-terminal case. Not as many, but within a factor of three to four anyway. Dicklyon (talk) 23:28, 22 March 2012 (UTC)