Talk:Parthian Empire/Archive 1

Comments
I'm not going to delete this page, since there is already a section on the Parthian Empire in the article about Parthia. If there are no objections in one week, I am going to delete the article. Thanks, SaintJimmy505 (talk) 02:17, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

That is no logic. The Achaemenid Empire was part of the Persian Empire which is in turn a part of the History of Iran but the former two have pages. Don't delete this page.Ardeshire Babakan (talk) 23:02, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

Parthia or Parthian Empire
I have added a "see also: Pathian Empire" to the Parthia page. Whilst doing so, I noticed that this page has been moved nine times since January to Parthia. The Parthia article does have a robust section on the Parthian Empire, but is also more expansive than an article specifically focused on the empire. I think a few editors more knowledgeable than I on the subject could be of great assistance in turning the Parthia article into a shorter article on Parthia as far as culture and homeland are concerned, while turning this article into something focused (as the title suggests) entirely on the Parthian Empire alone. At this point, I see no reason why the two article cannot both exist. I intend to do some cleanup here and there, but this is slightly outside my range, so all help is appreciated. Hiberniantears (talk) 13:06, 21 April 2008 (UTC)

On 25 August 2008 Ardeshire Babakan moved this article from Parthian Empire, the usual English term, to "Arsacid Empire" based on the Iranian and Chinese names. This does not seem to comport with the "use English" in naming articles. Should it be moved back? --Bejnar (talk) 06:37, 11 December 2008 (UTC)


 * "Parthian Empire" is surely far more familiar in English usage than "Arsacid Empire". AWhiteC (talk) 23:13, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

I agree with AWhiteC, calling this article the "Arsacid Empire" is confusing and inaccurate for English usage. Technically it was the "Parthian Empire", ruled by the "Arsacid Dynasty". Either of those two terms would be appropriate and familiar to English readers. Respectfully, Thomas Lessman (talk) 22:28, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Coin of Arsaces I of Parthia.jpg
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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --01:41, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

What in freaking hell is "Middle Iranian", the correct term is Middle Persian, please do not change facts to satisfy yourself.
Middle Iranian languages are languages which were in use roughly from 300 BC to 600 AD and it's a well established classification of stages in the development of Iranian languages in linguistics. Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Khotanese, Khwarezmian and Bactrian are the attested middle Iranian languages. In the Parthian Empire, Middle Persian was roughly confined to the Areas of Fars, Kerman and possibly Yazd, Isfahan and Khurasan so use of Middle Iranian instead of Middle Persian is perfectly understandable here.حضرت محمود (talk) 08:04, 12 July 2011 (UTC)

Merger Proposal
As far as I can tell, this Page and Parthia cover two almost identical subjects. Why keep them separate? I propose the two be merged.Rcduggan (talk) 19:56, 24 May 2008 (UTC)

They are like Persians and the Achaemenid Empire. Parthians were a tribe and the Parthian Empire was the Empire they made. The Parthia article focuss too much on the Parthian Empire and not enough on other Parthian related subjects (culture, history after and before the Empire)Ardeshire Babakan (talk) 18:53, 23 June 2008 (UTC)


 * Dont merge. Parthian empire is when Iranian Parthians could build up their empire, BUT Parthia is about the land where they where staying (before forming the empire) which is near to caspian see, where as parthian empire was even much bigger than todays Iran. --Wayiran (talk) 18:36, 18 August 2008 (UTC)


 * There should be 2 articles here, 1. Parthia: about the culture/people, and 2. Parthian Empire: about the state Parthian/Arsacid Empire. That's the only thing reasonable as I can see.Gabagool (talk) 20:17, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

The rationale of Ardeshire Babakan and Gabagool is imminently sensible. I've accordingly rewritten Parthia to reflect culture/people, and this article can then discuss the empire, which I'll leave up to y'all to rename "Parthian empire" if you see fit. Parthian empire is the more common name, and there is thankfully no need to be coherent, otherwise it would conflict with a certain piece of Wikipedia stupidity that academia knows nothing about. -- Fullstop (talk) 21:18, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

I will add the merger template if it has a good reason.--Jupiter.solarsyst.comm.arm.milk.universe 01:39, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

controvercial edits
i would like to thank user:fullstop for his constructive criticism of my recent edits. one issue that was raised was that Andragoras was not Parthian. i realised that the text could be misleading in suggesting that he was parthian. so i changed it to clarify that he was just the satrap of parthia. As for the claim that Arsaces was not anti-Hellenistic, allow me to make a direct quote from source 5(the book "Parthia" page 47): "The Parthian kingdom was thoroughly anti-hellenistic." the source also says that because the seleucid empire was pre-occupied with its war with egypt the emperor did not attempt to reclaim parthia or bactria. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.25.245.171 (talk) 23:15, 7 September 2009 (UTC)


 * You must be misreading something. The Arsacids cannot possible be asserted to have been anti-Hellenistic. Their coins said Basileos Basileon Arsakou Euergetou Dikaiou Epiphanous Philhellenos, which is Greek, and the last word in there means "Friend of the Greeks".
 * There is also no question of any claim of independence, as Arsaces did not claim independence from anyone. What he did was knock Andragoras' head off.
 * In any case, a 19th century source isn't exactly a reliable source, is it? -- Fullstop (talk) 01:45, 8 September 2009 (UTC)


 * 1) He's not misreading anything. It's right there on Rawlison (page 47, in the condensed version).  Regardless of one's thoughts on Rawlinson, it is universally accepted that the Parthians radically shifted into an anti-Hellenic stance. See Kuhrt and Sherwin White, 184; Millar, 253; Colledge, 97; Frumkin 152.  2) The Arsaces vs. Andragoras story is the more popular one (as it appears in Strabo), and my preferred one, but it's hardly proven.  Justin has a different interpretation of events, and is quite clear about the Arsacid declaration of independence.  3) A 19th-century source is reliable when it is based on the exact same information as more modern sources.  Today's historians have little available regarding sources that Rawlinson did not. And if anyone tells you that numismatic evidence has decisively proven *anything*, they are at best misinformed, at at worst disingenuous.  -- David B. Wagner

To Wagner, regarding George Rawlinson's works, as monumental as they've been, are now considered seriously outdated. Improvement in archeological methods findings had even debunked many interpretations Rawlinson once took for granted, by Olmstead's time. George Rawlinson considered Parthians of Turanian stock, because of their nomadic and horseriding culture and "uncivilized culture". While it is true, later Arscaid Kings embraced Iranian religions and gradually stopped their support of hellenestic culture, they didn't however actively become Anti-Hellenes as you claim.LaPeliculaViviente talk 02:16, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section. 

The result of the move request was page moved. Keith D (talk) 18:21, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Arsacid Empire → Parthian Empire — Most common name in the English language. Flamarande (talk) 18:45, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's naming conventions.


 * Support. "Parthian Empire" is more commonly used.  john k (talk) 22:01, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. Ditto PHG Per Honor et Gloria  18:15, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Support. "Parthian Empire" is used by historians and school teachers. Flamarande (talk) 18:21, 20 September 2009 (UTC) PS: I proposed the move and I'm not sure if my vote counts at all.
 * Support as usage. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 18:30, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Don't care either way comment: Can we please just move it without the polling bureaucracy? Just do it for heaven's sake. -- Fullstop (talk) 20:56, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I tried to move the article towards 'Parthian Empire' but it doesn't work (don't ask me why). An administrator has to do it. That's the reason why this has to follow the bureaucracy procedure. Flamarande (talk) 00:06, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Because Parthian Empire has been edited since the move.Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:08, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I've moved the article. john k (talk) 05:08, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks, but you forgot the talkapge (damn this vandal]. "Damn him to Wiki-hell" :). Flamarande (talk) 15:26, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments: ==

