Talk:Northwestern University Master of Product Design and Development Management

Ergonomics
''ERGONOMIC' ERGON --> WORK NOMOS --> LAW It is the laws to be observed at work. Have you ever observed how a data entry operator works or a traffic police performs the duty or a car mechanic works on a car or a welder operates on overhead areas? Their jobs need them either to continuously sitting, standing or stretching or bending. Continuous working on the same physical posture leads to job risks. Following are some of the job risk factors. Job Risk Factors •	Doing work in awkward postures / positions •	Continuous sitting / standing •	Bending, reaching, stretching •	Driving for extended periods of time •	Heavy load lifting •	Having Awkward position during lifting •	Unloading in combination with twisting •	Pushing, pulling, carrying •	Accidents, slips, trips, falls •	Vibration These job risk factors lead to injuries. To avoid work related injuries ergonomics play a vital role. Ergonomics Defined Ergonomics means the study or measurement of work. It is the science of fitting the job to the worker as said ergonomics attempts to ‘Fit the Job to the Man’ rather than the ‘Fit the Man to the Job’. Ergonomics is concerned with the design of systems in which people carry out work so as to optimize the efficiency, health, safety and comfort through better designs of tools, equipments and work places. Ergonomics is the study of designing of systems that fit the human body, its movements, and their cognitive abilities. Ergonomics is considered to be a way of improving working conditions and reducing complaint at work. The work does not mean only a source of monetary gain, but also includes: sports, leisure activities, domestic work, education, training, health and social services where ergonomics is applied efficiently. The ergonomics is fitting with the need to design, develop, implement and evaluate human-machine and environment systems that are productive, comfortable, safe and satisfying to use. Figure: 1. Ergonomics is combining the design develop, implement and evaluate machine and environment system The Goal of Ergonomics The goal of ergonomics is to ensure human needs for safe and efficient working are fulfilled by the design of work system, technical systems and processes. It improves human safety, health, comfort and performance of individual to accomplish the purposeful activity. The purpose achieved is without waste, error and damage to the persons and working situation. Some corrective measures for reducing work-related job risk factors and to reduce musculoskeletal disorders developed by workers when their jobs involve risk factors are as follows:. •	Reduce the risk of injury, fatigue, and error •	Improve productivity and quality •	Improve quality of worker environment •	Increase profit •	Minimize the injuries to improve productivity and quality •	Being proactive, rather than reactive There are two approaches to ergonomics: Proactive and Reactive Reactive ergonomics is acting in response to an issue that has already became a problem. proactive ergonomics is to discover potential problems before they take place. Difficulties in achieving the aims of ergonomics •	Human operator is flexible and adaptable and tries his best to get adjusted to the given situation. •	Large individual differences o	Obvious differences: Physical size, strength, Gender o	Not obvious differences: Culture, style, level of skill Benefits of Ergonomics Figure 2. Benefits of Ergonomics Ergonomic needs in a workplace In general there are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use, productivity/performance, and aesthetics. All these aspects should be taken care of when a workplace is to be ergonomically designed. There are some issues given below: Physical work environment: This environment affects unknowingly to worker. The capability for the performance is reduced. Some common examples of physical work environment are Thermal environment: Temperature should be ambient. Human beings perform well if the surrounding temperature is near body temperature. Noise and vibration: Continuous working in such an environment leads to lack of concentration. Noise and vibrations on shop floor, continuous noise in paint shop etc. are some examples. Dampening of vibrations, providing ear plugs are some remedial measures. Lighting environment Adequate and proper lighting improves the efficiency. Depending upon the intricacy of job lighting arrangements should be made. For example for finding scratches in a finished car or a watch repairer or a dentist need focused and sharp light. Working on computer will require normal light, whereas passages can have dim lights. Chemical environment: The effects of chemical are well known. Bhopal gas tragedy is an example of chemical disaster. So the chemicals should be handled as per the norms established by the government. If the use of a particular chemical is known for creating certain problem then work place design should be designed in such a way that exposure to chemical is minimized. Work physiology: There should not be excessive physical load, causing physical or muscular fatigue. If job demands to carry heavy load then allocate the rest pauses in between. Shifting between static and dynamic work is suggested for reducing the work load. Anthropometry (Human body Measurement) The stature of every human is different, so designing a work place or tool or equipment is a challenging task. Designing a counter in super market (so that smallest one can pay), to the doors of a train (so that tallest can enter), the human body measurement are to be considered for. Occupational Biomechanics Depending on the requirement of the job the best possible posture should be designed for the worker. Requirements are: 	Appropriate work postures (sitting, standing) 	Safe load lifting and carrying techniques 	Adopt proper techniques in manual materials handling

