Talk:Responsibility to protect

Untitled
Hi, I'm just pointing out that under the section "Double standards in the implementation" the author of the paragraph is in discussion with the referred author. Encyclopedic text should refrain from such direct critique of the referred author. A suitable alternative would be to refer another author whose ideas oppose the first author. But I believe that Wikipedia articles should be clear of opinions of its authors. 84.50.138.20 (talk) 09:11, 31 October 2014 (UTC)

Hi, I hope the changes are okay with everyone - the section on whether or not RtoP gave false hope seemed to be reminiscent of the section on military intervention. I also put the call to action from Kofi Annan back in the conception section because I think this root cause is very important. Thanks! (Ras543 14:25, 5 May 2010) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.43.156.138 (talk)

Hi there,

I just edited the first paragraph of your article so it would link nicely to my article on humanitarian intervention and human security (its just part of a university assignment and the article is on human security). Hope you find the changes ok.

Thanks (Pangaea42 15:37, 7 May 2006 (UTC))

Is there any way to capitalize the "p" in the title so that it reads "Responsibility to Protect"? The way it looks now (uppercase R and lower case p) looks unprofessional. (65.196.160.2 (talk) 16:04, 9 July 2013 (UTC)]] 12:02, 9 July 2013 (EST))

Instances Biased, uncited, unjustified and Original Research
The section "Instances" seems to be biased against the U.S., has no citations, no justifications and may simply be "original research" by the writer. I will edit it to remove the items I think are unjustifiable, and add some tags to the section. (no, I am not an American) Sailfish2 (talk) 21:59, 8 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think it's biased against the US but it is certainly an anachronistic and unnecessary section. I think its purpose it to boost the case for R2P in places like Syria, and by extension any civil war anywhere. Wikipedia can't be poltical like that so I've been bold and removed it. Akafd76 07:10, 14 July 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Akafd76 (talk • contribs)

Supporters - human security proponents
I have added 'human security proponents' as supporters of R2P. R2P very much follows the human security approach not only in terms of the goal of protecting people from violence and insecurity, but also in the desire to provide a workable solution within the current international framework. For this reason, I felt it was worthwhile to identify human security proponents as strong supporters of r2p and briefly explain why. Timschocker (talk) 15:25, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Novel?
In what sense is this doctrine Novel, it's exactly the same stuff spouted by Blair and Clinton to justify bombing Yugoslavia.Domminico (talk) 22:04, 21 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Although I would not characterize the thwarting of a genocide / ethnic cleansing event "spouting" justifications, it is correct that the intervention in Yugoslavia is an application of this doctrine. Some earlier examples include the aborted mission in Somalia.  It is a novel development, in a historical context, that foreign countries would as a group intervene to protect the citizenry of a government that is unable or unwilling to protect its own people from violence, or that is causing that violence.   Those interventions predated the formulation of R2P as a doctrine, but they can be seen as antecedents.  The proponents hope that by establishing it as an international norm it could be discussed and applied sooner so as to prevent situations like the genocides in Rwanda or Darfur, although their model was Pol Pot's killing fields in Cambodia.  A widely criticized application is the US intervention in Iraq which was justified to some degree as protective of the Iraqi people.  If you are more cynical about such things, what is novel is that intervention is justified this way or at least that these justifications are given credence.  Perhaps an antecedent counterexample would be the old communist bloc rhetoric that justified invasions as "liberation" of the people.  The NPR source I added describes what is novel about it.  Wikidemon (talk) 16:27, 27 January 2009 (UTC)

Although I don't like Domminico's tone, it seems factually incorrect to state that "Responsibility to Protect (R2P) is a *recently* developed concept." Noam Chomsky gave a speech on the subject before the UN July 23 2009.

http://webcast.un.org/ramgen/ondemand/ga/63/2009/ga090723am.rm (to listen to Chomsky's part about R2P, skip to roughly the 50-55+ minute section)

I think we ought to change the wording to reflect the fact that the concept of R2P is anything but new, although the wording might be novel. Spartan2600 (talk) 12:13, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Criticism section
The section reads like an essay. It contains no references and makes bold collective statements. For example take the first two sentences "One of the main concerns surround RtoP is that it infringes upon national sovereignty." who are those who have voiced concerns who is it that says it is the main concern? "This concern is generally considered as being misplaced" who considers it misplaced? The construction uses weasel words and without citations to support it may be in breach of the original research policy. -- PBS (talk) 13:07, 26 December 2010 (UTC)

Bias in introduction
I have removed the following paragraphs from the introduction, as they are biased and are not sourced:


 * In order to implement RtoP, States and regional organizations need to have the necessary resources to prevent and halt mass atrocities, i.e. early warning mechanisms, stand-by forces in problem areas, mediation mechanisms, etc. These resources and the necessary capacity building must come from the international community, which has a historic pattern of remaining uninvolved.