Hy there, I stumbled upon this article as I wanted to take a look at the Parthian Empire (currently a redirect towards "here"). As far I could follow this article (whose original name was 'Parthian Empire' was moved by a single user  without any debate or discussion. Let me first clearly state that uncontroversial moves do not require any discussion whatsoever. However AFAIK Parthian Empire is the most common name for this historical nation in the English language. This point (most common English name) was raised (see talkpage). To cut things short I propose a move towards 'Parthian Empire' asap. Thanks Flamarande (talk) 18:45, 19 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Fine by me, but there is also no harm in leaving it where it is. After all, 'Parthian empire' redirects here, and that phrase is also a boldface term in the first paragraph, so there is no disadvantage for the reader. -- Fullstop (talk) 19:40, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * IMHO 'Arsacid Empire' may stay as a redirect (to be honest it was the first time ever that I saw that name) but Parthian Empire is the name used by historians and school teachers. As such it should be used by the English Wiki. Flamarande (talk) 19:54, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Yeah, as I said in the section above this one, 'Parthian empire' is certainly the more common name (by far). If I'm reading the latter half (the sensible-half) of the "rationale" for the move correctly, the "trouble" with 'Parthian empire' is the confusion with "Parthia", which is of course not the same thing as 'Parthian empire'. That's a valid point, and I understand the need/desire for precision, but I don't really care either way. :) Just use, and be done with it. Plenty of drama waiting elsewhere. :) -- Fullstop (talk) 21:05, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * ps: Edits such as these are just as inappropriate as Catman's were. Don't change era for the sake of it. -- Fullstop (talk) 21:25, 19 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The change made by Catman is as inappropriate as your prior change . The original dating system used by this article is BC/AD. As the change towards BCE/CE was unilateral (unrequested, undebated, and not agreed upon) and per WP:ERA I intent to restore the original one. Flamarande (talk) 17:51, 20 September 2009 (UTC) PS: Your description: "erm, no. I wrote the article from scratch on 25 Jan. That is the "original dating system" now." fails to acknowledge the article and all contributions before the 25 Jan.
 * I don't give a rats ass, and neither should you. The era is stable, and your change is tantamount to era warring. Your interpretation of "original dating" is wikilawyering bullshit; the intent of WP:ERA is to stop era warring, which is exactly what you fail to do (both here and elswhere). So please cut it out. At least in article space (i.e. take your BC/AD axe-grinding to WP:ERA). -- Fullstop (talk) 20:15, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Sorry, but I do give a rat's ass when someone simply changes the dating system, loudly proclaims that he wrote the article from scratch, and simply disregards all previous contributors and their work. Flamarande (talk) 00:06, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

In fact, both of you are claiming ownership. Please stop. The edit in January is extensive, if a trifle baroque for my taste - and I grew up on Gibbon; but that is not what was meant by the original editor. What was meant was the first editor ever to do substantial work on the article. (Discussions like this is why that test is no longer as popular as it once was.) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:41, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
 * Too late, but I think this move was wrong. Since the names "Arsacid empire" and "parthian empire" do not make any difference in contents, we should use the correct name which is "Arsacid Empire". Xashaiar (talk) 22:13, 2 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Actually, "Parthian Empire" and "Arsacid Empire" are synonymous, interchangeable terms according to Brosius 2006, p. 84, the very first citation I have recently placed in the article. "Arsacid" is simply a reference to the first reigning monarch and title assumed by every subsequent ruler of his dynasty, while "Parthian" obviously comes from the small geographic region by the Caspian Sea which the dynasty first controlled. Both terms are quite apt; choosing one over the other is in fact rather trivial. Like the difference between "Achaemenid Empire" and "Persian Empire", for instance.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 18:13, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * But Parthian Empire is without any doubt whatsoever the common and standard title in the English language. Try a book-search under 'Arsacid Empire' in Amazon: 13 hits. A search under 'Parthian Empire' gives you 243 hits. IMHO this is an extremely clear indication. The same logic should be applied in the Persian Empire (the common and standard name) VS Achaemenid Empire (largely unknown). Flamarande (talk) 18:40, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Unknown??? The article is called Achaemenid Empire here at Wiki, but the redirect is "Persian Empire", which is perhaps used just as often. I've come across the exact phrase "Achaemenid Empire" in perhaps every single source that I've listed in the "Reference" section of this article (i.e. Parthian Empire). It is far from unknown, I assure you. In any case, I agree that an Amazon.com book search is rather indicative of how some academic and surely popular books will name certain things, in this case ancient empires. More important, however, is what the actual university-level scholars say, and they use the terms "Parthian" and "Arsacid" quite fluidly to mean the same thing. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 18:57, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I wrote 'largely unknown' (meaning 'largely unknown to the average readers'). IMHO 'Persian Empire' is not "perhaps used as often". 'Persian Empire' is without any doubt whatsoever the common and standard title in the English language. Flamarande (talk) 19:10, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, saying "Achaemenid" instead of "Persian" might also help to disambiguate between the first Persian empire and a later one, the Sassanid Empire.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 19:03, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It might also confuse some average readers who never read, saw, or heard anything about the Achaemenid Empire but read, saw, or heard a lot about the Persian Empire "oppponent of the ancient Greeks and which was conquered by Alexander the Great. Flamarande (talk) 19:14, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I suppose you may be right; after all, the average person walking out of the movie theater for 300 (film) certainly didn't hear the word "Achaemenid", but heard "Persian" a whole bunch, no doubt due to the easy link and reference to the modern-day ethnic group.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 19:23, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * It isn't only that single film. It's the same with the History channel, National Geographic, BBC Prime, the majority of books, majority of films, etc. Let's face it, everybody knows that: "Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire". Flamarande (talk) 19:34, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Hellenistic?

 * ''Overlapping with, and a regional successor of, the Seleucids and other Diadochi epigonoi, the Arsacids were – unlike the epigonoi – an indigenous Iranian dynasty, albeit a Hellenistic one whose monarchs identified themselves on their coins as philhellenes "friend of Greeks"

We are optimised for lay readers, not for specialists; what is wrong with saying what we mean: "successors of Alexander the Great"?

The Seleucids, of course, were descended from Apama; the real difference is that the Arsacids had mostly Iranians among their counsellors. And don't let's use Hellenistic for Hellenized - if that is the intended point - the English word has a perfectly good meaning and this is not it. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 02:53, 21 September 2009 (UTC)


 * Agreed on Hellenized. I think Diadochi is a term in wide enough use in the academic literature for it to be useful here. "Epigonoi" is rather more abstruse, and should probably be avoided. john k (talk) 05:06, 21 September 2009 (UTC)
 * If it had just been Diadochi/oi, it would have been no problem. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 05:34, 21 September 2009 (UTC)

This article needs serious expansion and copyedit work
Hi all, Pericles here.

I am somewhat shocked at how undeveloped this article is, considering its importance. Compare it to the articles on the Chinese Han Dynasty and Roman Empire—the other principle powers of the day—or even the subsequent Sassanid Empire; it is simply paltry in comparison.

As exclaimed on my talk page, I am currently in semi-retirement from Wiki. However, I would certainly spare some of my time to provide aid to anyone seeking to expand this article. By this I mean doing research into academic sources and providing much-needed citations throughout the article. Is anyone willing to tackle this problem with serious time and effort? If so, drop a note here or on my talk page and I would love to assist.

Although nothing beats a trip to the library, I do have access to JSTOR. By doing a quick search on "Parthia", the following articles come up:


 * Arthur Keaveney. "Roman Treaties with Parthia circa 95-circa 64 B.C.," The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 102, No. 2 (Summer, 1981), pp. 195-212


 * Kai Brodersen. "The Date of the Secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Kingdom," Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 35, No. 3 (3rd Qtr., 1986), pp. 378-381.


 * D.S. Potter. "The Inscriptions on the Bronze Herakles from Mesene: Vologeses IV's War with Rome and the Date of Tacitus' 'Annales'," Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, Bd. 88, (1991), pp. 277-290.


 * Farhang Khademi Nadooshan, Seyed Sadrudin Moosavi and Frouzandeh Jafarzadeh Pour. "The Politics of Parthian Coinage in Media," Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 68, No. 3, Archaeology in Iran (Sep., 2005), pp. 123-127.


 * Arthur Keaveney. "The King and the War-Lords: Romano-Parthian Relations Circa 64-53 B.C.," The American Journal of Philology, Vol. 103, No. 4 (Winter, 1982), pp. 412-428.

And for a search on "Arsacid," these results:


 * Gilbert J. P. McEwan. "Arsacid Temple Records," Iraq, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Autumn, 1981), pp. 131-143.


 * Roger C. Blockley. "The Division of Armenia between the Romans and the Persians at the End of the Fourth Century A.D.," Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1987), pp. 222-234.


 * G. R. F. Assar. "Parthian Calendars at Babylon and Seleucia on the Tigris," Iran, Vol. 41, (2003), pp. 171-191.

Each of these articles has a rather specific, narrow focus; I am willing to utilize them but it would be better if someone could pick up general history books from a library.

