Talk:Metonymy/Archive 1

Entree
I think this is a poor example. For a start, in this article it refers to 'main course' (as 'dish'). However, this is Americanised and, indeed, contrary to what the link says if you follow it. Either remove the example or tag it as 'American usage'.


 * Okay -- changed it to "course (in dining)". Tom

Question
What is "Oslo" for "Oslo Peace Accords" or "Texas" for "University of Texas [athletics]" considered? Simply abbreviation? Thanks ~ Dpr 08:28, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)


 * This is a Metonymy. You are using "Oslo" to mean the peace accords, not because Oslo is a particularly peaceful place but because the Accords are associated with the city.
 * I've also heard people use "metonymy" to refer to the use of one word to refer to another with which it commonly occurs, regardless of the relationship of the referents. For example, when I was in high school people would say "that's statutory" to refer to questionable older/younger relationship, referring to statutory rape (even though the word "statutory" itself has nothing to do with rape or age or relationships). I'm not sure however it this second use is widely accepted.
 * Of course, it's also an abbreviation!Tom 10:39, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Actually, I wouldn't call this abbreviation or metonymy. I'd call it elision. Abbreviation means to shorten a word or phrase; i.e. Miss from Mistress. Elision is the omission of a sound or syllable in speech. The word 'rape' is not spoken but understood. How is describing a relationship as being 'statutory' metonymic? You said you 'heard' that using one word to refer to another (word) with which it commonly occurs is metonymic, regardless of the relationship of the referents. Where di you 'hear' that? It doesn't make sense. The common co-occurence of words is known as collocation and has nothing to do with metonymy. Brian

Right, Brian, which is why the definition as it now stands is just wrong. The key isn't the association of the words, it's the association of the meanings of the words. The perfect example of metonymy that I was given in high school was "The paths of glory lead but unto the grave." Grave is metonymy for death. But there's no particularly strong association between the words "grave" and "death". Rather between the ideas/concepts/meanings of grave and death.

Suggestion for lead
Very good article, indeed. In reading it I had one suggestion. I'd like to see a very simple example of the term as it's used rhetorically. My suggestion would be to use, "The press" or "The Media" to indicate news reporting, as in, "The media was there to cover the fire," or, "The press reported extensively the merger of Aol and Time Warner." Of course, many such easy to understand examples are possible. Tallyho, Calicocat 02:27, 1 August 2005 (UTC)

P.C.Plod
The name P.C.Plod for a British policeman started as the name of a character in the Noddy stories, but it became slang for any ordinary real British policeman. Can this be classed as metonymy? Anthony Appleyard 06:41, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Example needs punctuation?
"When the distinction is made, it is the following: if A is used to refer to B, it is a synecdoche if A is a part of B and a metonymy if A is commonly associated with B but not a part of it."

If divided into sections it looks like this:

"When the distinction is made, it is the following: if A is used to refer to B, it is a synecdoche if A is a part of B and a metonymy if A is commonly associated with B but not a part of it."

I don't understand it. Is something missing, and if so what?

Webhat 08:35, 11 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Hmm... the problem is the chain of ifs. The logic is clearer if we indent:


 * When the distinction is made, it is the following:
 * if A is used to refer to B,
 * it is a synecdoche if A is a part of B
 * and a metonymy if A is commonly associated with B but not a part of it."


 * There's no technical problem with the punctuation above that I can see, but I do see how it could be confusing. I'm going to change the first "if" to a "when" -- that may well help. Here's my proposed revision (I'll go ahead and put this in for now): When the distinction made, it is the following: when A is used to refer to B, it is a synecdoche if A is a part of B and a metonymy if A is commonly associated with B but not a part of it. Tom

Confusion about Keels example
There is a famous example which displays synecdoche, metaphor and metonymy in one sentence. "Fifty keels ploughed the deep", where "keels" is the metonym as it takes a part (of the ship) as the whole (of the ship), but keels are not an inherent quality of 'shipness'; "ploughed" is the metaphor as it substitutes (thus also displacing it) by association the concept of sailing; and "the deep" is the synecdoche, as "deepness" is an inherent quality or attribute of seas and oceans and directly affects their defintition.

