Talk:Paytakaran/Statements and sources

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Grandmaster - submissions and sources
(posted by The Transhumanist, copied and edited from Grandmaster's response on Transhumanist's talk page):

1a) Paytakaran (Փայտակարան, Persian: to be added) was at various times a province of Medes, Caucasian Albania and the Kingdom of Armenia.

1b) Paytakaran (Azerbaijani: Beyləqan, Փայտակարան, Persian and Arabic: Baylaqan) was also the name of the principal city within that province. Originally known as Caspiane by Greco-Roman and Kaspk by Armenian authors, the province was located in the area of the lower courses of the rivers of Kura and Araks, adjacent to the Caspian sea. Later the region became known under the name of Paytakaran''.


 * (reference) Encyclopedia Iranica. C. E. Bosworth. Baylaqan


 * (reference) Strabo, Geography, book 11, chapter 14.


 * Professor Robert. H. Hewsen:


 * BAGAWAN (Baguan or Ateshi Bagawan), a district of the land of Kaspiane (Arm. Kaspk, later Paytakaran) lying along the right bank of the Araxes river and corresponding to the northeastern part of Iranian Azerbaijan.


 * Всемирная история. Энциклопедия. Том 2.


 * Кроме этого, в зависимости от Армении находилась и Каспиана, центр которой был в Пайтакаране и правители которой считали себя Аршакидами. На протяжении IV в. все эти области отпали от Армении, а после смерти Тиридата III некто Санатрук присвоил себе корону, овладел Пайтакараном и заявил о захвате всей Армении. Правители Пайтакарана опирались на помощь Сасанидов и позднее помогали Шапуру II в войнах с Арменией. В 60-х годах IV в. от Армении отложились и другие албанские земли, которые также попали под влияние персов.


 * The World Encyclopedia, Volume II.


 * Caspiane, which had its center in Paytakaran and the rulers of which considered themselves Arsacids, was also under the Armenian dominion. During the IVth century all these regions broke away from Armenia, and after the death of Tiridat III some Sanatruk declared himself a king, took control of Paytakaran and announced the conquest of the whole Armenia. The rulers of Paytakaran relied on the help of Sasanians and later assisted Shapur II during the wars with Armenia. In the 60s of the 4th century other Albanian lands also broke away from Armenia and also fell under the influence of Persians.

1c) The province was located in the area of the lower courses of the rivers of Kura and Araks, adjacent to the Caspian sea.


 * reference: Moses of Chorene

1d) Today, the area lies within the territory of modern day southeastern Azerbaijan and northeastern Iran. (This is from Tigran's edit, I left it as it is).

1e) Caspiane was contested between the regional powers. According to Strabo: "To the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared".
 * (reference) Strabo, 11.4

1f) Strabo also mentions Caspiane among the lands conquered by king Artaxias I from Medes. However, Armenia later lost it to Albania about 59 BC, when Pompey rearranged the political geography of the region. (See the following reference):


 * Pompey then rearranged the political geography of the east. The exact details of the changes and their chronology are not always clear. Some were changed after Pompey and the young Tigranes fell out and after Parthian intervention. But the upshot was that by 59 BC Syria and Phoenicia had passed to Rome, Sophene to Cappadocia, and Adiabene to Parthia. Lesser Armenia went, probably, to Brogitarus, son-in-law of Deiotarus king of Galatia, and Caspiane to the Albanians .


 * A. E. Redgate. The Armenians (Peoples of Europe) ISBN-10: 0631220372

2a) Paytakaran was initially populated by the tribe of Caspians, after whom it was named "Caspiane".