 * Full implementation of RtoP is also hindered by the perception that it is being used by western countries to serve their interests when justifying of violations of sovereignty of other countries in developing world, using international institutions west controls.

--164.107.242.254 (talk) 02:58, 2 March 2011 (UTC)

Failure to Protect
There should be a separate Wikipedia article on Failure to Protect. The consequences of Failure to Protect can be severe. For example, in Japan, voters are calling for the a new Prime Minister after he failed to protect them from radiation. There will be no tolerance for the Failure to Protect civilians from harm perpetrated by officials.

Failure to Protect is a major subject of its own and should have its own Wikipedia article to enforce the clarity of the subject. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.146.159.114 (talk) 12:07, 28 April 2011 (UTC)

=An explanation for sections below=

I have included all this citation info as a help to any editors seeking to improve this article. I realize that if the discussion becomes active, this material will easily get in the way. When that happens, all these citations can be moved into a sandbox format, if that is the desire of other editors. Thanks. DonaldRichardSands (talk) 04:18, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

Citations that may be helpful to editors of this article
The purpose of this section is to provide useful citations in the development of this article. drs (talk) 22:19, 7 January 2012 (UTC)

Books













 * Contributors ( + indicates work is included in this ebook preview)
 * Adam Branch, San Diego State University
 * +David Chandler, University of Westminster
 * +Noam Chomsky, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (retired)
 * +Philip Cunliffe, University of Kent, Canterbury
 * Aidan Hehir, University of Westminster
 * +Tara McCormack, Leicester University
 * Mahmood Mamdani, Columbia University
 * Mary Ellen O'Connell, Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame
 * Mahmood Mamdani, Columbia University
 * Mary Ellen O'Connell, Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame

























Journals
The Economist



Global Responsibility to Protect



International Affairs



Pugwash Newsletter



Websites
International Institute for Justice and Development



The Stanley Foundation



Encyclopedia of Mass Violence



World Federation of United Nations Associations



University of Ottawa





Human Rights Watch



United Nations



Macleans Magazine



Parliamentarians Network for Conflict Prevention



Web of Democracy


 * Website for links to: A Real Debate About R2P, Finally (Commentary), The R2P Lobby, Foundations of R2P:Annotated Chronology of Important Events and Funding Ties

Oxfam International



The Vatican and Pope Benedict XVI



Humanitarian Intervention
The purpose of this section is to develop an acquaintance of the secondary sources which address the questions of intervention. drs (talk) 00:08, 8 January 2012 (UTC)

Thought Leaders for R2P
In this section, let's examine the ideas of R2P's thought leaders and the critics. drs (talk) 06:14, 8 January 2012 (UTC)


 * Kofi Annan
 * Lloyd Axworthy
 * Gareth Evans
 * Mohamed Sahnoun
 * Michael Ignatieff
 * Francis Deng
 * Bernard Kouchner
 * Eric Reeves
 * Noam Chomsky
 * Alex Bellamy

An outline for the article
I. Introduction, the lead

II. History
 * 1. Mass killings before Rwanda
 * 2. Rwanda
 * 3. Kofi Annan starts of the dialog, 1998
 * 4. Lloyd Axworthy's Canadian Initiative
 * 5. The United Nations and R2P.

III. The United Nations mandate

IV. Implementation
 * 1. Success (Countries, Activitist organizations)


 * 2. Failure (Security Council sanctions and vetoes)


 * 3. Confusion (mixed expectations and responses)

V. Critical responses


 * 1. Political criticism


 * 2. Scholarly criticism

References

See Also

External Links

Categories

Sovereignty as Responsibility
The concept of Sovereignty as Responsibility and the traditional concept of Sovereignty are held in tension. China vetoed the Security Council's draft resolution regarding Burma because what was happening in Burma did not threaten the peace of the region. Even though China had voted in favor of the 2005 World Summit, it considers internal humanitarian concerns to be beyond the mandate of the international community. Has China spoken to this?

Francis Deng and Roberta Cohen.

Sovereigns have responsibilities to their own people.

"The intellectual and political origins of the R2P lay in the concept of 'sovereignty as responsibility', developed by the UN Special Representative on Internally Displaced Persons, Francis Deng, and by Roberta Cohen, a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution." p. 2





The role of the Security Council


In the case of Burma, the United States and Britain presented a draft resolution citing UNSC1674 as a reason to intervene.

Earlier, NATO became involved in Kosovo because the Security Council could not agree to intervene.

China and Russia have vetoed resolutions.

Has the United States vetoed resolutions?