Regarding this, is it true that either one of these is a metonym, as it seems that both of the examples keels and the deep are parts of their respective references, and not separable objects/qualities. Maybe a new clearer example is needed, or to simply rid this example from the article so confusion does not arise. (unsigned by 142.151.166.83 at 21:37, 11 December 2005)


 * "Deep" is not a "part" of the ocean -- "deep" is an adjective describing the ocean. If "the deep" were a part of the ocean, it would surely be the bottom of it, not the part "plowed by keels". Tom

I take issue with the same section of the article, but for a different reason altogether: How "famous" is a phrase if the only reference to it is that which proclaims its fame? It's not just a matter of spelling, either. --electric counterpoint 08:38, 13 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Why don't we just remove the word famous? I assume whoever added it had heard it various times and it's a kind of neat example, so I'm not opposed to keeping it. It's not like this is somebody trying to add their name to a list of poets or something -- it's just an example of metonymy, after all. It also strikes me as plausable that this example has been used quite a bit (perhaps it appeared in a rhetoric textbook at some point) but does not show up on a google search. Tom

Metonymy and Synecdoche
With the comment, "Removed "Metonymy & Synecdoche" section, incorporating it into larger article and not as a separate section to correct either error or cog-ling bias and bring it in line with synecdoche article", the metonymy and synecdoche section was removed. What is strange to me is that this was not really "incorporated" into the article -- rather, a statement was added to the beginning stating that "metonymy is often confused with synecdoche". Since the old section suggested that "synecdoche is usually understood as a type of metonymy", it seemed like an awfully big change. Anyway, I am tempted to revert but wanted to allow for discussion first. Do other people think the old metonymy & synecdoche section was biased? Does moving a statement saying the two terms are often "confused" into the lead paragraph just create a different bias? Tom

For reference, here is the removed section:


 * Synecdoche and Metonymy
 * Synecdoche, where a specific part of something is taken to refer to the whole, is usually understood as a specific kind of metonymy. Sometimes, however, people make an absolute distinction between a metonymy and a synecdoche, treating metonymy as different from rather than inclusive of synecdoche. There is a similar problem with the usage of simile and metaphor.
 * When the distinction is made, it is the following: when A is used to refer to B, it is a synecdoche if A is a part of B and a metonym if A is commonly associated with B but not a part of it.
 * Thus, "The White House said" would be a metonymy for the president and his staff, because the White House (A) is not part of the president or his staff (B), it is merely closely associated with them because of physical proximity. On the other hand, asking for "All hands on deck" is a synecdoche because hands (A) are actually a part of the men (B) to whom they refer.
 * There is an example which displays synecdoche, metaphor and metonymy in one sentence. "Fifty keels ploughed the deep", where "keels" is the synecdoche as it takes a part (of the ship) as the whole (of the ship); "ploughed" is the metaphor as it substitutes the concept of ploughing a field for moving through the ocean; and "the deep" is the metonym, as "deepness" is an attribute associated with the ocean.


 * Well -- there has been no reply here. I'm replacing the section -- this adds to the discussion, I think, and helps make this an encyclopedic article and not a mere dictionary entry. Tom
 * Synecdoche is a subset of metonymy.
 * Metonymy: in place of A, we use B, which with it is associated.
 * Synecdoche: in place of A, we use B, which is either a part of A or something A is a part of. Since parts of an object are also associated with the whole object, all synecdoches are metonyms, though not all metonyms are synecdoches. --Loodog 19:43, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Examples
The list of examples keeps getting longer -- this really isn't useful! Two or three examples will suffice. I'll go ahead and do some dramatic trimming Tom


 * I just trimmed the example list again -- maybe we need to reformat these as sentences and not as a list, since apparently formatting as a list makes people think they need to add more examples (and, in the most recent case, to categorize those examples into British and American examples!) Tom


 * I have some issues with some examples. Downing Street for instance. As an Englishman No. 10 is a metonym for the prime minister's office and No. 11 for the chancellor. Downing Street is just a street name and not a metonym at all. Many of the examples are region specific, for example Annapolis is a US city to me and I'd never even heard of Redmond. I think the example list needs some serious pruning and should be cut to 25% of it's current total. 00:39, 22 July 2011 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.170.87.20 (talk)

metonymy vs metaphor
I was taught, and I think it makes perfect sense, that metonymy and metaphor are not mutually exclusive; metonymy is a type of metaphor. Clearly not every type of metaphor is reached by metonymy, but in any instance of metonymy, you are using one word as a substitute for another, which is the very definition of metaphor. Just take the definition from the lead: "...is the substitution of one word for another [with which it is associated]." Take out the bracketed part, and you have the definition of metaphor. The requirement this article assumes, that metaphors *must* be made by virtue of A being said to have B-like characteristics, is consistent neither with what I have learned metaphor to be, nor with what dictionary.com says it is, nor even with what the wikipedia entry on metaphor says it must be (from the brief skimming I've given it).