 * reference: Herodotus, Strabo, and other classical authors repeatedly mention the Caspians but do not seem to know much about them; they are grouped with other inhabitants of the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, like the Amardi, Anariacae, Cadusii (q.v.), Albani, and Vitii (Eratosthenes apud Strabo, 11.8.8), and their land (Kaspiane) is said to be part of Albania (Theophanes Mytilenaeus apud Strabo, 11.4.5). Whether or not they belonged to the Median empire is not clear. According to Herodotus (3.92.2), they, together with the Pausicae, Pantimathi, and Daritae, were included in the eleventh nomos of the Achaemenid empire under Darius I. This region later was attached to Media Atropatene and Albania in turn . Encyclopedia Iranica. Rüdiger Schmitt. Caspians

2b) Later it was populated by people called "parcies".
 * reference: Faustus of Byzantium:


 * О каспах.


 * Потом спарапет Мушег жестоко отомстил стране парсиев [7] и городу Пайтакарану, ибо жители этой страны отложились от армянского царя и изменили ему. Спарапет-полководец Мушег, прибыв туда, многих из них казнил, отрубив головы, многих взял в плен, а остальных обложил данью, взял у них заложников и там оставил правительственных чиновников.


 * [7] Из этого места мы узнаем, что в стране Каспк (Каспиана античных авторов) и в этот период жило упоминаемое Страбоном племя парсиев или паррасиев (С. Т. Еремян).


 * About Kasps


 * Then sparapet Musheg took cruel revenge on the country of parcies and the city of Paytakaran, because the people of that country broke away from the Armenian king and betrayed him.


 * The footnote:


 * From this place we learn that the country of Kaspk (Caspiane of antique authors) was populated at that time by the tribe of Parsies or Parracies, mentioned by Starbo. Faustus of Byzantium. History. 5.14

2c) The local population repeatedly revolted against the Armenian rule, and Armenian kings had to dispatch their troops to the region to suppress the uprisings.


 * reference: Moses of Chorene:


 * Также Страна касбов235 по этому поводу отложилась от нашего царя. Поэтому Арташес посылает на них Смбата со всей армянской ратью и сам сопровождает их в течение семи дней. Смбат, придя туда, усмиряет всех, а Страну касбов разоряет и уводит в Армению пленных больше, чем из Артаза, и с ними их царя Зардманоса.


 * 235 Страна касбов — область низовьев Куры и Аракса (впадавших в древности в Каспийское море порознь), примыкающая к Каспийскому морю; страна Каспиана, упоминаемая Страбоном в связи с завоеваниями армянского царя Арташеса I.


 * The Country of kasbs also broke away from our king for the same reason. Therefore Artashes sent against them Smbat with the whole Armenian army and personally accompanied them for seven days. Upon arrival there Smbat pacified everyone, plundered the Country of kasbs and took away to Armenia more prisoners than were taken from Artaz, and their king Zardmanos was among them.


 * Footnote: The country of kasbs – the area of the lower courses of Kura and Araks (which in ancient times flowed into the Caspian sea separately), adjacent to the Caspian sea; the country of Caspiane, mentioned by Strabo in connection with the conquests of the Armenian king Artashes I. Movses Khorenatsi. History of Armenia


 * reference: Faustus of Byzantium, History. 5.14

2d) Paytakaran, according to professor Robert. H. Hewsen, was a completely alien land to Armenia, and was finally lost by Armenia to Caucasian Albania in 387 A.D.


 * reference:  Paytakaran, a completely alien land, left the Armenian orbit in 387, as did Korjaik, originally the kingdom of Gordyene, a foreign state that had belonged to Armenia for only about 250 years and whose territory was completely Kurdish in population even before the deportations of 1915.


 * The Armenian People From Ancient To Modern Times: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Robert. H. Hewsen. Historical Geography, p 16.


 * reference: Shahrvaraz moved from Nisibis, through Media, to P'aytakaran in Albania.


 * The war in Armenia, 572-3


 * Geoffrey Greatrex, Samuel N. C. Lieu, Michael H. Dodgeon. The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Ad 226-363): a documentary history. ISBN 0415003423

3a) After the Arab conquest and Islamisation of the region, the city of Paytakaran became known as Baylaqan. Muslim chronicles describe it as a flourishing city. In 1220, Baylaqan was captured by the Mongols, who slaughtered the inhabitants and burned it down; but survivors subsequently returned and restored it.