Cheers, -- Pericles of Athens  Talk 17:20, 1 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm disappointed that no one seems interested, but nonetheless I will trek to the library (i.e. Fenwick Library of George Mason University) today after work and take notes from The Persians: An Introduction (2006, Routledge) by Maria Brosius. Its scope covers Persian history from the Achaemenids, to the Arsacids, and the entire Sassanid period. I was hoping to find a decent book on Parthia alone, but this will have to do. I hope someone else would like to contribute as well!-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 19:08, 10 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm also going to look at The Cambridge History of Iran (1983), specifically Volume 3, parts 1 and 2, which the library fortunately has-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 20:14, 10 March 2010 (UTC).
 * Hi Pericles, I would love to help but real life just became full of busywork of late. But just because no one's replying doesn't mean no one's reading your hard work on wiki. I myself find that there's hardly anything on Parthian history after 0AD. Gnip 8:01, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * That's ok, Gnip. I think I'm finally ready to rewrite this article, as I've gathered several useful sources. It should look very different in a couple of weeks. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 05:54, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Update! Much of the draft is now finished. The article is being fleshed out at the moment, but I still have a few sub-sections to write in their entirety. The history section is done, though. Enjoy!-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 16:57, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Who ever said that the Achaemenids ran a centralized Empire? They may have been more centralized than the Arsacids, but that's a very low standard. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 20:52, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

Centralization versus Decentralization, dubious tag debate
Hi User:Pmanderson. You recently put a "dubious" tag on this statement in the introduction:

"The Arsacids were titled the 'King of Kings', as a claim to be the heirs to the Achaemenid Empire. However, unlike the latter, the Parthian Empire was largely decentralized and relied on local semi-autonomous kings to govern large territories of the empire."

This is explained somewhat in the "Government and administration" section. I do believe the statement is correct, but more importantly, backed by Brosius (2006) and Garthwaite (2005). I shall start with Garthwaite (p. 67-68):

"The very designations Seleucid or Parthian imply a kind of unity that probably never existed, and the discontinuity of their histories makes the Achaemenians seem highly centralized in comparison. Parthian rule, for example, seems to have been especially decentralized. While the Parthians neither achieved the degree of control over their empire nor unity through rulership that so marked the Achaemenians, the ideas of Achaemenian rulership and hegemony had not disappeared."

Garthwaite seems pretty clear here about the difference in Achaemenid versus Parthian governance from the center, but he does not go into the detail that Brosius does, a topic I feel needs to be covered in full (pp. 14-16):

Historians have found it difficult to explain a political system which, as an empire, was under the rule of a dynastic monarchy, but which at the same time was made up of regional kingdoms. This phenomenon has been seen as a lack of central power on the part of the dynasty and as evidence for the political independence of the regional kings. Referred to as 'client kingdoms' or 'semi-independent kingdoms', none of these terms provides an accurate description of such a system of government. Recently D. Potts suggested that the Parthian empire may not have been more 'than a very loosely knit agglomeration of provinces in which local rulers exercised considerable autonomy' (Potts 1999: 354), while Josef Wiesehöfer upholds more firmly to the idea of empire. He emphasises that its kings were 'masters of an ethnically, politically and culturally heterogeneous empire and had to cope with a multiplicity of political institutions and cultural and religious traditions' (Wiesehöfer 1996: 57). In essence, this is a fair assessment, though as a definition, it would also be applicable to the empires of the Achaemenids and Seleucids. Yet the Parthian empire was different from either of these. It was a heterogeneous empire, and distinct through its political make-up of kingdoms. But their kings recognised the Parthian king as the 'king of kings'. How can this phenomenon be explained? Principally, the existence of semi-independent kings under a central monarch was not a new occurrence. The Achaemenids had divided their empire into satrapies, but alongside these city-kings ruled in the cities of Phoenica, Cyprus and Ionia, while some satraps and local rulers were even able to establish their own dynasties, such as in Hellespontine Phrygia and in Caria. Their rule posed no threat to the Achaemenid kings because they recognised the supremacy of the king, paid tribute and provided military support." The Seleucids took over the satrapal administration of the Achaemenids and the system remained in place during their rule. Thus, Molon and Alexander governed the satrapies of Media and Persis at the time of Antiochus III in 223, and a Cleomenes was still attested as satrap in Media in 149/8. A pahatu, the Babylonian term for 'satrap', was in charge of Seleucid Babylonia. Sistan/Drangiana and Karmania were still Seleucid satrapies at the time of Antiochus III. The Seleucid satraps had to collect tribute and taxes for the royal treasury and provide (and pay for) armed forces as necessary. Yet the Seleucid empire increasingly saw the formation of local dynasties which sought independence from the supreme power. In Pontus a royal era began early in the third century BC, in 297/6, though it was not until 281 that Mithridates I was proclaimed king there. By the mid-third century BC an Iranian dynasty rose in Cappadocia, and a royal era started with their king, Ararathes, in 255. Commagene also was a kingdom which was established under Orontes in 230 BC. In 188 BC kingship was established in Armenia. For a satrap of a province like Bactria, rich in natural resources, urbanised, with excellent trade connections and well populated, it must have been more than tempting to revolt from Seleucid domination and proclaim independence, as indeed happened when Diodotus of Bactria rebelled and eventually proclaimed himself king. Similarly Andragoras, satrap of Parthia, defected from Seleucus II. By the second century BC local dynasties had become irreversible political institutions in the Near East. The political landscape of the region had also become more complex with the appearance of Greek-style city-states established by the Greeks who had settled here as citizens, administrators, traders and soldiers. The concept of independent kingdoms which, however, recognised a supreme power first seems to appear when Antiochus III recognised the 'independence' of Parthia and Bactria, while they, in turn, recognised the supremacy of the Seleucid king. This distinction between a local king and a supreme king seems to be implied in Arsaces' coin portrait which shows him wearing the satrapal cap and diadem. The Parthian empire inherited its basic political structure from the Seleucids. The office of satrap continued under their rule, satraps being installed in Media and Mesopotamia. But other regions which enjoyed more independence, like Persis and Elymais, were ruled by kings. Under the Seleucids dynasts called frataraka had governed Persis since the end of the third and the beginning of the second century BC, and by the mid-second century had become independent rulers. Elymais had been governed by kings since 147 and continued to be so after the political takeover by Mithridates I. Furthermore, in the 130s BC Hyspaosines rose as king of Characene, and by the end of the 1st century BC Media was ruled by a king. In the first century AD Izabates was recognised as king of Adiabene. Obviously the establishment of Parthian kingdoms was the result of a development which occurred over several decades, and which had begun already in the Seleucid period. One can only speculate why local governors saw the need to distance themselves from the satrapal office and wanted to be regarded as kings. One possible explanation is that through the Macedonian takeover and later the Seleucid organisation, the office of satrap had suffered a loss of its former prestige and social status. Satrapies were no longer the size of the lands of the former Achaemenid empire, and had been subdivided into smaller regions, so-called eparchies. A satrap was also no longer the sole authority in a province, but took an administrative role while a treasurer controlled the finances. If the satrapal office had indeed suffered a loss of authority and overall control, it may explain why it was no longer a desired title for the governor of a province. A local king, a local dynasty, however, would represent that authority. And their exercising local control was compatible with their acceptance of the Parthian king as king of kings. In contrast to the development experienced by the Seleucids, the Parthian local dynasties did not strive for total independence. But their establishment was the result of the development of political institutions, in which the former office of satrap had been devalued, governing smaller territories, and lacking the close networks of alliances with the king. They were not immediate members of the royal family, but local dignitaries. They were powerful in their own right and accordingly exercised considerable influence over the local aristocracy. Both sides benefited. Small kingdoms would not have been able to withstand external threat, while their economy and commerce might have been limited to regional exchange, but as part of the Parthian empire they could count on mutual military support, on central investment in the infrastructure and overland trade, as well as on a share of official recognition as members of the king's court. In return the king of kings needed their support in war, since they formed the core of the Parthian army, the heavy and light-armed cavalry. The regional kingdoms were the result of the change of the political climate...unlike circumstances in the Achaemenid period, there now were constant threats from external political powers, the Seleucids, the Romans, and different groups of nomadic invaders...Now the focus lay much more on military support and securing the defence of the borders of the empire. Armies were recruited and financed at local level.