History of Troubled regions

 * Rwanda
 * East Timor
 * Kosovo
 * Kenya
 * Sierra Leone
 * Sudan
 * Angola
 * Afghanistan

The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict
This section needs more formatting.

http://www.amazon.com/Preventing-Deadly-Conflict-Carnegie-Commission/dp/1885039018

http://www.google.ca/#q=%22carnegie+commission+on+preventing+deadly+conflict%22&hl=en&tbm=bks&source=lnt&tbs=bkv:p&sa=X&ei=E4YNT9PdKKfZ0QHamMGHBg&ved=0CA4QpwUoAQ&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&fp=c32cc78ff422a91c&biw=853&bih=361

1948 Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

 * p. 307

The essay by Steven Haines explans in quite readable text the story of R2P. DonaldRichardSands (talk) 03:38, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Title Never again?: the United States and the prevention and punishment of genocide since the Holocaust Author Peter Ronayne Edition illustrated Publisher Rowman & Littlefield, 2001 ISBN 0742509222, 9780742509221 Length 223 pages

Never again?: the United States and the prevention and punishment of genocide since the Holocaust (Google eBook) Peter Ronayne 0 Reviews Rowman & Littlefield, 2001 - 223 pages Where will the first genocide of the 21st century occur? As the cases in Never Again? indicate, it's not a question of whether but when and where. The 20th century is notorious for several genocides beyond the infamous Nazi eradication of six million Jews, and this book covers three important cases in specific detail: Cambodia, Bosnia, and Rwanda. Beyond that, Never Again? explores the uneasy U.S. relationship to the U.N. Genocide Convention and posits an analysis of U.S. response to genocide past and forthcoming: nonintervention followed by post-genocide justice. Visit our website for sample chapters!More »

p. 36 http://books.google.ca/books?id=jPsdp9d1aKEC&dq=%221948+Convention+of+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide%22&q=%221948+Convention+of+the+Prevention+and+Punishment+of+the+Crime+of+Genocide%22#v=snippet&q=%221948%20Convention%20of%20the%20Prevention%20and%20Punishment%20of%20the%20Crime%20of%20Genocide%22&f=false

R2P compared to the Right to Intervene doctrine


The Google summary indicates that Evans does a comparison of the Right to Intervene with R2P.

Chronology of humanitarian responsibility
1948, Convention of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

1991, Somalia, all means necessary

1994, Rwanda

1994, Haiti, Security Council authorized

1995, Bosnia, the Dayton Accords

1999, Kosovo, NATO responds, the Security Council stalled by Russia's veto.

2001, February, ICISS's third round table meeting in London. Rather than right to intervene or an obligation to intervene, Gareth Evans, Mohamed Sahnoun, and Michael Ignatieff that it might be helpful to think in terms of a "responsibility to protect".

2002, Sudan, Darfur

2007, Zimbabwe economy

Burma, deliberate prevention of foreign aid reaching disaster victims



The responsibility to protect phrase introduced by Evans, Sahnoun and Ignatieff
In February 2001, at the third round table meeting of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in London. Gareth Evans, Mohamed Sahnoun and Michael Ignatieff suggested the concept of a "responsibility to protect." This avoided the "right to intervene" or "obligation to intervene" doctrines but kept a degree of duty to act.

Economic Sanctions
Gareth Evans:

Security Council actions and vetoes
2008

Zimbabwe

On Friday, July 11th, (2008) the UN Security Council failed to pass a resolution that would have imposed sanctions against Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe in response to the illegitimate election and the violence it has caused within the country of Zimbabwe. The resolution was vetoed by 2 of the 15 member state's permanent members China and Russia.

http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/150-the-crisis-in-zimbabwe/1746-un-fails-to-adopt-sanctions-for-zimbabwe-due-to-china-russia-vetoes

Security Council Meeting: http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2008/sc9396.doc.htm

Preventive diplomacy
Preventive diplomacy

U.N. Security Council Ministerial on Small Arms
Speech by Lloyd Axworthy, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs, to U.N. Security Council Ministerial on Small Arms, Sept. 24, 1999

http://thefiringline.com/forums/showthread.php?t=24502

Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs

The 53rd Pugwash Conference http://www.pugwash.org/publication/nl/nlv40n2/pugwash-newsletter.pdf



Standby High Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG).
Standby High Readiness Brigade (SHIRBRIG) Pugwash (2003), p. 18

Misusing the Responsibility to Protect
The best way to discourage States or groups of States from misusing the responsibility to protect for inappropriate purposes would be to develop fully the United Nations strategy, standards, processes, tools and practices for the responsibility to protect.

