Talk:Multi-agent system

By Thor:
When it says: "It is important to note that because of the low transaction cost and ease of editing, persistent vandalism is in fact rare in the system. It becomes uneconomical for someone to try and graffiti a page if you are working against thousands of others who can remove all your work with a push of a button"

I can understand that it would be unpractical for someone to try and graffiti a page working against thousands of others can remove all your work with a push of a button, but can an automated system start editing pages randomly and persistently ? What are wikipedia defenses againt these type of attack ?

By Christian:
This webpage is a stump, and it needs much work to become a proper wiki about MAS. Dont you think? Chris


 * yeah this page in it's current state should probably just be merged with the Wikipedia article.
 * wish i could remedy the situation, but i am not particularly knowledgeable about MASs so cannot write about them myself.
 * hope some guru does though.

Multi-Agent Systems
Multi-Agent Systems is a field of research in Computer Science which agregates Social Sciences, Game Theory, Grid Computing, Web Ontologies and other topics

...a multi-agent system (MAS) is a system composed of several agents, capable of mutual interaction. --is this what Massive is? -RadRafe 20:21, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, Massive (as seen in several films) is a MAS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.169.45.17 (talk) 21:18, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Sims?
Since The Sims and The Sims 2, the popular EA/Maxis games, are MAS's in popular game form, would it be appropriate to include a link to The Sims? --Jay (Histrion) (talk • contribs) 19:12, 9 November 2005 (UTC)

Avoid self-references
The introduction at least has a self-reference. There may be other work required to fix it. Brian Jason Drake 03:37, 30 April 2006 (UTC)

Criticism
The present matter of this article more deserves the name "Wikipedia as a Mulit-Agent system". I feel lack of general description of MAS. However, the article is really interesting. The preceeding unsigned comment was added by 158.197.33.68 (contribs) 07:14, 26 July 2006 (UTC)


 * No disputing this: To further understand multiagent systems within the context of a specific example, below is an analysis of wikipedia as an MAS. Please sign your posts on talk pages. Brian Jason Drake 08:40, 29 July 2006 (UTC)


 * Yes, exactly. There should be a long general description of MAS, and a short concrete example (not the other way round, as it is now). It should perhaps look a bit more like the DCS-Wiki page for MAS --JFromm 13:13, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

WTF??
Is this page about Multi Agent Systems (MAS) or Wikipedia???? I came to this page looking for information on MAS and only got an explanation on Wikipedia...

FTW?
Yes it's on multi agent systems, it just USES wikipedia as an example to illustrate how a MAS might work. lols *giggle* smirk... (edit, the lols *giggle* smirk was directed at the snappy and seemingly hasty response of the poster above me....)

Anyways, original research, I found about only one or TWO "I" claims, such as

'now, to continue this analysis' (Yep, an I claim) Although the article seems to be VERY well written, described with the help of pictures, and uses a basic easy to understand model.

I think we should remove the template, as it's seemingly well off and functioning very well to serve it's purpose.

To inform accurately, honestly, and use up-to-date information on MAS and the theories (I think it includes theories, no need to correct me i'm wrong)

Because i'm heading off to other parts of the wikiverse, I may not return, but IF I DO!, i'll stay for a little while. (This article is REALLY unattended, very few people seem to be even POSTING about it)

Nateland 02:09, 22 January 2007 (UTC)
 * shivers* :-)

Merge with Agent-based models
There is already a fairly good article on agent-based models. This article could be merged with that one, and the examples of Wikipedia as a multi-agent system could be broken off as a separate article (except that it arguably constitutes original research).

--Rinconsoleao 07:42, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

Redirect
I am redirecting this page to agent-based models. IMO most of the content here is covered over there. Feel free to move anything critical into the other article. IMO the wikipedia debate is an essay, and constitutes original research. -- cmhTC 17:19, 9 August 2007 (UTC)

This article is almost erased
It looks to me that this article is alomost erased. Two months ago this article was a lot of information, which still needed a lot of work. .

Now only a few sentences and links from this article are transfered into the Agent based model, see.