In other words, I think this article artificially constrains the definition of metaphor in order to support an exclusive relationship between it and metonymy for which there is no basis or convention. And since the article mentions different contexts in which this can be framed, I'll add that I have heard the above argument both in literary and in linguistic contexts.

I know I'm supposed to "be bold" and all that, but I don't like being bold. This is my warning shot... if nobody complains and says I'm wrong, I'm going to fix this in a couple days. I forget how exactly I'm supposed to sign this, but in case anyone wants to yell at me or whatever, my SN is Eleusinian 06:19, 15 August 2006 (UTC)


 * Just noticed the change -- I've reverted it. Just because metaphor and metonymy each can be described as substitutions (Word/Concept A used for Word/Concept B) does not mean they're the same. The deleted section included an explanation of the difference, an example, and a citation. I added a new sentence acknowledging the similarity you described between metonymy and metaphor, but I've returned the rest of the section to its former state. Tom


 * Take a look at any definition of metaphor, including the one on Wikipedia itself. It doesn't specify the way in which the comparison is made, just that it's made.  If you really insist, I'll go and read that reference of yours more closely, but really, apply some basic logic and you'll see that metonymy is a kind of metaphor.  A car and a Honda Civic aren't the same either, but one's a kind of the other.


 * I don't know how to add references with nice formatting and all, but if you look at http://www2.dsu.nodak.edu/users/jtallmon/style.htm, you'll see a professor at Dickinson U. whose website includes a definition of metonymy that explicitly says it's a kind of metaphor. Mind you, I am in no way connected to Dickinson;  I just did a google search and posted the first thing I saw that wasn't from "just some page."


 * If you want to consider the two terms mutually exclusive, fine. But it is by no means obvious or established that they are, and you should permit, at the very least, the mention that some consider them not to be.  I've edited in a way that I think is a very fair compromise.


 * Eleusinian


 * The definition given in the wikipedia metaphor lead is that metaphor "is a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects. Metaphor then always draws out a similarity between two dissimilar things. Metonymy is quite different -- it uses an *association* between two things to relate them. If you look at the definitions on the very thorough Sylva Rhetorica site (http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm) you'll see definitions that reiterate the difference -- it defines metaphor as a comparison and metonymy as referring to something by naming one of its attributes (I find this definition slightly confusing, but you get the idea). I'll grant that the webpage you site gives the definition you suggest, but certainly in cognitive science, where this distinction is talked about a great deal, metonymy is *not* considered a type of metaphor.
 * A quick search of scholar.google.com for metaphor and metonymy will get you plenty of articles and books on the difference between these figures (or modes of thought/language). I'll look for some of the more foundational papers on the topic and include them as citations as I re-edit this section. Tom


 * Sorry, I forgot to check back until now! My wiki-use tends to go in and out.  Anyway I like the current revision.  I see your point about the linguistic and cognative science analysis, but my point was simply that at a superficial level, the two are not mutually exclusive.  You have covered both of those aspects, and in good detail.  I've only skimmed it (I'm really tired right now, can barely even read a full sentence ;) ) but it looks good.  Thanks for the work!
 * One thing, though. Couldn't "lend me your ear" also be synecdoche if you're chopping someone's head off?  ;)Eleusinian


 * Glad you approve of the latest version! Your new interpretation of "lend me your ear" is quite extreme indeed! Tom
 * I've noticed this unfortunate tendency that anytime a colloquial word in english is borrowed by pedagogy to describe an exact studied concept, the people studying the concept define it as only being the latter. E.g. energy is a word borrowed by physics, but the word means far more than the precisely defined concept in physics.  That being the case, I feel it's only fair in making this elaborate comparison between metaphor and metonymy to mention in the article that in the familiar colloquial sense as is defined in a dictionary they are NOT mutually exclusive.  In fact, all metonyms are metaphors in this sense.  I'm sure people have studied these things in depth and constrained "metaphor" to a smaller region than colloquial english has, but this restriction, as Eleusinian has mentioned, is artificial and is not complete.--Loodog 19:57, 15 March 2007 (UTC)