 * reference: BAYLAQAN, Armenian form Paytakaran (cf. Marquart, Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig, 1903, p. 457), a town of the medieval Islamic region of Arran (q.v.), the classical Caucasian Albania, lying in the triangle between the Kor and Aras (Araxes) rivers, in what is today the Mil steppe in Soviet Azerbaijan. In Islamic times, it lay on the highway connecting Ardabil and Bajarvan with Bardaa (qq.v); today, only ruins remain of Baylaqan, to the south-east of Shusha. Encyclopedia Iranica. C. E. Bosworth. Baylaqan


 * reference: Half-way through the 7th century, under the caliphate of Osman, the Arabs invaded Albanian territory and the eastern Caucasus and took possession of Paythakaran (Baylaqan), Partaw (Bardaa), Shakashen, Kabala (Kapaghak), Shervan, Shaporan (Shaberan), and Chor (Darband); Aran was to be reunited with Armenia under a single governor. Encyclopedia Iranica. M. L. Chaumont. Albania.

3b) At the end of the 14th century it was destroyed by Timur, who later rebuilt it, but the city was abandoned and it ruins remain at the location called Oren-kala within 15 km from the modern city of Beylagan.


 * Reference: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Oren-kala.

I moved this page back as we have not reached a consensus with regard to main page move. Grandmaster 06:33, 9 April 2007 (UTC)

--Ulvi I. 16:57, 5 February 2007 (UTC)
Even the Armenia's own historians, Voskonyan, Nersesyan and Yeremyan show the location of Paytakaran exacty on the same spot as Beylagan town of Azerbaijan is today. Here is the link to the map. The preface of the book is here. It is History of Armenian People, Edited by Nersesiyan, M.G; Yerevan University Publisher; Yerevan, 1980. --Ulvi I. 16:57, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

TigranTheGreat - Counterstatements and sources
Since I oppose Grandmaster's edits and am in favor of the current version, the following contains both statements of facts in the current version as well as statements proposed by Grandmaster that should be excluded. They are numbered, and each is followed by a list of quotes to support either inclusion or exclusion of the statement of fact. For clarity, each quote is preceded by a brief comment in parentheses containing a fact supported by a quote, but not necessarily to be included in the text. These facts in turn support (or preclude) the numbered statements of facts. For further clarity, the quotes are in italics, names of authors and sources are in bold, and comments (including those embedded in quotes) are in simple font. Specific parts of quotes that are most important and directly support the statements of facts are also highlighted in bold. As there is much information below, the reader may find it useful to first read the statements of facts and the bold segments of quotes.

1) To exclude all mentions of Baylaqan (comment--The city of Paytakaran at issue here is not the same as Baylaqan).


 * Robert Hewsen, "Historical Geography of Armenia," Map of Armenia in the 4th c.


 * (Shows Paytakaran south of Arax, in 4th c. AD)


 * http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Images/Chicago/hewsen62.gif


 * Encyclopedia Iranica


 * (places Baylaqan north of Arax, and built in early 6th c, or later.)


 * BAYLAQAN, Armenian form Paytakaran (cf. Marquart, Osteuropäische und ostasiatische Streifzüge, Leipzig, 1903, p. 457), a town of the medieval Islamic region of Arran (q.v.), the classical Caucasian Albania, lying in the triangle between the Kor and Aras (Araxes) rivers, in what is today the Mil steppe in Soviet Azerbaijan. In Islamic times, it lay on the highway connecting Ardabil and Bajarvan with Barda (qq.v); today, only ruins remain of Baylaqan, to the south-east of Shusha. Said to have been founded by the Sasanian Emperor Qobad, Baylaqan may well have been founded when the area was colonized by Iranians in the later Sasanian period.


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v4f1/v4f1a002.html


 * Britannica


 * Kavadh I, also spelled Qobad, king of the Sasanian empire of Persia (reigned 488–496 and 498/499–531).


