Talk:Semu

Semur
The original article, i.e. Semur is a bit ridiculous: nowhere other than Wikipedia does it indicate that the Chinese term could be transliterated as "Semur", i.e. with a final "-r" affixed to "Semu". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bestlyriccollection  (talk • contribs)  07:29, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Semu categories
HuiHui in Mongol times referred to Jews, Muslims, Christians, and Gypsies.

http://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA88&dq=Green+eyes+huihui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NsfU5TBN6Xq0QGZuoDwAg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Green%20eyes%20huihui&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA136&dq=Green+eyes+huihui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NsfU5TBN6Xq0QGZuoDwAg&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Green%20eyes%20huihui&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA190&dq=Green+eyes+huihui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3NsfU5TBN6Xq0QGZuoDwAg&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Green%20eyes%20huihui&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=K4MtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=Luoli+huihui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E90fU5_xKqm80gGnyYDoCw&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Luoli%20huihui&f=false

Page 23

http://books.google.com/books?id=TIx-AAAAMAAJ&q=No+sound+objection+can+be+based+on+the+significance+of+the+term+a+Green-eyed+Hui-hui+»,+used+in+the+second+half+of+the+14th+cent,+in+reference+to+the+Asut+by+the+author+of+the+KSng-shen+wai-shih+(cf.+supra).+Although+«+Hui-hui+»,+technically+...&dq=No+sound+objection+can+be+based+on+the+significance+of+the+term+a+Green-eyed+Hui-hui+»,+used+in+the+second+half+of+the+14th+cent,+in+reference+to+the+Asut+by+the+author+of+the+KSng-shen+wai-shih+(cf.+supra).+Although+«+Hui-hui+»,+technically+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Tt0fU-aOEIrC0AHB1YHQBA&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA

310

http://books.google.com/books?id=mY2BAAAAMAAJ&q=For+instance,+the+term+%22Huihui+with+Green+Eyes%22+(Lüjing+huihui+0111)+stood+for+the+Caucasian+people,+%22Luoli+huihui%22+jHÄ%7CÜlH%5D+was+the+name+of+the+gypsies,+transcribed+from+the+Persian+lüri+for+gypsies+from+the+Multan+area.4+%22Zhuhu+Huihui%22+was+...&dq=For+instance,+the+term+%22Huihui+with+Green+Eyes%22+(Lüjing+huihui+0111)+stood+for+the+Caucasian+people,+%22Luoli+huihui%22+jHÄ%7CÜlH%5D+was+the+name+of+the+gypsies,+transcribed+from+the+Persian+lüri+for+gypsies+from+the+Multan+area.4+%22Zhuhu+Huihui%22+was+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=i90fU-z_IePf0gGIvIHwDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA

Jews

http://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA135&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Zhuhu%20HuiHui&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA87&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CDUQ6wEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Zhuhu%20HuiHui&f=false

235 236 242

http://books.google.com/books?id=_j0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Zhuhu+HuiHui&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CDoQ6wEwAg

http://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA140&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Zhuhu%20HuiHui&f=false

Page 8

http://books.google.com/books?id=laQwAQAAIAAJ&q=Zhuhu+HuiHui&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CEYQ6wEwBQ

http://books.google.com/books?id=V4SmEW0WXCwC&pg=PA34&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Zhuhu%20HuiHui&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=p6VtAAAAMAAJ&q=Zhuhu+HuiHui&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCA

Page 375

http://books.google.com/books?id=o6FtAAAAMAAJ&q=Zhuhu+HuiHui&dq=Zhuhu+HuiHui&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qN0fU_jhFsP10gHbkoCwAQ&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCQ

Rajmaan (talk) 20:19, 22 April 2014 (UTC)

Semu and Qincha Hui intermarriage with Han during the Ming dynasty
http://books.google.com/books?id=RV6WqcAY3zwC&pg=PA88#v=onepage&q&f=false

04:26, 27 December 2013 (UTC)

Intermarriage between castes
There seems to have been no rules on intermarriage between the Semu caste and the Chinese, because these sources I found mention Chinese males marrying women from the Semu caste and even Mongols like the Kerait tribe during Yuan rule, and it made no mention about laws for marriage. (In most societies with castes, men from lower castes are not allowed to marry women from upper castes) if someone can find laws on this or if these were exceptions then they should post their references here.