This is unbelievable. I'm not an expert in the field of MAS, but I can see that for three years a lot iof editors made more then 300 contributions. I like to get into this some more. - Mdd 17:27, 28 August 2007 (UTC)

Recreation of the article
I started recreating this article because I believe that the concept of Multi Agent Systems has developed into a new paradigm in the field of AI, complex systems, computer science, economics and logic. There is enough scientific development to justify an own article. It just has to be severely improved.

I do agree with Rinconsoleao that there is already a fairly good article on agent-based models. But this doesn't mean that this article automatically has to merge into that one. It's my experience that especially new scientific development grow into several closely related paradigms. Wikipedia should express and not suppress this. - Mdd 11:44, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

Relation with Agent-based models?
What is the relationship between this idea and Multiple agent system? With such similar names (and descriptions), at the very least a disambiguation page is called for, at the most a merge. CharlesGillingham 23:59, 6 September 2007 (UTC)


 * You mean the relation with Agent based models? - Mdd 11:44, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

It's still not clear to me (several years later) whether an Agent based model is or is not the same thing as a Multi-agent system. Either the pages should be merged, or it should be made clear how one concept differs from the other. Rinconsoleao (talk) 10:10, 29 July 2010 (UTC)


 * I've added a brief section trying to clarify this and will be adding references. The bottom-line is that although there is quite a bit of overlap in terms of software infrastructure and terminology between MAS and ABM, they really come from two different traditions.  MAS were developed largely from the engineering/computer science world to solve practical problems, whereas ABMs were largely developed in the natural sciences, such as physics, biology and ecology to explain complex emergent patterns.  The analogy would be between biological neuron model (part of computational neuroscience) and artificial neural network (typically considered part of machine learning), which both use neural networks, but with very different goals. --Lexor|Talk 05:01, 7 October 2013 (UTC)

Removed part of the article for the moment
I removed the following text for the momenent - Mdd 15:25, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

And I moved this back - Mdd 15:30, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed the following example for the moment
I removed the following example from the article for the moment - Mdd 15:25, 18 September 2007 (UTC) 

Example: Wikipedia as a Multi-Agent System
Wikipedia is a network of individuals working together. Through communication among each other, these agents are able to approach a consensus on content for each topic. The cooperation among different agents allows for far faster updates with more depth and breadth in topics than would be possible with conventional processes. The organization of Wikipedia as a Multi-agent System (MAS) allows for a dynamic organizational structure with low transaction cost between agents. Thus, Wikipedia is capable of quickly adapting to change. The next few sections further explore the breakdown of Wikipedia as a MAS. Specifically, the seven dimensions of MAS are explored: Tasks, Agents, Control Flow, Data Flow, Message Content, Message Timing, and Culture and Resources.

Wikipedia: Tasks
The overall goal of Wikipedia is to become “a neutral, unbiased compilation of notable, verifiable facts.” (See Wikipedia in eight words). As a result, three main tasks have been developed in order to accomplish this goal. These tasks include manipulating existing pages, creating pages, and organizing pages.

Manipulating existing pages is the main task which allows Wikipedia’s content to approach its goal of being more thorough and neutral (See NPOV). This task can be performed by any human agent. Manipulating pages can take a number of forms from fixing typographical errors to elaborating or updating factual data contained in a topic. Manipulating pages can also take the form of rewording pages to better demonstrate a neutral point-of-view. While editing of pages is assumed to be constructive, it isn’t always, which is why history of each edit is recorded, allowing edits to be easily reversed. This allows destructive tasks from harmful agents to be undone quickly and easily.

Adding new topic pages is also a direct contribution to expanding the body of work that is Wikipedia. This action allows Wikipedia to cover new topics as they emerge and add to its knowledge base any content it is lacking. This is more regulated than editing existing topics. If adding new topics were too easy, topics would become repetitive, however the action cannot be too restrictive or Wikipedia would lack new content.

Due to the large numbers of topics Wikipedia has to deal with, organization of these topics becomes quite necessary. As a result, tasks have evolved to merge similar content into one page. Additional organizational functions have also come about. Wikipedia pages that encompass too much material can be split into multiple topics. Pages which do not contain much detail on a topic are marked as stubs (See Stub). Pages are also organized through links. Links between pages can be added and excessive links can be removed.