 * http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044886/Kavadh-I#2202.hook


 * Iranica


 * SASANIAN DYNASTY, the last Persian lineage of rulers to achieve hegemony over much of Western Asia before Islam, ruled 224 CE–650 CE.


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_sasanian_dyn_20050301.html

2) Statement: According to Strabo, both Caucasian Albania and Armenia had provinces with the name "Caspiane." (comment--just as both Greece and Yugoslavia had provinces named Macedonia. The sources below are also presented to exclude proposed statements about Caspians and Parcies having lived in Paytakaran, and repeated uprisings against Armenian rule).


 * Strabo:


 * (on linguistic/ethnic homogeneity of the provinces conquered in 189 BC, including Armenia's Caspiane)


 * According to report, Armenia, though a small country in earlier times, was enlarged by Artaxias and Zariadris, who formerly were generals of Antiochus the Great, but later, after his defeat, reigned as kings (the former as king of Sophene, Acisene, Odomantis, and certain other countries, and the latter as king of the country round Artaxata), and jointly enlarged their kingdoms by cutting off for themselves parts of the surrounding nations,--I mean by cutting off Caspiane and Phaunitis and Basoropeda from the country of the Medes; and the country along the side of Mt. Paryadres and Chorsene and Gogarene, which last is on the far side of the Cyrus River, from that of the Iberians; and Carenitis and Xerxene, which border on Lesser Armenia or else are parts of it, from that of the Chalybians and the Mosynoeci; and Acilisene and the country round the Antitaurus from that of the Cataonians; and Taronitis from that of the Syrians; and therefore they all speak the same language, as we are told.


 * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.14.1


 * (on linguistic diversity of Albania)


 * They have twenty-six languages, because of the fact that they have no easy means of intercourse with one another.


 * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.4.1


 * (On the boundary of Albania and Armenia in Strabo's time (1st c BC) )


 * The frontier along the Kura (Kor), affirmed by Strabo (Geography 11.14.5), was repeatedly overrun, to the advantage sometimes of the Albanians, sometimes of the Armenians.


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v1f8/v1f8a022.html


 * Robert Hewsen, "Historical Geography of Armenia," Map of Armenia in the 4th c.


 * (Armenia's Kaspiene (Paytakaran) lies below river Kura)


 * http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Images/Chicago/hewsen62.gif


 * satrapa1.com, Map of Armenia


 * (Kaspiane being the name of a land north of Kura)


 * http://www.satrapa1.com/articulos/antiguedad/belisario/armeniaB.htm


 * Iranica


 * (The area of Caspian tribes--i.e. Caspiene--potentially on both sides of Kura, as opposed to Paytakaran itself, which was strictly south of Kura)


 * CASPIANS (Gk. Ka‚spioi), name of an ancient people dwelling along the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea, whether north or south of the river Kura is not clear.


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v5f1/v5f1a019.html


 * "History of the Ancient World," Moscow, 1983 (This source represents the views of Soviet historiography that are more updated than the outdated "World History" published in 1950's in Moscow)


 * (The reconquest of Paytakaran by Artashes I in 189 BC was part of his reconquests of Armenian lands.)


 * Арташес I расширил свои владения в Армении за счет областей, подчиненных ранее Атропатеной, а также Иверией; кое-где он вышел и за пределы территории с армяноязычным населением. В Иверии был убит Фарнаджом, потомок Фарнабаза, и на престол возведен армянский царевич.


 * Artashes I widened his domains in Armenia at the expense of provinces that had been subjugated earler by Atropatene [i.e. Media] and Iberia; in addition, in some places he moved beyond the area of Armenian-speaking population. In Iberia tthe king Parnaj was killed, and an Armenian prince sat on the throne.


 * http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000002/st21.shtml (v. 2, pp 399-414)


 * "History of the Ancient World," Moscow, 1983


 * (Paytakaran was south of Kura, while Albanian kingom was north of Kura, and it acquired Eastern Armenian areas only later (5th c. AD). Here the author assumes that part of Paytakaran was between Kura and Arax, which is disputed.)