Brosius seems pretty clear here as well. Although they existed on the fringes of the Achaemenid Empire, the semi-autonomous kingdoms were far more numerous and quite larger during Parthian times. This is why that statement is made in the introduction, and why I believe the dubious tag should be removed. Rebuttal?-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 22:39, 18 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Both of these say that "the Achaemenians seem highly centralized in comparison", to quote one of them. But in comparison is vital here, and to drop it is misleading; the Achaemenid Empire was a collection of twenty appanages, and being less centralized than it was is a real achievement. I will recast, and return the article to its topic. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 09:55, 19 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Very well, thanks for your contributions so far. It has certainly prodded me into exploring and sharing the sources here, perhaps to the benefit of everyone. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 17:27, 19 April 2010 (UTC)

Statue of General Surena
This statue was found in Iran. There are many sources, some of them are listed below:
 * http://www.persianempire.info/parthia9.htm
 * http://www.persiansurena.com/En/?Page=AncientSurena
 * http://www.crystalinks.com/persia.html
 * http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/mideast/parthia.html
 * Persian Sources:
 * http://www.iran-daily.com/1389/7/14/MainPaper/3793/Page/6/MainPaper_3793_6.pdf
 * http://farhangvatarikh.ir/post/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7/
 * http://www.rasanehiran.com/vglahuneg49ni.k4vk..4o154eh,.html
 * http://tarikhema.ir/ancient/2048/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C/
 * http://www.darzinsoren.com/fa/index.asp?P=Article&Nu=55

cheers, *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  06:22, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I hope it's enough! *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  08:14, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * PericlesofAthens is right. None of the academic works are connecting this statue with Surena. Surena is one of the most famous Parthians. This statue is one of the most famous Parthian artworks. Therefore, people like to connect both to give Surena a face... WITHOUT ANY REAL evidence. The statue is uninscribed and was found in a part of the Parthian Empire which belonged to the Elymais, so it might rather depict a local king of the Elymais. bw -- Udimu (talk) 21:32, 1 January 2011 (UTC)
 * what if we use :"thought to represent General Surena" ? Just to show uncertainity and of course respectiing those who believe in that as well. This has been done by one of the reliable sources already mentioned by me. *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  07:20, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Those links you shared are the first sources beyond Wikipedia where I have seen this claim about the statue possibly representing Surena. However, the veracity of their claims would be much stronger if they came from .edu (i.e., college and university) websites, or an official website of an established art and history museum. What I do know is that after reading academic sources on the matter, including Brosius (2006) and Curtis (2007), nowhere is it mentioned that this statue was made to resemble Surena. If this was a commonly accepted idea in modern academia, then I would surely have come across it; instead, the sources I have read refer to the statue as resembling a nameless man, an anonymous nobleman who wears the distinctive Parthian riding outfit. That is all! And Udimu makes an excellent point about this statue perhaps representing a local ruler or nobleman of Elymais, where it was found.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 08:26, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Apparently, only one return with a Google Books search to support that this statue could be of Surena (Iran Patricia Baker, Hilary Smith p.193). That's pretty light, just a travel book...  Per Honor et Gloria  ✍  08:43, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * it is very easy to provide links without the connection, Statue - Surena; here some more academic ones:

-- Udimu (talk) 09:09, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * 
 * PS.: perhaps a small further point: Surena was later killed by the Parthina king, because he was falling in dishonor. It would be very likely that all statues of him were removed (stone works might survived, smashed into pieces, but a bronze statue would be melted down).
 * So you want to ignore all the sources I provided above ! My suggestion was fair, wasn't it ? Or perhaps any other suggestions ? *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  11:11, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * For me thought sounds better; but I wonder if Wiki should be better than most of these general webpages and should stick to the really known facts. best wishes -- Udimu (talk) 11:36, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Good ! I wonder if PericlesofAthens & Per Honor et Gloria accept my suggestion, too ! Thanks. *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  11:44, 2 January 2011 (UTC)
 * "Possibly" would be the maximum allowed in my opinion, as this is the wording used in the unique available printed source on the subject Iran Patricia Baker, Hilary Smith p.193. Still, as it's only one source, and a travel guide at that, I think it would be wiser to drop the claim altogether. Cheers  Per Honor et Gloria  ✍  03:52, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Thank you. I think based on the sources I already mentioned, and considering the fact that in Iran it is believed to represent General Surena, therefore a small hint (like possibly) would be fair. This is better than mentioning nothing at all !. Regards, *** in fact  ***   ( contact )  08:20, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Neurofibromatosis
The article states: "Later on, some of the Parthian Kings would claim Achaemenid descent. This has recently been corroborated via the possibility of an inherited disease (neurofibromatosis) demonstrated by the physical descriptions of rulers and from evidence of familial disease on ancient coinage."

The Cambridge online dictionary defines 'corroborate' as adding proof to a statement by additional information. 'Corroborate via a possibility' does not make sense. I would prefer something like 'The claim has recently received support from evidence suggesting that both Achaemenid and Parthian kings sufffered from the hereditery disease neurofibromatosis..."

Also the reference has two links, one good and one bad. Dudley Miles 14:04, 15 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello Dudley. I am the main editor of this article. This claim was added to the article quite recently, so it is not of my doing. That said, I also prefer your wording here, so I will be bold and insert it into the article. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 09:17, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

lead
I am quite impressed with the quality of this article, cheers to the people bringing it to this level. I am all too aware that writing encyclopedically about any topic of Persian history is an uphill battle. I still think the lead section falls rather short of what we would expect of an average, well-written article summary.


 * The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han Dynasty in China, quickly became a center of trade and commerce.

This appears to be a "summary" of the part about
 * The Parthian Empire was enriched by taxing the Eurasian caravan trade in silk, the most highly priced luxury good imported by the Romans

Basically, the summary is less accurate and more laborious than the thing it summarizes. Neither the "quickly" is substantiated (according to the article body, this happened more than a century after the empire was established), nor does "taxing caravans" make you a "center of trade and commerce".


 * The Parthians largely adopted the art, architecture, religious beliefs, and royal insignia of their culturally heterogeneous empire, which encompassed Persian, Hellenistic, and regional cultures. For about the first half of its existence, the Arsacid court adopted elements of Greek culture, though it eventually saw a gradual revival of Persian traditions.

So, (1) Persian, (2) Hellenistic and (3) regional cultures? "Persian" here not being "regional" but some sort of Achaemenid remnant, or what is being said? "For about the first half of its existence, the Arsacid court adopted elements of Greek culture" isn't a great sentence. "for the first half of its existence" isn't good English, and the duration implied conflicts with the "adopted" in the next phrase. And then, why the "though"? Again, the article body has a much better phrasing, "Conscious of both the Hellenistic and Persian roots of their kingship, the Arsacid rulers styled themselves after the Persian King of Kings and affirmed that they were also philhellenes ("friends of the Greeks")". It also isn't adequate that the "Persian cultural revival" is a redlink to the non-existing culture of Persia. If it's going to be a redlink, make it one to Persian cultural revival (Parthia), suggesting that an article can be written about this (or else unlink it altogether). --dab (𒁳) 07:27, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Hello, I am the main editor of this article. I would attempt to address all of these concerns, but I am currently living in Kyrgyzstan as an American Peace Corps volunteer (teaching English to youngsters). Please, by all means, feel free to edit the lead. The body of the article is my doing, but the lead has been heavily edited by others, especially during the featured article nomination. I was never satisfied with it, but I had little time to fiddle with it. This is still the case, even more so, since I have very limited access to the internet. I trust your judgment on what to excise and reword. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 09:27, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

An empire is a place under a particular ruler: a dynasty is a period of time under a particular series of rulers. You cannot have a road, even a silk one, from a place to a time. Kevin McE (talk) 18:12, 11 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Well said, but the phrase "Han Empire" is an adequate replacement, which still links to the article for the Han Dynasty.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 09:27, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Beginning of the Roman Empire
The consensus is that the Roman Empire began at the time of the First Settlement in 27 BC when Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus was granted the name/title of Augustus. The Augustus article uses the 27 BC beginning date for fixing the duration of his reign. The phrase in the article, "Octavian became the emperor of Rome, now a republic in name only" isn't necessary to the article and conflicts with the Augustus article. The phrase is misleading because Octavian had not consolidated power at the time of Marc Anthony's defeat. This took years. The phrase should be removed as it is both unnecessary for the Parthian Empire article and conflicts with the scholarly consensus. Gx872op (talk) 20:34, 11 July 2011 (UTC)


 * Hello GX. I agree and therefore have amended the article. I hope it is to your liking. Cheers.-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 09:37, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

German/Deutsch links to wrong German article
It links to http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsakiden (a stub about the dynasty) instead of http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partherreich which is the actual German version for this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.53.210.36 (talk) 11:05, 1 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Looks like someone fixed it. かんぱい！ Scapler (talk) 14:21, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