 * What Loodog says. I will add that both terms have been used for centuries by scholars of classical literature, who use it exactly as Loodog says. That sociologists and non-classical linguists choose to seize these words and use them with a rather different meaning, which I must say deviates from etymology and historical usage, certainly does not mean that the traditional sense should be surrendered without a fight. The traditional sense is still the most common one, as far as I know: every schoolboy and classicist is still educated that way.


 * Metonymy is simply a "change of name" (literally from the Greek), i.e. you use a name to indicate a thing that you would normally not so indicate, instead of its proper name; metaphor means no more than "transfer" (hence "transferred sense", a common synomyn), and it is used to describe that you use any phrase to indicate something that you normally would not indicate that way, be it a phrase, a word, a parable. The only difference is the name part: metonymy is restricted to the use of names, metaphor is not; i.e. metonymy is a subclass of metaphor. Frankly I found the linguistic paper in note 3 hardly readable. Cerberus™ (talk) 16:33, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

The opening sentence
I think the parenthesis about the etymology of the word makes the first sentence practically unreadable. Can't we just open with "In rhetoric, metonymy is the substitution of one word for another with which it is associated." and then put the etymology on the second line. Somehow the combination of greek letters, italics and nested brackets makes me dizzy. 85.178.40.91 17:26, 19 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the opening sentence was changed after the above comment, but it still makes me dizzy. If A is associated with B, can we say instead that B is associated with A?  If so, the sentence can be simplified considerably, in my opinion, from "In rhetoric, metonymy  is the use of a word for a concept the original concept behind this word is associated with.  " to "In rhetoric, metonymy  is the use of a word for a concept associated with the original concept behind this word.  " --Coppertwig (talk) 14:19, 18 March 2008 (UTC)

When one stands for the rest
In restaurants, I often hear people order a Coke, even if the restaurant serves Pepsi. It's been my observation that people say "Coke" to refer to any kind of cola, even using the brandname in preference to the beverage name. For example, the drink is called a "rum and coke," not a "rum and cola." Is this a metonym? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Khan singh (talk • contribs) 07:10, 29 January 2007 (UTC).


 * Yeah -- I think that's a metonym. So is "pop" by the way -- in that case we take the noise the soda makes and use it for the soda -- pretty cool. Tom

domain
The word "domain" appear six times in the article, each without clarifying statements or a wikilink. Looking it up in wikipedia doesn't help. In the interest of making this more accessible, "domain" needs to clarified.--Loodog 20:30, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

List of metonyms
Do we really want a list of metonyms? It seems like it will grow exponentially in very little time... on the other hand, it has taken the pressure off the intro of the article (at long last extra metonyms have stopped appearing tacked onto the intro of the article). If the list is worthy, perhaps we could specify what sort of list it is -- is it a list of common metonyms? A list of famous ones? A list of words of metonymic origin? Tom
 * I figured that common was implied. It's... difficult to cite a metonym. I suppose that a work would simply have to use it in order to qualify? Perhaps multiple ones? --Eyrian 03:20, 11 June 2007 (UTC)


 * Well I personally found the list very useful (note that I'm not from US) Unknown entity (talk) 18:52, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * They are very useful. I'll stick an HTML comment in there to hopefully prevent it from becoming a crud bucket.--Loodog (talk) 19:41, 28 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I added Redmond to the list, not because I think every item ever should be there but because I think it is a  mayor one. It probably won't last long before it gets reverted though. --Requiem 18th(email) 02:28, 24 March 2011 (UTC)

Sand Hill Road
This example needs to be cited. One might argue that every entry needs to be cited, and that's true, but I find this one in particular is likely not in common usage, and should be considered in light of WP:NEO. --Eyrian 15:37, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I have come across this phrase used often. Here's an example- http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/08/magazines/business2/rimer_vc.biz2/index.htm
 * Please search for the word 'Sand' and you get the sentence. peachy 15:59, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

Sweat = Work? Huh?
The first example on the page "sweat = hard work" makes no sense to me. What sentence uses the word "sweat" to literally mean "hard work"? eg.