 * Собственно Алванией первоначально называлась, по-видимому, средняя часть долины р. Куры к северу от нее. Позже к Алвании были присоединены и некоторые области Армении к югу от Куры — Утик, часть Пайтакарана и Арцаха (приблизительно соответствует совр. Нагорному Карабаху).


 * Albania itself originally covered the middle area of the valley of river Kura, north of the river. Later several provinces of Armenia south of Kura--Utik, part of Paytakaran, and Artsakh (approximately today's Nagorno-Karabakh) were annexed to Albania as well


 * (Confirming Strabo in the linguistic/ethnic homogenity of Armenia (koyne, as opposed to lingua-franca, is the spoken native language of the population))


 * если армянский язык, вероятно, еще до начала новой эры был лингва франка, то уже к I в. н. э. он стал койнэ (как это видно из указания Страбона).


 * If Armenian language prior to the common era was probably a lingua franca, then by 1st c AD it became koyne (as is clear from account of Strabo).


 * (Discussing and refuting the idea that Armenian kings Armenianized people on conquered lands. Supports the fact the Armenian language was not imposed on reconquered lands, but was native.)


 * Ни одно древнее государство не пыталось насильственно насаждать свой язык среди иноязычного населения. Конечно, чужеземным начальникам надо было как-то объясняться с населением (из практики Ахеменидской державы, а также римлян в Западной Грузии известно, что они пользовались услугами устных переводчиков), но ничто не мешало жителям говорить на родном языке у себя дома.


 * Not a single ancient state tried to implant its language among a foreign-speaking population. Of course, foreign governors needed somehow to communicate with the population (from the Achemenid practice, and the practice of Romans in Georgia we know that they utilized the services of oral translators), but nothing prevented the population to speak their native tongue at home.


 * http://historic.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000003/st10.shtml (v. 3, pp 201-210)


 * Movses Khorenatsi (5th c AD), "History of Armenia"


 * (Prior to Artashes' reconquests in 180's BC, Paytakaran had previously been part of Armenia, and had broken away from Armenia. The Armenian text says Kaspk or country of Kaspits (Kaspits Ashkarh), which is more correct)


 * Также Страна касбов по этому поводу отложилась от нашего царя. Поэтому Арташес по­сылает на них Смбата со всей армянской ратью и сам сопрово­ждает их в течение семи дней. Смбат, придя туда, усмиряет всех, а Страну касбов разоряет и уводит в Армению пленных больше, чем из Артаза, и с ними их царя Зардманоса.


 * Also the country of kasbs [Armenian original--Kasbits Ashkarh] on that occasion broke away from our king. Therefore Artashes sends against them Smbat with all of Armenian troops and accompanies them himself for 7 days. Smbat, coming there, brings peace to everyone, and ravages the Country of Casbs, taking to Armenia more prisoners than from Artaz, including their king Zardmanos.


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/02.html (Book II.53)


 * Iranica, "Artaxias I"


 * (Artashes' reconquers Armenian kingdoms/principalities)


 * At the end of the 3rd century, Armenia was a patchwork of 120 dynastic states called "kingdoms" (regna) by Pliny (Natural history 6.9); these were, presumably, the domains of local dynastic houses (Arm. naxarans), loosely united under the Orontid kings of Greater and Lesser Armenia.


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f6/v2f6a021.html


 * Iranica, "Armenia and Iran"


 * (Artashes' reconquers Armenian lands with Armenian population.)


 * Artaxias and Zariadris of Sophene who may perhaps have been close relatives, joined forces to conquer a vast area. (...list of conquests, including Caspiane...) The peoples who were thus brought together in the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene all spoke one and the same language: Armenian (Strabo, ibid.); yet imperial Aramaic (with a quite strong admixture of Persian terms) was still the language of the government and the court, a survival of Achaemenid practices in Armenia down to the first half of the 2nd century B.C.


 * (The areas had been previosly conquered by Media from Armenia)


 * Artabazanes, the satrap of Media Atropatene (Aturpatakan), though forced to submit to Antiochus II in 220 B.C., appears to have considerably extended his domain by seizing parts of eastern and northern Armenia (Polybius 5.55.7).