Chinese version
WOW! Kudos and congratulations to whoever translated this article into Chinese! Not only that, but this person also attained the Chinese Wikipedia Featured Article status to match the FA status of the English version! Great job!-- Pericles of Athens  Talk 08:30, 28 September 2011 (UTC)

File:Parthia 001ad.jpg
This map is not very accurate. Bahrain was most likely in a wider sense part of the Parthian Empire (it was for sure part of Characene) and Gerrha was no longer relevant around AD 1 (the article on the city is not really up-to-date). This city lost most likely its power after a military campaign of Antiochus III. bw -- Udimu (talk) 10:38, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Anxi
in Chinese. = An-hsi (in Wade-Giles)Böri (talk) 12:27, 6 March 2012 (UTC)

Parthia, parthians - ethnogenesis, language, culture.
The claim that parthians have clearly belonged to ancient iranian ethnogenesis or were part of iranian culture is simply not true. The article states that Parthian Empire "was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran, also known as ancient Persia." The foundation of the Parthian Empire were mostly parni- a mixed nomadic tribe possibly of scythes origin. Arsaces himself was of unknown origin (A 1st century AD tradition (preserved by Arrian) casts Arsaces as descending from the 5th-century BC Achaemenid monarch Artaxerxes II. The Seleucids (and virtually everyone else after them) propagated the same myth, and such contrived genealogies were used as a justification of the right to rule). Early parthians had a clear Hellenic culture and social structure. So pls see the suggested revision into "Parthian Empire was a major political power in ancient Persia."
 * Please provide your reliable sources and wait for the consensus on the talk page/this section. Sources that support your claims and deny the Iranic origin of Parthians. Do not change the lead section by yourself before the consensus/result. Zyma (talk) 20:17, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * It works the other way around here in wiki. It is an 'author' who have to bring in reliable sources to support his statement. In our case, the source is needed to support that "the Parthian Empire was an iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran" (enthogenesis, cultural, social?). It seems that you are quite new to Wiki, let me remind that wiki is not place for national or racial incitement or propaganda.  Jim Fitzgerald   post  20:39, 29 December 2013 (UTC)
 * The people of Parthia (the original core of the empire) spoke a northwestern Iranian language. As for the Parni tribe being a mixture of others, even if they were part Scythian it does nothing to help your argument, because the Scythians themselves spoke an Iranian language. Eventually the Parthian royal court utilized Aramaic out of respect for the earlier Achaemenid traditions, but that did not mean the Parthians themselves were a Semitic people. Pericles of Athens  Talk 22:07, 30 December 2013 (UTC)

First, It's not based on nationalism or modern ethnicities/nations/nationality. This is a featured article and uses expert scholary sources for its citations. The lead section is an accepted revision. Most contributors to this article are not Iranian. Not just this article, but many historical articles started and improved by the users from different countries. So don't think this article or the others owned by the Iranians. Second, your Scythian claim is not helpful too, because Scythians were Iranic/Iranic-speaking too. Even their language arrived to the regions of Europe by the another Iranic group, the Sarmatians. So if you say Parthians were from Scythia and had Scythian origin, it only support the Iranic origin again. Third, we don't judge and write about ancient people by the modern countries, because many things changed through the history. For example, Anatolia was a Greek/Roman homeland, now It's Turkish. It's obvious that ancient sites in the modern Turkey are not related to the Turks. Central Asia was populated by the Indo-European speaking peoples like Iranians and Tocharians. But today, except the Tajikistan, Central Asia is Turkic. Can you say Tocharians or Scythians were Turkic because of modern status of Central Asia? Simple and obvious answer is: "NO". If someone come here and say: "Yes! Parthians were Slavic.", and he has expert and reliable sources, we mention his/her claim in the article. But we remove personal claims and POVs and we do not support pseudo-history/pseudo-science. --Zyma (talk) 06:37, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

Dahae confederation equals Scythian confederation?
A question. It's correct to refer to the Dahae confederation as a confederation of Scythians, right?

LouisAragon (talk) 17:56, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Flag/standard
Tertullian describes the Parthian flag as an image of the sun. evidence for this is: (Apologeticum, 16).

Because of this I think it would be right to use this file: Sun of Mithras (standard).png, as the flag of the Parthian empire. If anyone agrees then add the image as the flag, with Apologeticum 16 as the reference

History of Persia (talk) 21:00, 9 July 2015 (UTC)

I History of Persia (talk) 21:00, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Tertullian might not be a reliable source as he is a Christian apologist from the ancient world, and texts like his are usually considered primary sources. We look for reliable scholarship that is secondary sources. Check WP:RS for a description of reliable sourcing. Ogress smash! 21:11, 9 July 2015 (UTC)
 * I posted this reply not three hours ago and you ignored it and replaced the flag with the edit summary, "no one is discussing this on the talk page". Ogress smash! 00:33, 10 July 2015 (UTC)


 * Farrokh is a college counselor with NO training as an academic historian(notice it says he is a writer). Farrokh is not a reliable source since he is not a historian. Tertullian is a primary source and I seriously question exactly how he would know what a Parthian flag looks like, since he lived in Carthage! Pity you can not understand that! I noticed you couldn't provide a link for the "Tertullian source". Typical of a POV pusher that you continue to edit war, despite being reverted by two editors. --Kansas Bear (talk) 01:32, 10 July 2015 (UTC)
 * What chapter and page of Tertullian's Apologeticum did you find this information? --Kansas Bear (talk) 01:58, 10 July 2015 (UTC)


 * Aside from Tertullian and Kaveh Farrokh being unreliable sources, even Farrokh himself speaks of this "flag" as a battle standard, otherwise known as a battle ensign, representing the deity Mithras (Merh). A battle ensign is NOT a national flag. No such thing existed in ancient times; national flags are an invention of the early modern era (18th, 19th centuries). I had a lengthy debate with someone about this in the talk page for the Chinese Qing dynasty, and I would direct others there without having to repeat the same points. Look to the image on your right: this is a Roman vexillum, a battle ensign used by the Romans. It would be equally preposterous to assume the Romans viewed such a thing as a "national flag" representing the Roman Empire. Pericles of Athens  Talk 18:57, 10 July 2015 (UTC)

Addressing the info-box map!
So recently I noticed that the map that I made and uploaded two years ago somehow turned green when it was originally red. (I have NO idea how that happened btw cause I didn't do it.) Now I was thinking of reverting the color of the map back to Red, but at the same time, I would like a consensus on the matter rather than simply reverting the map back it's original color off the bat.

Do you all want me to revert the color of the map back to Red? OR do you all want the map to stay green?

Red = Original color!

Green = Current color!

Kirby (talk) 00:38, 27 October 2015 (UTC)

Requested move 12 March 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section. 

The result of the move request was: Not moved  &mdash; Amakuru (talk) 11:12, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

Parthian Empire → Arsacid Empire – Hi, I suggest to change the title of the article to Arsacid Empire which is more native and more precise name for this Iranian empire. Aidepikiwnirotide (talk) 18:36, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose Academically correct, but not at all familiar in general English usage. fails WP:COMMONNAME. Johnbod (talk) 04:18, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Comment The page was moved to its current title as a result of an earlier discussion. clpo13(talk) 05:23, 13 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per previous discussion that move it here. I have heard of it as the Parthian Empire not the Arsacid Empire. Native name is not consider a better name for an article as it is to serve the reader thus common names are suppose to be used unless disambiguation is needed. --Spshu (talk) 16:30, 14 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose per common name, as above. Egsan Bacon (talk) 17:09, 15 March 2016 (UTC)


 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Map
I want to include this map in the article. If you editors are watching, what do you think about that?Arman ad60 (talk) 18:18, 3 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry but the current map is far better. Your map mixes old names and modern frontiers without a clear indication of what is what. For article maps, simplicity is the key. UCaetano (talk) 08:53, 4 April 2016 (UTC)


 * Well, my map is graphically very improved and more detailed than the previous one. Well "Quality" is also an important thing here isn't it. You have said about the borders of the modern countries. There are maps likes that of other empires, For example: Saffarid empire, Samanid empire, Ghaznavid empire. So, can't my map be accepted for this article?Arman ad60 (talk) 10:36, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * No, it isn't an improvement. Just because better maps don't exist for those other articles, doesn't mean we should use a lower quality for this one. UCaetano (talk) 11:03, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

Sorry, I think this map is better than the previous one, because it is graphically better and more detailed. I want to know what the other editors think about that. Arman ad60 (talk) 11:45, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * If a majority of other editors support reverting to the map you're proposing, I'd have no issue in doing it. Until then, there's no new consensus, and the current map stays. UCaetano (talk) 12:13, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

It doesn't have to be one or the other. The proposed map has some advantages:
 * 1) Showing the neighbouring entities
 * 2) Showing the relation to modern day countries
 * 3) Showing important cities

the disadvantages are:
 * 1) Mixing the above in one map
 * 2) Would be better as an SVG rather than png
 * 3) AD and BC should be caps - or better still left off the map, the caption can carry this info
 * 4) I would not use the inset box, the geography of the region is pretty well known.

