Talk:Quanzhou

Untitled
Can the informality be removed?

Objectivity?
This may need more "objectivity" or more detail: "After the Portuguese bribed their way into obtaining a trade mission in Ch' uanchou (Quanzhou), they inflicted savage behaviour against the Chinese.", maybe more detail and/or references.

Bad English - paragraphs in bad need of revision
Could someone clean up and improve these (and other) paragraphs? They're a pain... ;) --Quassy.DE 11:28, 29 June 2011 (UTC)

Foreign community
Zaytun, Zayton, Zeitun, Zeiton

مدينة الزيتون

http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005

http://www.xiamenguide.com/view/viewDetail?id=255&r=2&cid=187

Ispah Rebellion

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii

http://books.google.com/books?id=sfhriEHBvUgC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false

20:03, 5 July 2013 (UTC)

Very long text removed from "quote" parameter
I removed the text below from the "quote" parameter of the following three citations:


 * (Original from Harvard University)


 * (Original from Harvard University )


 * (Original from the University of Michigan )

It looks like scanned, OCR'd text that has not been proofread and that had non-ASCII characters in it that were OCR'd to ASCII characters. – Jonesey95 (talk) 18:02, 2 October 2013 (UTC)

from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. ffli ~X Nasvrla-ding (Nasr-uddin), Bj^ ^ Hasan (Hassan),

^ Hu-sin (Hussein), | jgf "J" j£ Jjjj j|_ Shan-su-ding mi-moli and ,B| jgj Masu-hu. All these held high offices.

Nasu-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of •?£ gj; Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and jjjjj Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons^ the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjjj |j| §££ IjJ Bo-yen ch'a-r,1* who had a high office, ^ (B= Wu-ma-r, M &: §£ Dj''-Mr (Djafar), fa Eusien (Hussein) and fft Sha-di (Saadi).

The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by liashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign ho had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Ahubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yuan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Bashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).

44. In chap, exxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of fjjj ^ fjj A-la-icu-r-sze, who is stated there to have been a Hui-ho and a native of J\ ^ JjL Ba-wa-r (probably Baurd a city of Khorassan of which I shall speak further on, in Part VI). He was commander of a thousand in his own country. When Chinghiz arrived at Ba-wa-r, he surrendered and entered his army. His son A-la-wu-ding (Alai-eddin) was a valiant warrior in Kubilai's

14 This Bo-ym is not to be confounded with the eminent goner.il of the same name, who was a Mongol, and who is mentioned as liayan Chincstin by M. Polo (vol. ii, j>. 107). The biography of this valiant captain is found in the Yiian ski, (hap. e.xxvii. He is also spoken "f by the Persian historians.

Second section of text:

from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilai khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yuan shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz. 3^ jli ~T Na-su-to-dvy (Nasr-uddin), ^ Ha-san (Hassan), ^ ^Hu-sin(Hussein), H j$i ~J" 7G .3. Shan-su-ding wu-moli and jfo Ma-su-hu. All these held high offices.

Na-su-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. Ha was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of 3jg g£ Kiad-chi (Cochin-china) and jgg Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjjj |g jj££ ^ Bo-yen eWa-r,7* who had a high office, JB| ^ Wu-ma-r, '# i£ 52, Dje-fa-r (Djafar), & % Hu-sien (Hussein) and fft Sha-di (Saadi).

The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Hashid (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid EdjelI. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilai entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasruddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Rashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la ding died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abubeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yuan shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Rashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, tom, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Nasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).

44. In chap. cxxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of Prj i£|J %i AS &lt;S A-la-wa-r-sze, who is stated there to have been a Hui-ho and a native of j\ ^ 3=P Ba-wa-r (probably Baurd a city of Khorassan of which I shall speak further on, in Part VI). He was commander of a thousand in his own country. When Chinghiz arrived at Ba-wa-r, he surrendered and entered his army. His son A-la-wu-ding (Alai-eddin) was a valiant warrior in Kubilai's

74 This Bo-yen is not to be confounded with the eminent general of the same name, who was a Mongol, and who is mentioned as Bayan Chincsan by M. Polo (vol. ii, p. 107). The biography of this valiant captain is found in the Yilan shi, chap, cxxvii. He is also spoken of by the Persian historians.

Third section of text:

from which we learn that he submitted to Chinhiz when the latter waged war in western Asia, and entered his life-guard. Under Ogotai and Mangu khans he was governor, and held other offices. Kubilal khan appointed him minister (see also the list of the ministers, in the Yiian shi, chap. cxii). He died in Yunnan, where he had been governor. Five sons of Sai-dien-ch'i are mentioned, viz.

j£ ^'J T NarSUrlarding (Nasr-uddin), Vfe ^ Hasan (Hassan), j^J Hu-sin (Hussein), f| j£ "J* JL Shan-svrding wu-mo

li and J§| jjf Masurhu. All these held high offices.