 * http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v2f4/v2f4a071a.html


 * Strabo, Geography


 * (Strabo confirming that Artashes' conquests had previously been part of an originally larger Armenia)


 * In ancient times Greater Armenia ruled the whole of Asia, after it broke up the empire of the Syrians, but later, in the time of Astyages, it was deprived of that great authority by Cyrus and the Persians, although it continued to preserve much of its ancient dignity


 * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.13.1 (Book 11.13.5)


 * Pliny the Elder (1st c AD), "The Natural history ", 6.39:


 * (Kura is still the boundary in 1st c AD)


 * ..the tribe of Albanians settled on the Caucasian mountains, reaches ... the river Kir making border of Armenia and Iberia


 * Claudius Ptolemy (2nd c AD), "Geography" 5.12:


 * (Kura is sitll the boundary in 2nd c AD)


 * "Armenia is located from the north to a part of Colchida, Iberia and Albania along the line, which goes through the river Kir (Kura)"


 * Movses Khorenatsi (5th c AD), "History of Armenia"


 * (Paytakaran belonged to Armenia in early 4th c. AD.)


 * Трдат проявлял великую твердость в деле под­держания веры и нравов, особенно в отношении тех, кто проживал в отдаленных частях его государства. Поэтому приходят должно­стные лица северо-восточных краев, управители дальнего города по названию Пайтакаран


 * Trdat [king of Armenia] was firm in upholding the faith, especially among those who lived in the farthest parts of his state. Therefore official persons come to him from the north-easterns areas, rulers of the far-away city of Paytakaran.


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/03.html (Book III.3)


 * Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi (10th-11th cc AD), "History of Armenia," translated in 1984 by Margarita Darbinyan-Melikyan (the translator used by Grandmaster as a source)


 * (Paytakaran was Armenian province in early 4th c. The excerpt talks about its rebellion, and the brief (less than 1 year) usuping of the Armenian throne by its governor. Footnote states the interpetation of the translator, who believes the governor (Sanatruk) and the Albanian king (Sanesan) were the same person.)


 * После смерти святого Трдата нечестивый второй Санатрук,* родом из дома Аршакуни, которого Трдат поставил правителем города Пайтакаран,** взбунтовался и сам возложил на себя корону.


 * ^ Санатрук Аршакуни (он же Санесан, по Фав. Буз.) — царь мазкутов (одно из кавказских племен, обитавшее на северо-западном побережье Каспийского моря, южнее устья р. Самур, на территории, носившей название Чор, Чол. См: Тревер К. Очерки по истории и культуре Кавказской Албании. М.—Л., 1959, с. 191), при царе Трдате III был также бдешхом северных и восточных областей царства Великой Армении — Гукарка, Алванка, Вирка, Пайтакарана. Царство мазкутов представляло постоянную угрозу для Великой Армении, с которой граничило по р. Куре, и Атрпатакана (см. прим. 2 к гл. XIX). Так, около 338 г. Санатрук Аршакуни, по наущению Сасанидов, стремившихся восстановить свои политические позиции в Закавказье, вторгся в пределы Армении, намереваясь как Аршакид и, следовательно, законный претендент на армянскую корону воцариться в Армении. Эти события и нашли свое отражение в Житии св. Григориев в передаче Фав. Буз. и Мов. Хор. (Еремян С. Страна «Махелония» надписи Кааба-и-Зардушт. ВДИ. М., 1967, 4, с. 56—57). Иов. Драсх. называет его «вторым», имея в виду, очевидно, что до него упоминается еще один Санатрук, племянник царя Абгара. (См. прим. 1 к гл. VII).


 * ^^ Пайтакаран — город, центр одноименного наханга, близ современного Орен-Кала на Мильской равнине. В 338 г. Паитакаран «стал временной столицей Албанского царства, здесь находилась резиденция мазкутских Аршакидов


 * After the death of saint Trdat, second Sanatruk from the house of Arshakuni, whom Trdat had placed as the ruler of Paytakaran, rebelled and crowned himself.