Conversely the Infobox map is very simple, which is good for its role there.

I would like, ideally, to see a series of maps that show the empire at different stages and dates, with appropriate contemporary features, cities, neighbours, battle sites, commerce routes, depending on the historical narrative, and a separate map showing just the empire as it relates to the modern world. The map in the infobox, should I think, remain, though I would have no objection to unifying the colouring and layout.

All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 13:25, 4 April 2016 (UTC).


 * Also note that File:Parther reich.jpg is in German, which would be a good item to fix. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 13:30, 4 April 2016 (UTC).


 * If someone also would expand the eastern part of the this map File:Parther reich.jpg so it resembles the eastern border of the current map on the article, that would be perfection. --HistoryofIran (talk) 13:37, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * there are problems, but also advantages, with this map. The caption is wrong - it clearly doesn't show the empire over its full period. It needs to be explained that the modern borders are also shown, but this is very useful. I'm bewildered by RF's claim that "the geography of the region is pretty well known" - to most non-locals it remains very obscure. We need not remove another map, and is not right for the infobox. Johnbod (talk) 17:02, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
 * Not my intent to bewilder. I mean that people know that this area is at the juncture of Europe, Asia and Africa, that the bodies of water are the Med, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea, even if they cannot name the Caspian and Black Seas.
 * Certainly if a historical map is overlaid with Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria etc. to provide context, it is reasonable to assume that the context itself does not require context.
 * All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 19:55, 4 April 2016 (UTC).

My map may have many problems. But first let me know one thing. What about the "quality" of the maps. I think my map is graphically a significant improvement. The previous one looks like a "childish hand-made map". In terms of quality, which one do you think is better? Arman ad60 (talk) 17:58, 4 April 2016 (UTC)


 * I like the current one more more, since 'your' map has too many errors which has already been mentioned. --HistoryofIran (talk) 20:22, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

OK, I have presented two more maps here. What do you think about them:


 * Not only the current map is still better, but none of the 3 maps you presented agree with each other on the boundaries. UCaetano (talk) 09:37, 5 April 2016 (UTC)

Parni and Panis
From Panis: Your opinion? Worth mentioning in section "Origins and establishment"? --Wario-Man (talk) 13:34, 10 May 2018 (UTC)
 * "Graeco-Roman authors equated the Parthians with a Scythian tribe called the Parni (i.e. Greek Parnoi), which has been equated by some with the Panis.[2][3] Strabo (11.9.2) mentions that the Parnoi belonged to the Dahas ("Dahae") and lived in Margiana and that they founded the Arsacid empire of Parthia."
 * I don't have access to the "Studia Orientalia Electronica" journal article by Asko Parpola (1988), but I find this hypothesis to be dubious at best. None of the scholarly sources I cited mentioned this. That should be pretty telling about how widely accepted this hypothesis is (and I refrain from calling it a theory, because I'm not sure who else even accepts it aside from perhaps Parpola, although I can't even confirm that). The fact that the Panis are considered non-human demons in the Rigveda should probably be enough to discount the theory that they can be associated with real groups of people like the Parni, perhaps only loosely and tangentially. I don't think any of this deserves inclusion in the Featured Article Parthian Empire, for that matter. As far as I can tell it is a WP:FRINGE idea, one that isn't worth much merit as far as other academics are concerned. Regards, Pericles of Athens  Talk 14:47, 10 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Good points but I think that "non-human demons" is a pov similar to Barbarian and Mleccha. What do you think about the relationship between Dasa and Dahae? --Wario-Man (talk) 17:25, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

Arsacid dynasty
Why Arsacid dynasty redirects here? Arsacid dynasty and the Arsacid Empire were two different things and another article is needed for Arsacid dynasty. It was a royal dynasty that ruled Arsacid/Parthian Empire, Arsacid kingdom of Armenia and etc. Aryzad (talk) 14:24, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Well we don't have an article on them. We do have List of Parthian kings, & it could redirect there, or that be renamed. Thoughts? Johnbod (talk) 15:11, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * We can create a new one. I mean something like this: House of Bourbon. Since Arsacid dynasty ruled many different states, not only Parthia, but also Armenia, Iberia (Gerogia) and Caucasus Albania. And even noble houses like Mehran and Karen claimed that they are Arsacid houses. Aryzad (talk) 17:31, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The Karen and Mihran should not be included in this, they weren't considered Arsacid houses in that sense - they were houses of their own. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:37, 19 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I know. They were not real Arsacids; They just claimed they are. Aryzad (talk) 20:07, 19 May 2019 (UTC)

No explanation for removal of recently added content
One user 'Historyofiran' removes sourced content for some odd reason. 188.148.66.198 (talk) 19:39, 16 July 2019 (UTC)


 * Not for a odd reason. Try to read my comment instead of edit warring, thanks. --HistoryofIran (talk) 20:55, 16 July 2019 (UTC)


 * Why isn't the sourced content appropriate for a featured article?188.148.66.198 (talk) 21:29, 16 July 2019 (UTC)
 * What was the source? Dimadick (talk) 08:04, 17 July 2019 (UTC)


 * https://divinity.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/imce/pdfs/webforum/022014/Foltz%20Religions%20of%20Iran%20extracts.pdf188.148.66.198 (talk) 13:30, 17 July 2019 (UTC)


 * It is an extract from a book called "Religions of Iran: from prehistory to present - Richard Foltz"188.148.66.198 (talk) 13:38, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Hi IP 188.148.66.198. The source itself passes WP:RS, being written by Richard Foltz, and can therefore be used.
 * Now the problematic part of your editorial conduct:
 * You ignored WP:BRD and kept edit-warring.--
 * This is a featured article (FA). People are expected to edit such articles with caution/care. So edit-warring without edit summary, is definitely not a good thing to do.
 * The source User:PersianFire added (and which you kept reinstating) should have been cited appropriately. You didn't bother to add a page number on several occassions, for instance. Take a look at the many other references that are cited inside the article. That's how new sources should be added as well (i.e. "harvnb"; please refer to WP:SFN and WP:SRF for more information).
 * Also, I noticed something interesting. On 24 June 2019, User:PersianFire added the Richard Foltz source behind the "Mithraism" claim which you had originally added on 24 June 2019. Several days later, both you and User:PersianFire were edit-warring together in order to keep the claim you had originally added.-- Is User:PersianFire perhaps your own account?
 * I sent you a welcome message on your talk page with helpful links/guidelines.
 * Best, - LouisAragon (talk) 17:09, 17 July 2019 (UTC)


 * The relevant excerpt from page 22:
 * "The northeast Iranian Parthian (Aškānī) dynasty (247 bce–224 ce) is generally described as being “religiously tolerant,” having no official state religion. However, there is some evidence that the ruling elites and perhaps much of their subject population in eastern Iran were primarily Mithraists. No fewer than four Parthian kings were named in Mithra’s honour (Mithradata, “given by Mithra”), and the easternmost of the three sacred fires known from Sasanian times, Burzin-Mehr (“exalted is Mithra”), was likely established in Parthian times. Parvaneh Pourshariati has recently advanced an intriguing (though  hotly contested) argument according to which the Mithraist tendencies of elite Parthian families such as the Karens and the Mehrans (whose name itself means “Mithraists”) remained a source of tension throughout the  Sasanian period. She points out that the late sixth-century rebel Bahram Čubin was known in Armenian sources as Mehrvandak, “servant of Mithra,” and that his movement centered on the Burzin-Mehr fire in opposition to the two Sasanian fires further west."
 * - LouisAragon (talk) 17:09, 17 July 2019 (UTC)