Nasu-la-ding has a separate biography in the same chapter. He was governor in Yunnan, and distinguished himself in the war with the southern tribes of -jj* gt Kiao-chi (Cochin-china) and ggj Mien (Burma). He died in 1292, the father of twelve sons, the names of five of which are given in the biography, viz. fjgj gg §J Bo-yen ch'a-r,ni who had a high office, Js Jjj| ^ Wu-ma-r, 5i Dje-fa-r (Djafar), JJ* Husien (Hussein) and fty fa§ Sha-di (Saadi).

The Sai-dien-ch'i of the Chinese authors is without doubt the same personage spoken of by Itashid (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, p. 467) under the name of Sayid Edjell. According to the Persian historian, he was a native of Bokhara, and governor of Karadjang (Yunnan) when Kubilal entered the country, under the reign of Mangu. Subsequently he was appointed vizier, and in the beginning of Kubilai's reign he had charge of the finances. His son Nasrvddin was appointed governor in Karadjang, and retained his position in Yunnan till his death, which Itashid, writing about A. D. 1300, says occurred five or six years before (according to the Yuan shi, Na-su-la dimj died in 1292). Nasr-uddin's son Abtobeker, who had the surname Bayan Fenchan (evidently the Boyen ch'a-r of the Yiian shi), was governor in Zaitun at the time Itashid wrote. He bore also his grandfather's title of Sayid Edjell, and was minister of Finance under Kubilai's successor (D'Ohsson, torn, ii, pp. 476, 507, 508). Xasr-uddin is mentioned by M. Polo, who styles him Nescradin (vol. ii, p. 66).

44. In chap, cxxiii of the Yuan shi, we find the biography of Pi? J 15 ^ A-la-wu-r-szc, who is stated there to have been a Hai-ho and a native of /\ ^ Ba-wa-r (probably Baurd a city of Khorassan of which I shall speak further on, in Part VI). He was commander of a thousand in his own country. When Chinghiz arrived at Ba-wa-r, he surrendered and entered his army. His son A-lu-VM-ding (Alai-eddin) was a valiant warrior in Kubilai's

71 Tins Bo-yen is not to lie confounded with the eminent general of the same name, who was a Mongol, and who is mentioned as Bayan Chiticsan by M. Polo (vol. ii, p. 107). The biography of tins valiant captain is found in the Yiinn .&lt;//(', chap, cxxvii. Jlc is also spoken of by the IVi-sinn historians.

Lingshan Islamic cemetary
http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_travel/2003-09/24/content_32724.htm

http://www.quanzhouguide.com/item/lingshan-islamic-cemetery/

http://www.chinafolio.com/provinces/fujian-province/

http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/fujian/quanzhou/sights/cemeteries-memorials-tombs/lingshan-islamic-cemetery

http://books.google.com/books?id=wF82m2nivN0C&pg=PT599&lpg=PT599&dq=lingshan+islamic+cemetery&source=bl&ots=RIXALxpU4N&sig=0uhK8cqpMwPvTaM2G1HmPN3FDIA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSohU9GVK4eT0QHNwoCwDw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=lingshan%20islamic%20cemetery&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=v4I4thQ3ibsC&pg=PA19&lpg=PA19&dq=lingshan+islamic+cemetery&source=bl&ots=4rj9PjA-4m&sig=N990Qc66EF3OMFWLJxXl-abDNeE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSohU9GVK4eT0QHNwoCwDw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=lingshan%20islamic%20cemetery&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=mzxSNM3_vCEC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=lingshan+islamic+cemetery&source=bl&ots=QJ_iWhdkJX&sig=WvXrpd6-g1VQrKwMDHj8sfdeyfA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aSohU9GVK4eT0QHNwoCwDw&ved=0CC8Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=lingshan%20islamic%20cemetery&f=false

http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005

http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005

http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/editorial.php?issue=005

http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149

Quanzhou Hui in Chendai and Baiqi

http://www.world-dialogue.org/MWL/minority/C1430-M04-3.pdf

http://faculty.washington.edu/stevehar/ANTH470Fanke.pdf

http://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA124&dq=zheng+he+ding&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xS0hU96bNNHH0AGlzYGwBw&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20ding&f=false

http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/chinese-iranian-vii

Xia, Pu, and Guo families

http://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA172&dq=zheng+he+guo+quanzhou&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTFlU8DAHOjJsQSE74CwDg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20guo%20quanzhou&f=false