 * (footnotes by the translator)


 * ^Sanatruk Arshakuni (or Sanesan, in Pavstos Buzand)-- king of Mazkuts (one of Caucasian tribes in the north-western coast of Caspian sea. During king Trdat III, he was also the bdeshkh [governor] of the northern and eastern provinces of Greater Armenia (Gugark, Aluank, Virk, Paytakaran). The Mazkut kingdom was always a threat for Greater Armenia, with whom it had the border along river Kura. Around 338 ad, Sanatruk invaded Armenia, intending, as an Arshakid and thus a lawful inherittor of the Armenian throne, to become king of Armenia.


 * ^^ Paytakaran--city, center of the same-named province, near today's Oren-Kala. In 338 the city became temporary capital of the Albanian kingdom; the residence of Mazkut Arshakids was in the city.


 * http://www.armenianhouse.org/draskhanakertsi/history-ru/chapter1_10.html (Book 10)


 * Pavstos Buzand (4th-5th cc AD), "History of Armenia"


 * (Kura still being the boundary in early 4th c. More on Paytakaran's brief rebellion against Armenia in 338 AD, and Albanian king's support for the rebellion):


 * О разбойничьем набеге царя мазкутов на землю, подвластную армянскому царю, о происшедшей большой войне и о том, как он погиб вместе со своим войском.


 * В то время маскутский царь Санесан, сильно разгневавшись, проникся враждой к сородичу своему, армянскому царю Хосрову, и собрал он все войска, — гуннов, похов, таваспаров, хечматаков, ижмахов, гатов и глуаров, гугаров, шичбов и чилбов, и баласичев и егерсванов, и несметное множество других разношерстных кочевых племен, все множество войск, которым он повелевал. Он перешел свою границу, большую реку Куру и наводнил армянскую страну.


 * About attacks of the Mazkut king on the lands under the dominion of the Armenian king, and about how he died with his troops.


 * Mazkut king Sanesan, became filled with animosity against his blood-relative Armenian king Khosrov, and gathered all the troops--huns, pokhs, tavaspars, khechmataks, izhmakhs, gats, and gluars, gugars, shichbians, and chilbians, and balasichians, egersvans, and multitutde of other nomadic tribes, over whom he ruled. He crossed the border, the great river Kura, and flooded the Armenian country.


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/buzand/03.html (Book III.7)


 * Movses Khorenatsi (5th c ad), "History of Armenia"


 * (About Sanatruk's rebellion in Paytakaran, Albanian invasion, and quick defeat (all in 338 AD).


 * В дни Хосрова жители севера Кавказа, узнав о его малоду­шии и лености и особенно поддавшись подстрекательствам Санатрука, совершавшимся по тайному повелению персидского ца­ря Шапуха, объединившись, выступили в поход и огромной тол­пой до двух десятков тысяч человек достигли середины нашей страны. ... Этот случай побудил врагов к бегству, нашей же рати придал силы для побе­ды. ... После этого Хосров, узнав, что персидский царь Шапух за­одно с (его) врагами отменяет заключенный с ним мир и удержи­вает (предназначенную) ему частичную дань, отдавая ее импера­тору; призвав греческие войска, он противится персидскому царю.


 * In the days of Khosrov (Armenia's king), inhabitants of northern Caucasus, provoked by Sanatruk and Shapuh (Persia's king), invaded our country. ... (Description of the battle) That events made the enemy run away, and gave our side strength for victory. ... After that Khosrov ... turns against Shapuh.


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/03.html (Book 3.9)


 * Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi (10th-11th cc AD), "History of Armenia," translated in 1984 by Margarita Darbinyan-Melikyan


 * (Khosrov's death in 338, putting Albanian invasion, Paytakaran's rebellion, and their defeat, all in one year--338)


 * Хосров II Котак (Короткий, ок. 330—338) — сын царя Трдата III.