United Nations A/63/677 General Assembly Distr.: General 12 January 2009 Original: English 09-20610 (E) 280109 Sixty-third session Agenda items 44 and 107 Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields
 * 0920610*

http://globalr2p.org/pdf/SGR2PEng.pdf

Burma
Crisis in Burma http://www.responsibilitytoprotect.org/index.php/crises/crisis-in-burma

Syria


Stea presents what could be thought of as a sympathetic understanding of the Russian stance regarding Syria and its internal troubles. Syria's crisis illustrates the complexities of R2P. There are two types of resistance in Syria: one armed and the other not armed. It may be useful to view R2P military intervention like police action. Ideal police action involves restraint in the use of deadly force. Even people with weapons should be treated with respect though not indulgence. Are there authors sayings these things?



This news item examines a United States led proposed draft regarding the crisis in Syria. It provides an example of R2P in action. This is not to suggest that the motives of the USA are above reproach on this, but that they seem to be using R2P staging to address the problems in Syria. Russia, as an ally of Syria, opposes the draft. Reasons are cited in this news item.

Libya
Seddon examines Ban Ki-moon's UN leadership, "essentially a 'man of the people'."

Seddon examines the post intervention circumstance in Libya. This too is part of the R2P process.

Kenya, 2007, 2008
Badescu (2010:140)



Post-election violence in Kenya.

Evans p. 51

http://books.google.ca/books?id=Tj4IwhquNG4C&pg=PA51&dq=kenya,+%22responsibility+to+protect%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6zcST4_MHZOQ0QHYuMSLDw&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=kenya%2C%20%22responsibility%20to%20protect%22&f=false

Africa
African Union
 * Peace and Security Council
 * African Standby Force

ECOWAS (


 * Second Liberian civil war


 * Kristian Berg Harpviken of the International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway.


 * http://books.google.ca/books?id=sj_C68F54jIC&pg=PA339&dq=%22African+standby+force%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IrcST52gBM6osALjuKHXAw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22African%20standby%20force%22&f=false

p. 342

Nigeria
2010

UN expert on genocide prevention travels to West Africa

16 March 2010 – Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon’s Special Adviser on the prevention of genocide is travelling to West Africa to identify how national and sub-regional bodies can help prevent the scourge. Due to poor weather, Francis Deng’s visit was delayed and he is now scheduled to arrive in the region tomorrow, it was announced today.

He will stop in Guinea, Nigeria and Ghana, where he will discuss his mandate with government officials, UN officials on the ground and representatives from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)....

http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=34097&Cr=genocide&Cr1=

2012, January

SUBSIDY: We can remove subsidy without fuel price hike – Ezeife

"The government must realise that it is its responsibility to protect the lives of our people."

http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/subsidy-we-can-remove-subsidy-without-fuel-price-hike-ezeife/

Somalia
2012, January

Ban, Ashiru meet as Nigerians protest in U.S.

Posted by Information Nigeria in Home » Uncategorized on January 12, 2012

"Discussions between the two leaders also touched on the situation in Somalia, including the need to continue to support the African Union peacekeeping mission in Somalia (AMISOM),"

http://www.informationnigeria.org/2012/01/ban-ashiru-meet-as-nigerians-protest-in-u-s.html

The Westphalian norm
Is China More Westphalian Than the West?

The following appeared in the November/December 2011 issue (Vol. 9, No. 6) of Foreign Affairs.

http://icps.gwu.edu/2011/10/28/is-china-more-westphalian-than-the-west/

Penalties
The penalty for an Indonesian official failing to protect a European civilian from harm is death. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.141.15.78 (talk) 06:06, 25 April 2013 (UTC)

Links
>> Africans closer to forming intervention force(Lihaas (talk) 18:11, 7 December 2013 (UTC)).

This link is broken: "Responsibility to Protect – Office of The Special Adviser on The Prevention of Genocide". www.un.org. Retrieved 2016-03-21.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Responsibility to protect. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200247/http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F1994%2F674 to http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2F1994%2F674
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160812211918/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1970%282011%29 to http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S%2FRES%2F1970%282011%29

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:38, 23 May 2017 (UTC)

What does "study" mean?
A number of items were removed from the External links section. The reason was "study". What does that mean? Burrobert (talk) 07:42, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * it's best to ask the editor who did it . It is a rather cryptic edit summary. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 09:15, 22 June 2021 (UTC)


 * I added a study, and removed a bunch of low-quality content. Snooganssnoogans (talk) 09:26, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Right-ho. I haven’t read the items so am am limited in what I can say. Items from Otago University, Oxford University Press and Hans Köchler were removed. Burrobert (talk) 11:41, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Cisheteronormative Blindfold
The addition of a section with the title "Cisheteronormative Blindfold" of 20 November 2023 seems to violate WP:NPOV as it is using ideological language. It is focusing on one kind of discrimination while ignoring several other more relevant kinds of discrimination. It may be off topic. This section should either be removed or be subsumed under general discrimination. The title should definitely be changed. Agnerf (talk) 11:16, 21 March 2024 (UTC)