"It will take a lot of sweat to finish this jigsaw"

huh? Nobody says that. Not in the UK, but maybe elsewhere possibly. I think the first example should really be simple and universally understood. How's about...

WORD: jigsaw

ORIGINAL USE: the tool used to make the puzzle

METONYMIC USE: the actual puzzle

Also, the list of metonyms is almost exclusively proper nouns, which aren't very enlightening, especially since most of them are country-specific. I've never heard of Foggy Bottom for instance, and I don't imagine too many people outside the US have. Sounds like a lovely place though! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikething (talk • contribs) 11:37, 26 September 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't give up on the metonym that easily; put some sweat into it!--Loodog (talk) 03:20, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

I've heard "sweat" used to mean "hard work" here in the U.S., so perhaps some sort of note should be made on the local nature of these metonyms. kevinthenerd (talk) 17:25, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

"Tongue" as a metonym for "Language"
Is "tongue" really a metonym for "language"? In many languages, the word for "language" is actually the exact same word for "tongue" (cf. "язык" in Russian and "γλώσσα" in Greek). The word "language" itself is actually etymologically derived from the Latin word for tongue/language, "lingua". It doesn't seem right that this should be considered a proper metonym. --216.73.248.254 (talk) 21:50, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
 * In present-day English usage, it is a metonym. Metonyms don't give notice to etymologies or origins.--Loodog (talk) 03:16, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

But the table is the problem then, as it has a column stating that the 'original meaning' of tongue is an oral muscle. Perhaps the metonymy is the other way round. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.243.204.95 (talk) 18:09, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Kennedy Space Center
I was born in Cocoa (Florida) and grew up in Merritt Island. I've gone to school in Melbourne, Cocoa, and about thirty miles northeast of Tampa. I've also lived in Orlando, Oviedo, and in a rural area directly north of Clearwater. In the twenty years I lived in Brevard County, I quite often heard people refer to the Kennedy Space Center as "The Cape," but never in my life have I heard anybody call it "Merritt Island." I dispute the validity of this metonym. I'll agree with "Cape Canaveral," but the exact wording might need to be changed. kevinthenerd (talk) 17:31, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

The list of metonymy in opening
I have gone ahead and removed the list seeing that the examples aren't really necessary IMHO, especially in light that there is already a decent example in the beginning and a extensive list below. HaItsNotOver (talk) 05:21, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

Eggcorn
An eggcorn is an instance of metonymy plus homonymy, yes? Please expand the article to mention this. --Una Smith (talk) 06:05, 26 September 2008 (UTC)

No, an eggcorn need not contain any element of metonymy. An eggcorn is the idiosyncratic substitution of a word or morpheme for a phonologically similar string. In the eponymous eggcorn, it is likely that a speaker understood acorn as related to corn either in the sense of a seed or a hard object, plus egg as a metaphorical description of shape. I see no metonymy here. It may be possible to analyze some eggcorn coinages as featuring metonymy, but that is accidental rather than systematic. Cnilep (talk) 16:41, 28 September 2008 (UTC)

Cause and effect
The article does not mention that a metonymy can substitute an effect for a cause and vice-versa.

extract:

For the people to turn into "sheer money," the narrator needs to skip a few steps in the logical and empirical chain of causes and effects. They "are sheer money" themselves, but he also sees them as the remuneration ("Honorar") they will earn him through writing. While the identification is seemingly metaphorical, it thus turns out to be the result of a metonymic procedure, substituting cause for effect. Conspicuously, the ontological claim "they are sheer money" chimes in with the self-conception of the citizens. It alludes to the more conventional metonymy that "the big money" is present on the stage. In this manner, the metonymical undercurrent of the scene ironically transforms the self-reliant citizens into a means to an end: the rich citizens are walking around not as a representation of their own wealth, but as incarnations of the writer's anticipated royalties ("Honorar").