Page 284

http://books.google.com/books?id=bcsmAQAAMAAJ&q=It+is+also+not+surprising+that+the+descendants+of+these+early+foreign+Muslim+residents+in+Quanzhou—the+Ding,+Guo,+Huang,+Jin,+and+other+Hui+lineages—are+interested+in+further+interaction+with+foreign+Muslim+relations.&dq=It+is+also+not+surprising+that+the+descendants+of+these+early+foreign+Muslim+residents+in+Quanzhou—the+Ding,+Guo,+Huang,+Jin,+and+other+Hui+lineages—are+interested+in+further+interaction+with+foreign+Muslim+relations.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fTFlU8buDLOqsQSp0ICICw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

Page 472

http://books.google.com/books?id=0o6xAAAAIAAJ&q=It+is+also+not+surprising+that+the+descendants+of+these+early+foreign+Muslim+residents+in+Quanzhou—the+Ding,+Guo,+Huang,+Jin,+and+other+Hui+lineages—are+interested+in+further+interaction+with+foreign+Muslim+relations.&dq=It+is+also+not+surprising+that+the+descendants+of+these+early+foreign+Muslim+residents+in+Quanzhou—the+Ding,+Guo,+Huang,+Jin,+and+other+Hui+lineages—are+interested+in+further+interaction+with+foreign+Muslim+relations.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fTFlU8buDLOqsQSp0ICICw&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=6145849

http://www.daphne.cnrs.fr/daphne/viewNotice.html;jsessionid=43C05537410D48D60869C9FEB9E85EBE?daphneIdentifier=INIST-526-92-01604&sort=dateSort&dir=asc&page=0&maxPages=1&searchIndex=5&lastPage=false&nbResults=7&mode=full

Page 43

http://books.google.com/books?id=gCRXAAAAMAAJ&q=stèle+funéraire+découverte+dans+le+cimetière+de+la+Jalan+Residency,+aujourd'hui+dans+une+réserve+du+Brunei+Museum,+Les+titres+arabes+de+sultan+et+sanskrit+de+Maharaja+s'y+trouvent+inscrits,+comparaison+avec+une+série+de+stèles+très+semblables+découvertes+à+Quanzhou,+Cette+stèle+aurait+été+préparée+par+un+lapicide+de+Quanzhou+et+expédiée+à+Brunei+avant+la+rébellion+des+Ispah.&dq=stèle+funéraire+découverte+dans+le+cimetière+de+la+Jalan+Residency,+aujourd'hui+dans+une+réserve+du+Brunei+Museum,+Les+titres+arabes+de+sultan+et+sanskrit+de+Maharaja+s'y+trouvent+inscrits,+comparaison+avec+une+série+de+stèles+très+semblables+découvertes+à+Quanzhou,+Cette+stèle+aurait+été+préparée+par+un+lapicide+de+Quanzhou+et+expédiée+à+Brunei+avant+la+rébellion+des+Ispah.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yTJlU7HPNo3QsQTt74CABQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

http://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C&pg=PA137&dq=zheng+he+guo+quanzhou&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DTFlU8DAHOjJsQSE74CwDg&ved=0CFgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20guo%20quanzhou&f=false

Ding (surname)

http://www.research-degree-thesis.com/showinfo-118-1029527-0.html

http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g50071k;chunk.id=d0e9224;doc.view=print

http://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA268&lpg=PA268&dq=ding+arabic+quranic+chendai&source=bl&ots=eytAcMue5o&sig=uUo6Tlv6FX0I7WrTwMdnFigzIO0&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AXViU8raGqqD8QH_vYHoAg&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=ding%20arabic%20quranic%20chendai&f=false

Ding clan descendants from Taiwan visit Pingtan

http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/m/fujian/pingtan/2013-12/26/content_17199279.htm