Which map is better?
Hello, seems like we can't come to conclusion as to which map is more fit for the article. I feel like map I've chosen is more fit for Wikipedia and has much clearly defined borders and coasts unlike the map you have chosen which has vaguely defined borders and mess of coast lines. I believe you prefer that map because it shows the topography, which I think just makes the map looks bad without adding anything of great significance. This also creates the question of why the topographic map is important when there's not a single word in the whole article about the empire's geography. I think map you've chosen would work much better on a possible future geography section on this article. — CuriousGolden (talk·contrib)  16:21, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Hi. I appreciate your efforts at map making. Bi-color maps tend to be simple, but very poor in information. Maps with topography give more information and convey notions of natural boundaries and nature of the territory being occupied: mountaineous, desertic etc... This is the reason why most of our templates have a "relief" option, which usually greatly improves the informational (and graphical) value of the maps (just an example: Abydos, Egypt). Other opinions are welcome. पाटलिपुत्र Pat   (talk) 16:40, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Not a fan of either of them tbh, but there's not much better out there. If I had to choose though then it would be the map by पाटलिपुत्र. --HistoryofIran (talk) 17:28, 11 July 2020 (UTC)

Thank you. I understand why you think topography is important, yet I still don't think it's necessary as no significant empire's article on Wikipedia has a map with topography. If you think the map should still have topography, I believe we should invite a 3O. — CuriousGolden (talk·contrib)  18:13, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * For examples of topographical maps for empires, see Achaemenid Empire, Akkadian Empire, Neo-Sumerian Empire, Old Babylonian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Maurya Empire, Carthaginian Empire, Satavahana dynasty, Shunga Empire, Kushan Empire, Teotihuacan.... पाटलिपुत्र  Pat   (talk) 19:29, 11 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Few of those maps look good, but most don't, and some, like Shunga Empire look outright horrible. I respect your decision of why you think topography is good, but I still think it makes the map look worse without adding any significant detail. If you still don't agree, do you think it's best to call a 30? — Curious<b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 15:28, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Again, appreciate the effort, but five established users (if I add User:LouisAragon here and User:KIENGIR here) have already expressed concerns with your maps. Isn't it time to take a step back and focus on something else? पाटलिपुत्र  Pat   (talk) 18:15, 13 July 2020 (UTC)


 * User:KIENGIR raised concern over me not discussing the map in talk page first and has done so rightfully. I've already discussed my map with him and we've established a common ground. User:LouisAragon deleted my map because it was not up to date with the latest verifiable sources and hopefully I can establish a common ground with him as well, whenever he replies to me on the appropriate talk page. I frankly don't understand how any of this relates to my map here, though I still felt it's important to explain them. Coming back to this page, I have remade my map to add much more detail, including city and region names: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parthia.png#%7B%7Bint%3Afiledesc%7D%7D
 * Tell me what you think about it — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 22:12, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
 * As you may have understood, I am not a big fan of the "color blob on a grey background" for geographical maps, as so much information is lost in the process. I think it contradicts the essence of what a map is. Not to mention the poor esthetics. So you will have to count me out on this one. You are also adding your maps in many places, disregarding previous established usage and without discussion . It's quite disruptive, and, in my opinion, not an improvement to Wikipedia. पाटलिपुत्र  Pat   (talk) 08:45, 14 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't understand why that's a problem when I'm replacing another colour blob map with a new one (which has more information). At least, before I could understand why you thought your map was better, because mine had less information than yours. But, now, after cities/regions are added, you think the esthetic quality is bad? I've already explained to you that I hadn't realized I'd have to discuss in talk pages before replacing horrible maps (like, but thankfully I know now and won't repeat the same mistake. I'm almost certain now that we aren't going anywhere with this discussion, therefore I will request a 3O. — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 09:02, 14 July 2020 (UTC)

You better bring your concerns to the talk page before changing the maps. You did same thing on Sasanian Empire and Atropatene. And don't mark such edits as WP:MINOR. Using a new/revised map is not minor edit. --Wario-Man (talk) 05:37, 12 July 2020 (UTC) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Fourth opinion here: the issue seems to be whether to use a map with topographical details, or a simple two-colour map. We have two versions of the two-colour map, one with the names of provinces and one without. There don't seem to be any issues of principle or of policy involved, and it comes down to individual preference, design details, etc. In this case, of the two two-colour maps, I personally prefer the one with province names. They are clear and will help any encyclopedic reader who isn't totally familiar with the Parthian empire. (I guess that few will be that familiar with it.) And I also like the topographical background map. I certainly prefer it over the unlabelled two-colour map. I would like to see a version of the topographical map with the province names before passing any further comment. If anyone fancies providing one, that would help. Richard Keatinge (talk) 21:24, 25 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Hello, thanks for the opinion! I've updated map to have relief, see if you like it: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parthia.png — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 13:14, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't see any topography on it? Richard Keatinge (talk) 15:07, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Huh, I've updated the file yet it doesn't show the updated version at top. If you click on the image though, it shows you the updated one I asked you about. Here's the image itself: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Parthia.png — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 16:50, 26 July 2020 (UTC)

Ah, thanks. An interesting hybrid, with topography shown only outside the empire. What would it look like if the colour were mostly mostly-transparent, to show the (rather striking and important) topography of the empire itself? Richard Keatinge (talk) 17:08, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Here, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Parthia.png — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 19:08, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. Much improved, I think. Now, at the risk of being importunate, what would it look like if the entire map showed topography, not just within the Empire? Richard Keatinge (talk) 19:29, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Don't think topography of the surroundings is necessary and it makes the map look worse. — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 19:47, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Could you nevertheless knock up a quick one, so that we can all share the experience? We are aiming for consensus here... Richard Keatinge (talk) 21:18, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Sorry for late reply, I was inactive on Wiki for few weeks. Here, I've made relief visible both outside and inside. (Though, I'm not really a big fan of it): https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Parthia.png — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 20:57, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * What program(s) did you use to make the map, CuriousGolden? I'd like to make some myself, including this one as it neither represents the Parthians at their greatest extent and also does seem to contain some inaccuracies. --HistoryofIran (talk) 23:05, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There are lot of programs where you can make maps both on mobile and computer. I personally prefer mobile, so I use the program Medibang. I'll be very happy to help you if you have any problem using it or have any questions. — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 09:29, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I just have one more question; how did you add the topography? Is there a specific tool that does that or? --HistoryofIran (talk) 14:08, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * There are programs that add topography, cities, rivers and etc automatically on computer. Best known one being QGIS. Though for this map, I just used the original map as base map and drew on it, so all I did was increase the opacity of the base map, so the topographic map was visible. — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 14:20, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Many thanks CuriousGolden for so obligingly making a map that, as you've already said, you didn't like the look of. For me, this style seems to hit the sweet spot between too much information and too little. It places the Empire in its dramatic geographical context and and informs the reader of the approximate locations of important provinces / areas. It doesn't waste space, nor does it over-crowd the image. Of the options produced so far, and subject of course to any improvements for accuracy etc, this strikes me as by far the best style for this map. I hope this comment helps. Richard Keatinge (talk) 13:47, 16 August 2020 (UTC)
 * No problem, I guess the latest map isn't so bad, we should use it. Thanks for all your help, ! What do you think? Are you okay with the latest map? — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 09:29, 20 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your latest map proposal, it is much better in my opinion. I am still not a big fan of the thick white border, Also your map has an overall greenish, rather gloomy color... wouldn't more natural tones be better? पाटलिपुत्र  Pat   (talk) 06:19, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * I don't like bright colours much and I feel like the current colour is good enough. Can we just agree on the current version? — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 09:45, 24 August 2020 (UTC)
 * Natural colors are quite the norm on Wikipedia when physical maps are used (and it is actually the standard for country physical maps used in infoboxes, for example Iraq physical map.svg). There no point in deviating from that. पाटलिपुत्र  Pat   (talk) 13:56, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