In order to restrict potential damage from harmful agents which work against the objectives of Wikipedia, an organizational structure with management tasks is present. The agents which are part of the managerial structure have additional tasks to restrict access to destructive agents by banning them from editing posts. These agents can also lock topics which are susceptible to opinion in order to help maintaining neutral perspective.

Wikipedia: Agents
The most basic agent in the Wikipedia multi-agent system is known as the Unregistered User. These users form a significant portion of the agents in Wikipedia, and are able to complete the most important and basic task of the system: editing topic pages in the encyclopedia. Since these agents are anonymous, they are just logged and identified by their IP addresses, which is the only information kept about them. According to meta.wikimedia.org, as of January 2005 18% of all edits to topic pages were made by these agents. Further studies indicate that unregistered users compose one quarter of total readership. The next agent in terms of power within the system is the Registered User. These agents form the bulk of the agents in Wikipedia, with numbers in the tens of thousands. These agents can complete the same tasks as the Unregistered User, and can also upload files (such as pictures) to most topic pages, move and rename most topic pages, and start new articles on any topic. From the inception of Wikipedia until January 2005, 36,377 registered users had made at least five edits on any number of topic pages. As of March 2005, nearly half a million registered users had been created, although many of them have not taken an active role in the multi-agent system (MAS).

Bots are users that have been created by any Registered or Administrative User in Wikipedia. These agents run both autonomously and manually at the direction of its creator, after being approved, verified, and deemed acceptable by Stewards (the upper echelon of Administrative Users, described below). These users primarily perform maintenance and iterative functions within the Wikipedia, such as updating and improving many of the topic pages by reducing link redundancy, creating new pages based on composite information, and spell checking entries.

Administrators administrators are the first tier of Administrative Users in the Wikipedia MAS, and have minimal control over both Unregistered and Registered Users. Since they are a more select community than Registered Users, the number of active Administrators is limited to a few thousand across the various language Wikipedias. These agents are capable of deleting and undeleting topic pages, protecting or quickly fixing topic pages that have violated one or more of the standards of the Wikipedia system, and basic design and format coding edits to the Wikipedia interface. These agents are directly capable of removing an Unregistered or Registered User’s editing and posting rights, as well as enforcing different rulings that are passed down by Bureaucrats and Stewards. They are also capable of interacting with topic pages in the same manner as Registered Users.

The second layer of Administrative Users is the Bureaucrat agent. These agents have the same responsibilities and capabilities as Administrators, with the additional ability to promote any Registered User to an Administrator, and any Administrator to a Bureaucrat (but not down the control hierarchy). Although still active in the overall Wikipedia goal of editing and creating topic pages, Bureaucrats are more responsible with managing various subprojects within Wikipedia. There are on the order of a hundred Bureaucrat agents, with 20 Bureaucrats specifically for the English Wikipedia.

The final component of the Administrative Users is the Steward agent. These agents possess the same responsibilities as Bureaucrat agents, and are additionally capable of changing any given agent’s designator, such as punishing an Administrator by making him a Registered User. With the exception of Jimmy Wales, these agents are the ultimate arbiters on the content side of the Wikipedia MAS. As of March 26, there were 22 Stewards over the entire Wikipedia, composed of the various language Wikipedias. On the programming side of the MAS, Developer agents run the technical specifics of Wikipedia. Most of their changes do not have any administrative affects on the MAS, and they very rarely interact with the content side of Wikipedia. According to Wikipedia, there are 56 developers that exist in a subhierarchy of responsibilities and duties.

Jimmy Wales is the final decision maker on all matters administrative and programming, and thus can control the actions of any User or Developer. He is listed as one of the 22 Stewards and one of the top level developers, providing him control on both sides of the MAS.

