Talk:Research ethics/Archive 1

Material from Deception
I brought in some material that was in Deception but far too detailed for that article. It is not wonderfully encyclopedic material, in fact I wonder whether it might be plagiarised from the American Psychological Association's website or from a textbook. But I think the topic is a valid one to include here. Any views about how to rework it would be welcome. I hope to start to work on it in the next couple of weeks. Itsmejudith (talk) 10:17, 20 October 2009 (UTC)

=Moved from article=

The following was commented-out in the article, and needs to be reworked before being re-added to the article. -- Beland (talk) 00:23, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

Deception in experiments
The use of deception in psychological experimentation is a methodological procedure where the researchers purposely mislead or misinform the participants about the true nature of the experiment. The process of concealing information from the participants is omission and the purposely misleading of the participants about what is being studied is commission. The use of deception is reserved only for when it is absolutely necessary to preserve the naturalness of the participants’ behavior and the researcher must follow specific guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association (APA).

APA Guidelines 8.07
(a) Psychologists do not conduct a study involving deception unless they have determined that the use of deceptive techniques is justified by the study's significant prospective scientific, educational, or applied value and that effective nondeceptive alternative procedures are not feasible.

(b) Psychologists do not deceive prospective participants about research that is reasonably expected to cause physical pain or severe emotional distress.

(c) Psychologists explain any deception that is an integral feature of the design and conduct of an experiment to participants as early as is feasible, preferably at the conclusion of their participation, but no later than at the conclusion of the data collection, and permit participants to withdraw their data.

8.08 Debriefing
(a) Psychologists provide a prompt opportunity for participants to obtain appropriate information about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research, and they take reasonable steps to correct any misconceptions that participants may have of which the psychologists are aware.

(b) If scientific or humane values justify delaying or withholding this information, psychologists take reasonable measures to reduce the risk of harm.

(c) When psychologists become aware that research procedures have harmed a participant, they take reasonable steps to minimize the harm.(Association, 2003)

Deception Justified in Psychological Experimentation

 * 1) When it is necessary to investigate important research questions involving the observation of true human behavior, which could not be examined through other means
 * 2) When the use of deception would not cause more risk to the participant than everyday life events.
 * 3) When the researcher thoroughly debriefs the participants immediately at the conclusion of the experiment, and explains what was studied.
 * 4) All APA Guidelines and Code of Ethics are followed.
 * 5) Research is approved by proper authorities (IRB’s, etc.).

Pros of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation

 * 1) Deception increases the impact of the experimental environment; making the experimental  situation more realistic in turn increasing internal validity of a study.
 * 2) Deception allows for studying human life that a researcher would not necessarily be able to study ethically.
 * 3) With deception a researcher is able to protect against problems with participants. For example, a participant's motives can affect how he/she responds in an experimental situation.

Cons of using Deception in Psychological Experimentation

 * 1) Deception can be ethically irresponsible.
 * 2) Participants cooperate accordingly only in an environment of clarity, openness, and trust. They can get defensive when they feel they are being misled by the experimenter.
 * 3) Some participants might develop emotional or mental issues because they feel they were lied to.
 * 4) Since deception experiments generally take place in a laboratory, the external validity can be low.

Examples of Deception in Psychological Experimentation
"Danger: Severe Shock"
 * An experiment conducted by Research Stanley Milgram in 1963 used deception.


 * The deception in this experiment includes the researcher telling the participant that he will be participating in an experiment involving the effects of punishment upon learning. But actually the study looks at the participant's willingness to obey hurtful commands. Ultimately the participant was to administer increasing amounts of electric shock to a confederate when the confederate answered a question incorrectly posed by the researcher. The confederate begins to react to the electric shock, screaming and yelling in agony, but the participant in the experiment is urged to continue with the electric shock  despite his reluctance. 64% of participants shocked the learner (confederate) with the highest voltage.

Jewish hospital for chronic diesease
The link that was made for Kingsbrook Jewish medical center is not correct for this page the author of the citation in page 110 is referring to a different hospital .. this is an incorrect link Akhanimov2284 (talk) 14:25, 10 November 2016 (UTC)