Boundaries on the map
Could the rest of Armenia perhaps be included under the Parthian domain too? I'm assuming the map is supposed to show the Parthian Empire under Orodes II. I'm not sure if Caucasian Albania was under Parthian rule at that time, and to what extent the Parthians controlled the Persian Gulf. The greatest extent of the Parthians would have been under Mithridates II of Parthia though. --HistoryofIran (talk) 20:05, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I too am suspicious of the somewhat straight border from Caspian to Antioch. I used पाटलिपुत्र's map as base map and I believe he used another one for his. The border seems to cut through lot of nations. Do you know of any better source for the borders? — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 20:10, 26 July 2020 (UTC)
 * I do recall having some sources that briefly mentioned a certain area being ruled by x Parthian ruler, so it's really hard to make a somewhat correct map. The question is, what era do you want the Parthian map to portray? --HistoryofIran (talk) 13:30, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * Maps of empires usually show them in their greatest extent, plus places they owned in different times (shown in lighter colors). — <b style="color:#D4AF37">Curious</b><b style="color:#D4AF37">Golden</b> (talk·contrib) </b> 16:56, 28 July 2020 (UTC)
 * That would be under Mithridates II, who ruled as far as Arachosia and western Bactria (can be seen in his article with citations) to the middle of the Amu Darya including the Amul region (in the article), to borders of India (Olbrycht, Marek Jan 2009. "Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran, p. 164, that would mean the eastern borders were at the Indus River I assume? kinda like this ). In Caucasus he ruled Armenia, Iberia, and possibly Caucasian Albania (also in the article). In the west he ruled Commagene (Olbrycht, Marek Jan 2009. "Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran, p. 166), Dura-Europos in Syria, Adiabene, Gordyene, and Osrhoene (all mentioned in the article). Characene and Elymais were also under his control. --HistoryofIran (talk) 18:51, 28 July 2020 (UTC)

Lead
Armanqur,

please gain consensus for your changes in the talk.(KIENGIR (talk) 07:24, 2 December 2020 (UTC))


 * Understood. Sorry about that. Armanqur (talk) 23:36, 4 December 2020 (UTC)

Attempt to correct some perceived problems with the article
I perceived some issues with this article:

(1) Also, it is the unsourced characterization of the Parthians as "a major power," so I tried substituting it for the neutral term "State." The term "major power" can be taken as anachronistic when referring to an ancient State given it was invented to describe modern European geopolitics.

(2) There is no clear source for the claim of Parthia being Rome's "main enemy" given that historically the majority of Roman legions were deployed in Europe, so I think was likely Rome's main enemy only in Asia. Should have some historians being quoted explicitly stating such claim.

Thanks. RafaelG (talk) 18:29, 10 December 2021 (UTC)


 * Let's see:
 * You stated,"Unsourced characterization of the Parthians as "a major power..."


 * "was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD." --Brosius 2006, p. 84
 * Which is referenced. Guess you missed that part.
 * You stated, "There is no clear source for the claim of Parthia being Rome's "main enemy"..."
 * Actually the paragraph, which you did not bother to read, is speaking of the Sasanian Empire.


 * "The Sassanians would not only assume Parthia's legacy as Rome's Persian nemesis, but they would also attempt to restore the boundaries of the Achaemenid Empire by briefly conquering the Levant, Anatolia, and Egypt from the Eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Khosrau II (r. 590–628 AD). However, they would lose these territories to Heraclius—the last Roman emperor before the Arab conquests. Nevertheless, for a period of more than 400 years, they succeeded the Parthian realm as Rome's principal rival. "
 * And all of this is referenced. --Kansas Bear (talk) 22:50, 10 December 2021 (UTC)

"Armenia wasn't part of the Parthian Empire in 94 BC"
Didn't wanna waste my time on more WP:JDLI, but I figured it would be good for future use;

HistoryofIran (talk) 18:28, 10 September 2022 (UTC)
 * 1) "With his successful invasion of Armenia, Mithridates II forced the Armenian king to surrender his son as a political hostage.97 When the Armenian king later died in 96, his successor, Tigranes II, left from Babylon, where he had sojourned at the Parthian court, and with the military support of the Parthians he become the pro-Parthian candidate on the Armenian throne.98 Thus, the evidence suggests that Mithridates conducted a hegemonic war against Armenia that culminated in a partial victory in ca. 111 and a more complete victory in 96/95 when he established Tigranes II as a Parthian vassal king.99 In an attempt to mitigate the potential threat of Armenia further, Mithridates confiscated seventy valleys from the kingdom in exchange for his support of Tigranes.100 This war placed Armenia and the surrounding regions of the Caucasus, which had been a part of the separate Near Eastern interstate system since the 180s, firmly within the bounds of what had become the Parthian-dominated Iranian interstate system, which now encompassed most the lands of the Hellenistic Middle East." / "Strabo’s opinion that the Parthians never ruled over the Armenians is mistaken." - pp. 261–262 (see also note 99), Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo (2020). Reign of Arrows: The Rise of the Parthian Empire in the Hellenistic Middle East. Oxford
 * 2) "The date of Mithridates’ invasion is easy enough to determine. Even without reference to the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries, Chaumont dated the event to 110 BCE, or 111 at the earliest, based on when Mithridates first began to use the epithet “King of Kings,” which announced the conclusion of his great campaign of conquest that saw Arsacid consolidation of Mesopotamia and other areas. The subjection of Armenia occurred toward the end of this series of conquests, as suggested by Justin’s phrase ad postremum. 6 Mithridates’ interest in Armenia at this time presaged the importance it would have in later Arsacid foreign policy, so much so that it would prove a bone of contention with the Romans for centuries. But that dynamic only began to play out in the years following his death in c. 90. For Mithridates himself, Armenia was more important for its orientation toward the Anatolian states. Certainly in relation to the growing power of Mithridates Eupator of Pontus, the Arsacid king saw Armenia as an important vassal state that strengthened his position on that part of his western frontier. After the accession of Tigran II in c. 95, Mithridates II consolidated his hold on Armenia by marrying Tigran’s daughter, Aryazate, also known as Automa.7" - p. 189, Mithridates II's Invasion of Armenia: A Reassessment, Peeters Online Journals, Revue des Études Arméniennes'', Patterson, Lee E.
 * 3) "The sources show that in 110 BCE Mithradates embarked upon a campaign against Artavasdes, the result of which was that the Armenian ruler lost part of his territory to his neighbour and recognised his rule.18" - Parthian-Armenian Relations from the 2nd Century BCE to the Second Half of the 1st Century CE, Dąbrowa, Edward. Electrum; Kraków Vol. 28
 * 4) "These date to the times of the rule of Mithridates II (c. 121–91), who in around 111/110 was successful, after several attempts, in subordinating the ruler of Armenia, Artavasdes I (121–96 BCE), uncle of Tigranes II,27 and who maintained his influence in Armenia for the next two decades.28 The stability of these influences assured him a presence in the court as Tigranes’ hostage.29 He stayed there right up until 96/95 BCE. Then, after his uncle’s death, and with the consent of Mithridates II, Tigranes assumed the throne of Armenia. 30 We can assume that the marriage of the son of the Parthian monarch, Mithridates II, with the daughter of Tigranes took place shortly before he left the Parthian capital. Mithridates II presumably treated her as a guarantee of the loyalty of the new ruler of Armenia.31 This hypothesis is supported by the fact that until his father-in-law’s death, his relations with the Parthian state were in order. They changed significantly only in the time of Mithridates II’s successors, when Tigranes exploited the disputes between pretenders to the Arsacid throne to launch an offensive policy towards his neighbour, whose power had forced him to spend many years in a submissive position." - pp. 77–78, Dąbrowa, Edward (2018). "Arsacid Dynastic Marriages". Electrum. 25
 * 5) "Under Mithridates II (123-87 BC),15 Parthia remained the paramount power in the area, with possessions stretching from Transcaucasia (including Armenia) to central Asia and the borders of India / Parthian power under Mithridates II shifted towards Transcaucasia. In that region, it was Armenia, which played a special role in Arsakid policy. Armenia’s strategic position between Anatolia and the steppes north of the Caucasus and Iran and its military and economic potential, were recognized by Mithridates II. That is why the Arsakids made the control of Armenia one of the fundamental targets in their policy towards Rome up to the end of the dynasty.23 Mithridates II subjugated Armenia early in his reign around 120 BC. The defeated king Artavasdes delivered his son Tigranes as hostage to the Arsakids.24" - pp. 164–165, Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2009). "Mithridates VI Eupator and Iran". In Højte, Jakob Munk (ed.). Mithridates VI and the Pontic Kingdom. Black Sea Studies. Vol. 9. Aarhus University Press.

Map
I found a new map of Parthian at that is more clear on the location of the Empire and shows its borders imposed on modern day countries. It is easier to follow than the current map that is difficult to see the extent of territories. Should we switch to this map? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jacsam2 (talk • contribs) 23:45, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Padishkhwargar (224 AD)
After the collapse of the Parthians, Padishkhwargar (224 AD) was established in the north of Iran under the Sasanian Empir, But those who falsify Tabaristan history won't let me add this. Please help me Perse9s (talk) 10:35, 20 September 2022 (UTC) <--- blocked sock of User:Chamroshduty