Psychological aspects: Ergonomics aims for physical and mental comfort for the human. There should be a response for any action taken and that gives the sense of accomplishing the target. E. g. when a mechanical knob in a boiler is operated and the reduction in the value of pressure is indicated by the display can be seen as output of the process is successfully achieved. Some suggestions are 	Avoid perceptual and mental loads and fatigue 	Appropriate design of displays and control 	Appropriate conditions for Vigilance tasks 	Avoid human error and stress 	Job motivation and satisfaction Social psychology It’s a form of motivation which enhances the employee performance. Practicing good relationship among employees and between employer and employee is one of the feature which helps a lot. Macro ergonomics 	Suitable working hours, intervals, holidays, leave 	Appropriate shift schedules 	Welfare facilities 	Job rotation and incentives schemes 	Fair salary structure, Good administrative structure 	Good work organization schemes 	Fringe benefits (housing, transport, sports) 	Labour union facilities 	Training and education 	Promotional prospects Safety and Ergonomics 	Good housekeeping 	Performance feedback Systems ergonomics 	Systems groups in problem solving and development work 	Participative ergonomics 	User centered designs Ergonomic needs in Materials storage and handling ò	Clear and mark transport routes ò	Provide ramps of 5-8% inclination instead of small stairs ò	Use mechanical devices for lifting, lowering and moving heavy material ò	Instead of carrying heavy weights divide them into smaller lightweights e.g. 2x10 kg instead of 20 kg. ò	Combine heavy lifting with physically lighter tasks Ergonomic needs for Hand Tools 	Use hanging tools for operations repeated in the same place 	Provide hand support when using precision tools 	Provide hand tools with a grip of the proper thickness (hand diameter 30-40 mm, handle length 125 mm and size to fit male hands) 	Provide a home for each tool (Enables good housekeeping) Ergonomic needs Production machine safety ã	Locate controls in sequence of operations ã	Make displays and signals easy to distinguish and easy to read ã	Use properly fixed guards and interlock devices Ergonomic needs for Improving workstation design ý	Adjust the working height around elbow level ý	Light work: at elbow level ý	Precision work: above elbow level ý	Hard work: below elbow level Ergonomic needs for Lighting 	Increased use of daylight 	Light up the work area evenly 	Sufficient lighting for working 	Local lighting for precision work 	Removing shiny surfaces 	Avoid glare Ergonomic needs for the Premises Ô	Prevent the exposure to excessive heat Ô	Install effective local exhaust systems Ô	Increase the use of natural ventilation Ergonomic needs Welfare facilities 	Provide effective and acceptable personal protective devices Ergonomic needs Work Organization 	Involve worker in planning 	Inform the worker the results of their work 	Job enrichment (combine tasks) Human Factors Engineering 	considers Human Factors, factors that influence human performance, – Individual Factors, e.g. ● sensory ● cognitive ● physical – Group Factors, e.g., ● composition ● organization ● dynamics Task Factors, e.g., ● number ● nature ● procedure – Equipment Factors, e.g., ● display colors ● control placement and dynamics ● Tools geometry – Environment Factors, e.g., ● illumination ● temperature ● vibration In an attempt to understand and improve human performance and safety so as to improve system performance and safety. 	Human Factors Engineering learns of the effects of human factors on human performance and safety through 	– Experience (often bad) 	– Research and develops and applies principles and guidelines to the design of 	Equipment, e.g., ● displays ● controls ● tools ● workstations 	Procedures 	Job performance aids, e.g., ● manuals ● checklists ● memory aids 	Training programs 	Selection programs 	the study of all the factors that make it easier to do the work in the right way 	apply wherever humans work 	also sometimes known as ergonomics Who is a human operator? è	Skilled professional using a complex machine in an artificial environment è	Customer who has purchased a new equipment è	Child sitting in a classroom è	Disabled person in a wheel chair Role of Human Factors 	User-Centered Design 	Systems designed to fit people (not vice-versa). 	Reduces training time. 	Minimizes human error. 	Improves comfort, safety, and productivity. Approaches for Problem-Solving 	Equipment Design – change physical equipment 	Task Design – change how task is accomplished 	Environmental Design – change features of the work environment such as temperature, lighting, sound 	Training – change worker behavior by providing skills and teaching procedures 	Selection – recognizes individual differences in ability to accomplish work We cope quite well with complexity Because the human brain is …. •	very powerful •	very flexible •	good at finding shortcuts (fast) •	good at filtering information •	good at making sense of things •	Sometimes though our brain is “too clever” … — Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.79.159.52 (talk) 09:20, 7 May 2015 (UTC)