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/08/31/2003421916

http://books.google.com/books?id=PK_keabzacsC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=quanzhou+ding+arabic&source=bl&ots=qu1LOFcd8r&sig=Plv9Y8PgLfzVfE0AKS9sI7_tVKI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PHNiU5_8JeaV8AGy0oH4Ag&ved=0CC4Q6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=quanzhou%20ding%20arabic&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1-8gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111&lpg=PA111&dq=quanzhou+ding&source=bl&ots=Qdfl8k08e7&sig=q5hJn4cdqX0-TzKpTkKG7J0GfQY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TXJiU_-tJ4TJ8AH8pIHABw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=quanzhou%20ding&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&pg=PA152&lpg=PA152&dq=quanzhou+ding+arabic&source=bl&ots=RENlX-3m9f&sig=QVRCJjx0AsN8RwY_rrbk3rszMl8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7HJiU9XsCIW_8gHxlYDYAQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=quanzhou%20ding%20arabic&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA123&lpg=PA123&dq=quanzhou+ding&source=bl&ots=FSjI8nXH99&sig=DQLWB7A01ktQilb7XhzEmBis0TA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TXJiU_-tJ4TJ8AH8pIHABw&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCjgK#v=onepage&q=quanzhou%20ding&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XNsk7tLkMU4C&pg=PA132&lpg=PA132&dq=quanzhou+ding&source=bl&ots=am1JUl3qHT&sig=yuon0nZLUIfGfROpuAIo1vfM-xs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TXJiU_-tJ4TJ8AH8pIHABw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=quanzhou%20ding&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=xL9YAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191&lpg=PA191&dq=ding+quanzhou+quranic+study&source=bl&ots=8upyMCxK97&sig=bSuQueOWsJS8wJ8H37TmnLu4a3A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6HhiU-64NaGZ8AHfx4DwBQ&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=ding%20quanzhou%20quranic%20study&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=VEeYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA212&lpg=PA212&dq=ding+arabic+chendai&source=bl&ots=qa_MDRT38n&sig=2spXVvAAOgAHHNC78x67FxBhsys&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NHViU4a6LYrS8AGX-oHABg&ved=0CEAQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=ding%20arabic%20chendai&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA285&dq=zheng+he+ding+chendai&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OTZlU_ixGoXgsAToqoLoAg&ved=0CDYQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20ding%20chendai&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=V-TbryZleo0C&pg=PA173&dq=zheng+he+ding+chendai&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OTZlU_ixGoXgsAToqoLoAg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20ding%20chendai&f=false

http://jjzx.jinjiang.gov.cn/szx/newstext.asp?id=15655

Modern Arab ties

http://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2011/12/02/cai-guo-qiangs-east-east-dialogue/

http://www.qma.com.qa/en/news/news-archive/331-mathaf-holds-media-briefing-in-quanzhou,-china-to-announce-plans-for-cai-guo–qiang-saraab

http://thepeninsulaqatar.com/news/qatar/167596/mathaf-holds-briefing-in-china-on-upcoming-expo

http://www.qatar-tribune.com/data/20111003/content.asp?section=nation2_3

http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:152845/CONTENT/Lee_columbia_0054D_10954.pdf

Qingjing Mosque

http://www.islamichina.com/mosques-masjid-in-china-/quanzhou-qingjing-mosque-detail.html

http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149

http://www.chinahotel.com.cn/Attractions-1390.html

http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/fujian/quanzhou/qingjing-mosque.htm

Ding (surname) Guo Ispah Rebellion Talk:PU

http://base.china-europa-forum.net/rsc/docs/doc_572.pdf

http://www.china-europa-forum.net/bdfdoc-572_en.html

http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-KFSD200502007.htm

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/08/31/2003421916

http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/197004/islam.in.taiwan.htm

http://www.csict.nccu.edu.tw/active/Ma_Cao-yen_paper.doc

Miscellaneous

http://www.amoymagic.com/Quanzhou_CityofSprings.htm

Rajmaan (talk) 18:36, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

Coastal Yale?
An unsourced claim in the geography section states that the city is sometimes called the "Coastal Yale", but offers no further info except that the name is related to the "fantastic living environment". I have removed the statement, since without further explanation it is meaningless. Who calls it that? Is that a translation? If so, what is the original? What on earth does it mean? What is the relationship between the city and Yale besides the obvious fact that they are both "fantastic" in some unspecified way? - Metal lunchbox (talk) 07:27, 1 December 2014 (UTC)

Largest or second or third largest city of the province?
This text states that the city (2010: 1,435,185 citizens) is "the largest city of Fujian Province", but the article about the province states the information "Largest city: Xiamen" (2010: 1,861,289 citizens). Well, that's similar, and if you count the Prefecture/Sub-provincial level (2010: Quanzhou 8,128,533 citizens, Xiamen 3,531,347) or metropolitan area (2010: Quanzhou 6,107,475 citizens, Xiamen 5,114,758), you get different results. And there's the capital Fuzhou, which is also not small. I think it would be wise to name all three cities "one of the three largest cities of Fujian Province", and to stop counting inhabitants in different ways (anyway the numbers are changing continously, people are born and die and move all the time, that's life). ThomasPusch (talk) 10:17, 24 March 2016 (UTC) (Esperanto Wikipedia)

External links modified
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Source for "大明太祖高皇帝實錄卷之二百三十四"
I searched this on the internet and found https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=83317 in the Chinese Text Project. I've been struggling to insert the citation and, according to the wikipedia article on citing articles, was asked to write on the talk page. Fredrick Campbell (talk) 04:28, 16 November 2021 (UTC)