Italic text —Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.54.64.36 (talk) 09:20, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Article currently does not sufficiently cover metonymy as a widespread aspect of cognition
In fact it moved backward a bit on this in recent months. Currently the first sentence of the lede declares the overall nature of metonymy to be "a figure of speech used in rhetoric". But that is mistaking one instance for the whole principle. Metonymy is, simply, the process of a thing or concept being called not by its own name but rather by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. This is a basic component of cognition, because how an intelligent entity (such as a human mind) parses reality into object models is subjective; various models can fit the data well, and none fits perfectly. Metonymy on the mundane end of its spectrum is simply having a method to organize useful abstractions out of a messy pile of instances (such as "the president needs to propose a plan to Congress soon" instead of "the team of people reporting to the president who will prepare all 238 pages of his proposal need to soon go through the process for submitting executive proposals to the congressional staff who log and process them so that the legislators can then evaluate the proposal"). On the most exaggerated end of its spectrum it is a figure of speech used in rhetoric (such as "Crown" for "Queen Elizabeth" or "White House" for "presidential administration").

The section that mentions "cognitive science and linguistics" in its heading currently does virtually no justice to the topic from those perspectives. All we've yet done in this article in its current form is mention those perspectives' names and then fail to discuss them.

These are some areas needing improvement that can be revamped if any users with exposure to cognitive science find time and willingness to contribute to the article. Regards, Quercus solaris (talk) 16:35, 27 February 2010 (UTC)

Table
The table of illustrative examples was deleted; and the edit summary presented a plausible explanation: This edit requires discussion. Some illustrative examples are helpful -- perhaps necessary -- in the context of an article like this one. --Tenmei (talk) 16:03, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
 * diff 10:22, 1 October 2010 24.61.203.154 (Removed toponyms, as they quickly overwhelm the list of examples since no one seems content to leave a single toponym stand (if we have Washington DC then we must have London and so on...))

Conflated meanings
In a reasonably bold edit, only one section was deleted: In the edit summary, the adjective "poor" implies that the illustrative example was marginally understood as relevant and that it was minimally explained. This suggests that something other deletion is arguably possible. If we accept as axiomatic that the section is drafted with sufficient clarity, what else can be done? IMO, the Schengen Agreement presents an excellent example precisely because its subsequent development is a bit muddy. It helps that "Schengen" has become a modern trope. A related noteworthy edit is at Treaty Compare Treaty. My continuing interest in this section is practical, not abstract. Although the Schengen treaty cited is a contemporary example, the primary utility of this concept is in the context of anticipated edit wars in articles like Unequal treaty -- compare Talk:Eulsa Treaty (Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905). --Tenmei (talk) 19:21, 6 January 2011 (UTC)
 * diff 18:24, 6 January 2011 Blue-Haired Lawyer (19,536 bytes) (→Conflated meanings: deleted section - a rather poor example, poorly explained)
 * diff 18:23, 6 January 2011 Blue-Haired Lawyer (34,505 bytes) (→Conflation: deleted this nonsensical section)
 * As a constructive response, I have removed the disputed section from the article; and it is now here:
 * Conflated meanings
 * As an example of metonymy, the central principle of international relations is expressed in the maxim pacta sunt servanda ("pacts must be respected"); and this can be illustrated by the Schengen treaty despite the fact that it was not actually signed at Schengen, Luxembourg, but in the Moselle River at the tripoint of Germany, France and Luxembourg. This metonymy is unaffected, even after the Schengen Agreement lost the status of a treaty which could only be amended according to its terms. Schengen has been encompassed within wider EU treaties. A treaty is that official document which expresses an agreement in words; and it is the objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the parties and their defined relationships.  As an instance of metonymy, the "treaty" in an abstract sense can also refer to the subject of the pact or the elements of the pact itself . In other words, the term treaty conflates the explicit words of the Schengen Agreement printed on emphemeral sheets of paper, the signing of the treaty at Schengen, and the actual implementation and consequences intended by those who drafted the words and those who affixed signatures on behalf of five European nations. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties has codified the conflated meanings of customary international law on treaties, entering into force in 1980. States that have not ratified it yet may still recognize it as binding in as much as it is a restatement of customary law.
 * The section can be edited in response to the critical comments of Blue-Haired Lawyer and others. --Tenmei (talk) 04:45, 7 January 2011 (UTC)

Someone has added "suggested reading" to the article
"For further analysis of idioms in which metaphor and metonymy work together, including an example very similar to the one given here, read this article titled Metaphor and Metonymy in Contrast" This is an essay link suggestion. It does not belong in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.230.117.208 (talk) 12:52, 17 March 2011 (UTC)