Wikipedia: Control flow


As described above, Jimmy Wales has authority over all agents within Wikipedia. The developer agents have their own subhierarchy that is related to their functional responsibilities managing the Wikipedia website, which largely has no effect on the content-based goals of the MAS. The Administrative Users (composed of Stewards, Bureaucrats, and Administrators) all possess authority over the agents below them, but do not provide direct orders for these agents to follow. Rather, these Administrative Users allow the agents below them a large degree of autonomy within the Wikipedia MAS, provided that these agents follow the rules and standards of the community, which will be elaborated on later. As described above, Stewards can change an agent’s type if a specific situation demands their attention (such as demotion or promotion in the hierarchy). Bureaucrats are capable of promoting lower agents to higher roles if an agent exhibits good performance and knowledge. Administrators are capable of banning or restricting Registered or Unregistered Users that violate the rules of Wikipedia. Additionally, Registered Users have control over the Bots agents that they create, provided that the users are held accountable for their bots and they are approved by the Administrators. This hierarchy is shown below.

Wikipedia: Data flow


Data flow in the Wikipedia system is characterized by many methods of interaction between the different agents, including both methods of message passing and message posting, though posting is predominant in the system. All of the agents in the system are connected, however, the weight of their connections in each direction may differ greatly. For example, in the linkage between Jimmy Wales and an average unregistered user, data flow is mostly one directional. Wales's influence will more drastically shape an unregistered user than would an unregistered user's posting have a chance of being read by Wales. Also, even between agents of the same type, like registered users, some are regarded as having more authority than others and are thus more influential within the system. Some avenues of that transmission of information for all agents within the system include, the wiki page itself, the discussion boards attached to each wiki, the mailing list, personal email, IM, Wikipedia IRC channel (for both open board discussions and general conversation), and finally voice communication. A metagrouping would have the management of all of this data flow fall under the heading of language. Dataflow on each wiki article page is done through posting of messages to the centralized page. That page is subsequently accessed or updated when the agent desires either the information for their own purpose, or desires to check the state of the information for the purpose of controlling content. A history of all changes is kept and made available. Data flow also takes place outside the page itself, on accompanying discussion boards, mailing lists and IRC channels, especially for issues of conflict requiring a more immediate form of dialog. Some additional forms of the data being passed include administrators banning individuals, IP’s, or certain content and it’s history; Jimmy Wales giving the final vote on policies; and administrators with developer rights passing data to the rest of the agents via the code they implement that changes how the site functions. Finally, personal pages, agent history information, and communication through websites to establish authority and community between agents also play a crucial role in the Wikipedia organization. The discussion boards, IRC channels, and mailing list are used to aid this process of forming community within the system.

Wikipedia: Message content
Most obviously text, images, and links to other web content pertinent to the topic on a given page is the most common message content. However, there are also suggestions posted from any agent on the discussion boards or mailing list. These suggestions are generally pertinent to problems like a hot topic, flame war, or if a user should be banned for repeated posting of unsuitable information. Additionally, there is code that changes how the site functions which is done by the administrators with coding rights. That code contains information about how the site functions, as well as looks (i.e. backgrounds, fonts, process for membership, etc.) Another content form is in personal information about individual contributors. Users discuss who they are, their background, degrees, resume, etc. to establish authority between agents. This is usually on personal webpages, and contains history of articles, and user supportive backgrounds. A final form of message content is in the rules and guidelines for the site, this is passed down from board members with Jimmy Wales having the final say in those decisions. It is important to note that the message content is not always directly pertinent to a certain idea or point, on personal pages, IRC, IM, email, etc. information unrelated to credentials and rules is often passed which helps to enforce the sense of community within the system and between agents.

Wikipedia: Message timing
Some synchronous messages are passed by Wikipedia. These messages are all products of automated processes. Site statistics are compiled at uniform intervals, with different statistics being kept on daily, monthly and yearly basis. Some of these statistics are used to assist in generating other synchronous communications. For example, lists of pages potentially in need of maintenance are derived from synchronous usage data and synchronous content. The content used for automated maintenance evaluations is synchronous as it is offline archives rather than online pages which are processed. Online pages are always changing, so the automated processes could run into issues working with live content which is changing as evaluations are being made.

Ultimately, Wikipedia is about human content management though. Only suggestions are made with machines, all the actual decisions are made by people. All the messages from different types of human agents are asynchronous. Each human agent submits and receives messages independent of time. There are no timing windows or deadlines in Wikipedia. It is designed such that agents can all pass messages as frequently or infrequently as necessary. Despite Wikipedia’s nature of building consensus, it is not a requirement for any agent’s messaging that the agent receives data from another agent before acting.