 * Khosrov II Kotak, 330-338 -- son of Trdat III


 * http://www.armenianhouse.org/draskhanakertsi/history-ru/chapter11_20.html (footnote by translator in chapter 10)


 * Pavstos Buzand (4th-5th cc AD), "History of Armenia"


 * (Kura being the Albanian/Armenian boundary through the end of 4th c. AD.)


 * Реку Куру сделал границей между своей страной и Албанией, как было раньше.


 * He [Armenian General Mamikonyan] made Kura the border with Albania, as it was before.


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/buzand/05.html (Book 5.13)

3) To exclude statements about Caspians or Parcies living in Paytakaran (comment--One of the names used for Paytakaran by medieval Armenian historians--Kaspk or Kaspits country--merely denoted a name of an area, and not a population of Kasps)


 * Strabo (1st c. BC)


 * (At the time Armenian historians used the term "Kaspits country" or "Kaspk," the Caspians had disappeared centuries ago--hence the name merely denotes a geographic area.)


 * To the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea; but the tribe has now disappeared.


 * http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198&loc=11.4.1

4) Correct reading of Pavsos Buzand's reference to Paytakaran (to exclude statement about Parcies living in Paytakaran.).


 * Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, v. 12, p. 301, published 1987


 * (The official consensus among Soviet Armenian historians, as opposed to an opinion of a single Armenian translator)


 * Paytakaran ... Pavstos Buzand also calls it Parsits Ashkarh (country of Persia).

5) To exclude statement that Paytakaran was in Albania. The quotes explain the difference between Caucasian Albania and the Armenian province of Aluank, and why Movses Kaghankatvatsi in 7th c. AD states that the city of Paytakaran was in Aluank.


 * Hovhannes Draskhanakertsi (10th-11th cc AD), "History of Armenia," translated in 1984 by Margarita Darbinyan-Melikyan (same translator used by Grandmaster as a source).


 * Алванк — так, в отличие от греко-римской Албании, начиная с марзпанского периода, в армянских источниках называлось междуречье Куры и Аракса с провинциями Арцах и Утик, от крепости Хунаракерт (Хнаракерт) и до места их слияния. После раздела Армении в 387 г. между Византией и Персией персидские власти объединили территории Кавказской Албании и восточных нахангов Армении Арцаха и Утика в одну административную единицу— Албанию под управлением персидского наместника — марзпана. Однако уже после восстании 450—451 г. и 480 г. Персия была вынуждена предоставить Армении значительную независимость, поставив ее правителем шихана Ваана Мамиконяна. В это же время в Арцахе и Утике местный армянский княжеский род Араншахиков.


 * [footnote] Aluank--contrary to the Greco-Roman Albania, starating with the marzpanate period (5th c), Armenian sources call the region of Kur and Arax rivers Aluank. After division of Armenia in 387, these eastern areas of Armenia (Artsakh and Utik) and Caucasian Albania were joined to create a marzpanate called Albania, governed by Persian marzpan. However, after the rebellion of 450-451 and 48, Armenia gained greater independence, and at the same time in Artsakh and Utik the local Armenian noble house of Aranshahiks ruled.


 * http://www.armenianhouse.org/draskhanakertsi/history-ru/chapter11_20.html


 * Russian professor Shnirelman, "Albanian Myth"


 * (critique of attempts of Azeri historians to equate ancient Albania with the Armenian province Aluank; the difference between two).


 * В то же время полностью игнорировался тот факт, что многое в этом тексте было заимствовано из армянских источников и что «страна Агванк» Мовсеса Каганкатваци была вовсе не идентична изначальной Кавказской Албании. Короче говоря, над рукописью Мамедовой, очевидно, основательно поработал ее редактор З.М. Буниятов.


 * At the same time [Azeri historians Mamedova and Buniatov] completely ignored the fact that much of Movses Kaghankatvatsi's work was based on earlier Armenian chronicles, and that his "country Aluank" of Movses Kaghankatvatsi was not the same as the original Caucasian Albania


 * http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/albanskymif.html