Wikipedia: Culture and standards
The culture of Wikipedia is very distinct from other social organizations, particularly other internet-based community websites. No other web-based organization has as many guidelines and self-generated standards as Wikipedia, nor does any such organization pursue the same goals as the Wikipedia MAS. Since Wikipedia is tasked with developing an encyclopedia, the culture must be especially resilient against vandalism, inconsistency, uneven quality, unsubstantiated opinions, systemic bias, and preference of consensus or popularity to credentials. These criticisms are often used to discredit Wikipedia's reliability and authority, making it even more important for the agents within Wikipedia to combat these vices and work within the guidelines established by the community. It is important to note that because of the low transaction cost and ease of editing, persistent vandalism is in fact rare in the system. It becomes uneconomical for someone to try and graffiti a page if you are working against thousands of others who can remove all your work with a push of a button. Regardless, the guidelines -- often called the Five Pillars of Wikipedia (Five pillars) -- still have an important role in the functioning of the community and are discussed below.

“Wikipedia is an encyclopedia.” This is an important standard of the Wikipedia MAS because it reinforces the fact that the one and only goal of Wikipedia is “to create and distribute a multilingual free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language.” There are many things that have been published in the culture that speak to what Wikipedia is not: a newspaper, an experiment in anarchy or democracy, or a grouping of links, to name a few. Another standard of the system is that agents must not insert their own opinions, experiences, or arguments, which is vigorously enforced by a no original research policy. Finally, all agents must strive for accuracy to successfully attain the goals of the Wikipedia MAS.

“Wikipedia uses the neutral-point-of-view.” This is a central tenant to Wikipedia’s open-source, collaborative, information gathering system. Since Wikipedia desires to be an impartial, judgment-free source of knowledge, it cannot advocate or dictate a correct interpretation of facts. Ultimately this requires content-based agents to use verifiable, authoritative sources whenever possible, especially on controversial topics. When a conflict arises as to which version is the most neutral, the community has a process to isolate and resolve the dispute in a civil manner, using the communication forums described previously.

“Wikipedia is free content.” This is an important standard within Wikipedia, because it enables the free distribution of knowledge, which is the specific goal of the MAS. It also means that that, ideally, bad information will not be maintained on any topic pages, since it will be quickly edited or removed by other agents acting autonomously.

“Wikipedia follows the writers’ rules of engagement.” This code of conduct is used to guide the content of messages left by agents in all communication forums. This is enforced through a variety of content-based rules, such as the three-revert rule, which limits the rate at which topic pages can be edited by a single individual. These rules are enforced by the Administrative Users in order to keep discussions civil and productive, which indirectly guides all agents to the overall goal of the MAS.

“Wikipedia doesn’t have firm rules.” This final standard is important, since it provides the motivation for every agent to work autonomously within the framework of these pillars. The overall task of the Wikipedia MAS demands that its agents take risks and be aggressive when pursuing information, since there is so much knowledge to document. When all of its agents work independently, following certain loose constructions of intentionality outlined by these five pillars, the accuracy and breadth of the information has shown to be capable of innovative and unprecedented results. 

Comments
A example has been a lot of work, but in it's current form it doesn't fit in the article. I think an example like this would be better of in Wikisource. - Mdd 15:39, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

The listing of Multi-agent system development tools removed

 * Aglets - A lightweight system for mobile agents originally developed by IBM
 * BRAHMS - software tools to develop and simulate multi-agent models of human and machine behavior
 * Cougaar - DARPA-funded system for developing agents and multiagent systems
 * Jack - Commercial agent system development kit
 * JADE - Java Agent DEvelopment Framework
 * A Methodology for the Development of Multi-Agent Systems using JADE
 * JAS, LGPL JAS is a java library for creating agent based simulations.
 * Jason, LGPL Framework for BDI multi-agent simulation using AgentSpeak(L).
 * LS/TS, Living Systems® Technology Suite - a commercial Eclipse based multi-agent development suite and runtime environment.
 * Repast - Recursive Porous Agent Simulation Toolkit extended from Swarm
 * SeSAm - SeSAm (Shell for Simulated Agent Systems) provides a generic environment for modelling and experimenting with reactive agent-based simulation.
 * Spyse, LGPL environment for agent-based simulations with BDI support (3APL).
 * Swarm, GPL'd software package for multi-agent simulation of complex systems
 * TuCSoN, (Tuple Centres Spread over the Network) is a model and an infrastructure enabling and governing agent communication and coordination in Internet-based multiagent systems.
 * VisualBots - Freeware multi-agent simulator in Microsoft Excel - Visual Basic syntax
 * SPADES -System for Parallel Agent Discrete Event Simulation) is a middleware system for the creation of artificial intelligence agent-based simulations.
 * Agent Factory Framework for constructing and deploying multi-agent systems that includes support for the deployment of mobile BDI agents on all Java-compatible devices including mobile phones and PDAs.
 * FreeWalk/Q - FreeWalk is a platform where human participants and autonomous characters can socially interact with one another in a virtual city space.
 * System Effectiveness Analysis Simulation (SEAS) - The US Air Force's Multi-Agent Theater Operations Simulation

A year ago this article containt the above listing of Multi-agent system developments. I wonder if they should not be replaced in the article again - Mdd 15:44, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

I agree, this could be useful information. But someone should parse the whole list and remove the development systems that have been abandoned (I know there are quite a few). Mihai Damian (talk) 12:00, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

External links removed
I removed the folowing list of external links:
 * The Brookings Center on Social and Economic Dynamics
 * UCLA Human Complex Systems Program with recent online publications.
 * The Multi-Agent Systems Lab at U. Mass
 * Teamcore Research Group at USC
 * AgentWise Research Group at KULeuven, Belgium
 * Agent Technology Group at CTU, Prague
 * The Collective Agent Based Systems group at the Delft University
 * The Multiagent & Cooperative Robotics Lab at Kansas State University
 * Agent technology Roadmap
 * MultiAgent systems
 * Java-based Multi-Agent Systems
 * The Maia Institute
 * UMBC Agent News. (It seems that this site has not been updated since 2003)
 * SwarmWiki, a collaborative resource for agent-based modelling.
 * MASLAB - Multiagent Systems Lab. at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
 * A Methodology for the Development of Multi-Agent Systems using JADE
 * System Effectiveness Analysis Simulation (SEAS) - The US Air Force's Multi-Agent Theater Operations Simulation
 * Intelligent Software Agents - The Robotics Institute's research group dedicated to Intelligent Agents
 * Center for Models of Life - Niels Bohr Institute
 * Multi-Agent - Magenta Technology's technological website on Multi-Agent Systems


 * Multi-agent system development tools
 * NetLogo - cross-platform multi-agent programmable modeling environment.
 * VisualBots - Freeware multi-agent simulator in Microsoft Excel - Visual Basic syntax.
 * MASON - a fast discrete-event multiagent simulation library core in Java.
 * REPAST - agent-based modeling toolkit.
 * agentTool - an Eclipse-based development environment for the analysis and design of multiagent systems using the Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering Methdodology
 * JIAC - Java-based Intelligent Agent Componentware

Further comments
It seems to me that:
 * 1) This list should only contain of links that explain "Multi-agent system"
 * 2) General links to research institutes are not acceptable here
 * 3) I removed the list of Multi-agent system development tools allready last year. This seems all linkspam to me.
 * 4) Papers (notable enough) should be in the further reading section.

I will recheck this links I removed to see if any of those links comply with these terms. -- Marcel Douwe Dekker (talk) 12:02, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Concrete applications examples
This page is in need of some concrete real world application examples. Right now this section only states that multi-agent systems are used here and there. Giving some actual names would help a lot. Mihai Damian (talk) 12:04, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

We do not perform COMPUTER EMULATIONS, we perform COMPUTER SIMULATIONS
Hello, a MAS modeller. Just wanted to tell you that the experimentation we do in MAS are SIMULATIONS and not EMULATIONS. Go and read the difference between EMULATE and SIMULATE, you will se we do not "translate" any machine instructions or whatnot.

I will change this... however due to the history of my wikipedia changes I assume it will be reverted or ignored by any of the "head honchos".

bye. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.124.243.233 (talk) 08:26, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

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