Shi Gang (1237-1315) was from a prominent Han family during the Yuan dynasty.

http://books.google.com/books?id=nCIPD1V39QkC&pg=PA14&dq=Shi+Gang+(1237-1315)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ds5WU5-mC4_MsQTctICAAw&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Gang%20(1237-1315)&f=false

His father was Han, his mother was Jurchen and his wife was a Kerait. His father also had Korean and Han wives as well.

http://books.google.com/books?id=nCIPD1V39QkC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=FPzcTT-pBp4C&pg=PA47&dq=Shi+Gang+(1237-1315)&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ds5WU5-mC4_MsQTctICAAw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Gang%20(1237-1315)&f=false

Page 204

"Meng Fanfeng iS^ll# "A study of the Yuan painter Shi Gang's epitaph" Tnttfc&SfettiE&Bi, WW, 1997:7, pp 71-74 ^ Discovered in the northern area of Shijiazhuang city, ... The epitaph reveals that Shi Gang's life spanned the years 1237 to 1315."

http://books.google.com/books?id=wkvrAAAAMAAJ&q=Shi+gang+1237&dq=Shi+gang+1237&hl=en&sa=X&ei=b88qUamoKufy0QG2iIC4Cg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw

His father Shi Tianze

http://books.google.com/books?id=nCIPD1V39QkC&pg=PA37&dq=hsiao+ch'i-ch'ing+1994&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D7VWU52OFILQsQTNoICgCg&ved=0CD8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=hsiao%20ch'i-ch'ing%201994&f=false

Shi Tianzi and his Jurchen, Korean, and Han wives.

http://books.google.com/books?id=FPzcTT-pBp4C&pg=PA47&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Tianze%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=kG45gi7E3hsC&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&source=bl&ots=uoldXccTd8&sig=yu_OyQhSMh9mu3FJQ_uwWDiuUBA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OLVWU-j_I6TksATD94C4Aw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Shih%20t'ien%20tse%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=kG45gi7E3hsC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=false

Other information about Shi

http://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EGvilcLsC&pg=PA341&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Shih%20t'ien%20tse%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Pg8EGvilcLsC&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=BxH0PqdGTVUC&pg=PA660&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg

http://books.google.com/books?id=nCIPD1V39QkC&pg=PA311&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Shih%20t'ien%20tse%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=5aSrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA814&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Shih%20t'ien%20tse%201202%201275&f=false

Page 200

http://books.google.com/books?ei=OsxWU_ypC9OxsASN24CwCA&id=7T4MAQAAMAAJ&dq=Shih+T%27ien-tse+%28+1202-1275%29%2C+among+others%2C+first+proposed+that+the+examination+system+be+restored.&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=T%27ien-tse+1202

Page 33

http://books.google.com/books?id=NpSOAAAAMAAJ&q=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg

http://books.google.com/books?id=NpSOAAAAMAAJ&q=One+of+Meng-ku+Pa-erh's+six+daughters+married+a+son+of+the+influential+Shih+T'ien-tse+(1202-1275),+a+member+of+a+Chinese+clan+that+was+recruited&dq=One+of+Meng-ku+Pa-erh's+six+daughters+married+a+son+of+the+influential+Shih+T'ien-tse+(1202-1275),+a+member+of+a+Chinese+clan+that+was+recruited&hl=en&sa=X&ei=msxWU4DeFdTRsQTno4DADg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA

"Of Meng-ku Pa-erh's seven sons, one was appointed to the office of Sung-chou ta -lu-hua-ch'ih/3 One of Meng-ku Pa-erh's six daughters married a son of the influential Shih T'ien-tse (1202-1275), a member of a Chinese clan that was recruited ..."

Page 58

http://books.google.com/books?id=VfBtAAAAMAAJ&q=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw

Page 208

http://books.google.com/books?id=rBVHAAAAIAAJ&q=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CFoQ6AEwCA

Page 46

http://books.google.com/books?id=KDI8AAAAIAAJ&q=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&dq=Shih+t'ien+tse+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GctWU8zCOsbjsATb0YKYBw&ved=0CGAQ6AEwCQ

http://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA449&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Tianze%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=eWD4xmLYyXIC&pg=PA143&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Tianze%201202%201275&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=MXchAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CEAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Shi%20Tianze%201202%201275&f=false

Page 52

http://books.google.com/books?id=e0BwAAAAMAAJ&q=Shi+Tian-ze+(1202-1275)+-+one+of+the+two+Chinese+who+managed+to+achieve+the+post+of+chancellor+during+the+rule+of+the+Mongols&dq=Shi+Tian-ze+(1202-1275)+-+one+of+the+two+Chinese+who+managed+to+achieve+the+post+of+chancellor+during+the+rule+of+the+Mongols&hl=en&sa=X&ei=fc1WU--ZOszNsQSJtoGoCA&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA

Page 115

http://books.google.com/books?id=mufjAAAAMAAJ&q=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBQ

Page 86

http://books.google.com/books?id=Ls4KAQAAMAAJ&q=Her+mother,+surnamed+Liu,+once+attended+upon+Vizier+Shi+%5B?Tianze:+1202-1275%5D.+Naturally+Beautiful+was+serene+and+elegant+of+looks+and+air,+with+very+much+an+attractive+appearance+of+the+quiet+country+woods,+and+her+ability+and+artistry,&dq=Her+mother,+surnamed+Liu,+once+attended+upon+Vizier+Shi+%5B?Tianze:+1202-1275%5D.+Naturally+Beautiful+was+serene+and+elegant+of+looks+and+air,+with+very+much+an+attractive+appearance+of+the+quiet+country+woods,+and+her+ability+and+artistry,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vM1WU8O7HvLTsATB9oCYDQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA

Page 1483

http://books.google.com/books?id=piZMAAAAYAAJ&q=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBw

Page 1483

http://books.google.com/books?id=d0wxAQAAIAAJ&q=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&dq=Shi+Tianze+1202+1275&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ac1WU8LQEMzgsASOroDQCg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCA

Koko Temur (Wang Baobao) had a Chinese father and a Turkic mother (probably a Buddhist Uighur) and she most definitely belonged to Semu class and came from a pro-Mongol family, being the sister of Chagan Temür. Koko was elevated to the status of a Mongol for his loyalty in fighting against Chinese rebels. The Ming dynasty Hongwu Emperor married Koko Temur's sister to his own brother Zhu Shuang after capturing her.

http://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA522#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1M5wAAAAMAAJ&q=Koko+Temur+sister&dq=Koko+Temur+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OVdKUtmgNJi14APM64GgBw&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBA

http://books.google.com/books?id=aU5hBMxNgWQC&pg=PA23&dq=Koko+temur+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0k9KUqGHHZK-4AOSw4GIBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Koko%20temur%20sister&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=tyhT9SZRLS8C&pg=PA128&dq=Koko+temur+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0k9KUqGHHZK-4AOSw4GIBg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Koko%20temur%20sister&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=Fo4wAQAAIAAJ&q=Koko+temur+sister&dq=Koko+temur+sister&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0k9KUqGHHZK-4AOSw4GIBg&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAg

http://books.google.com/books?ei=91JKUqGlB8b54AOGoIDYDQ&id=Fo4wAQAAIAAJ&dq=Another+brother%2C+Chu+Shuang%2C+married+the+sister+of+Koko+Temur+%28d.+1375%29+at+a+time+when+Chu+Yuan-+chang+was+soliciting+his+support+in+the+struggle+against+the+Mongols.+Koko+Temur+decided+against+supporting+Chu%27s+cause%2C+however%2C+and+Chu+...&q=Koko+temur+sister#search_anchor

Semu marriage to Korean women
Semu men would marry Korean women.

http://books.google.com/books?id=PDjWpqU55eMC&pg=PA315&dq=For+intermarriage+between+semuren+men+(including+those+of+Turkic,+Uyghur,+and+Indian+descent)+and+Korean+women,+see+Ma+Juan,+%22Yuandai+semu+Gaoli+tonghun+juli.%22+182.+Quan+Heng+and+Ren+Chongyue,+Gengshen+waishi+jian%5Eheng,+p.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=suEfU-DtOKXf0gG9yYFo&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=For%20intermarriage%20between%20semuren%20men%20(including%20those%20of%20Turkic%2C%20Uyghur%2C%20and%20Indian%20descent)%20and%20Korean%20women%2C%20see%20Ma%20Juan%2C%20%22Yuandai%20semu%20Gaoli%20tonghun%20juli.%22%20182.%20Quan%20Heng%20and%20Ren%20Chongyue%2C%20Gengshen%20waishi%20jian%5Eheng%2C%20p.&f=false

A rich merchant from the Ma'bar Sultanate, Abu Ali, was associated closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After falling out with them, he fled to Yuan dynasty China and was granted an official job and a Korean woman as his wife by the Mongol Emperor.

http://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/41649921?uid=3739832&uid=2460338175&uid=2460337935&uid=2&uid=4&uid=83&uid=63&uid=3739256&sid=21103639240407

Page 315

http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1445ZBWAkRi.pdf

Koreans were included along with Northern Chinese, Khitan and Jurchen in the third class, as "Han ren".

http://books.google.com/books?id=SQWW7QgUH4gC&pg=PA490&dq=thereby+including+not+only+the+Chinese+who+lived+there+but+also+the+rather+substantial+numbers+of+Khitans+and+Jurchens,+even+Koreans.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=nt4fU9udOubL0QHW6oDYAQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=thereby%20including%20not%20only%20the%20Chinese%20who%20lived%20there%20but%20also%20the%20rather%20substantial%20numbers%20of%20Khitans%20and%20Jurchens%2C%20even%20Koreans.&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=ePBeFRJnE_gC&pg=PA257&dq=of+the+northern+Chinese+territories+of+the+former+Jin+dynasty,+including+Chinese,+Khitan,+Jurchen,+and+Koreans&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MOEfU5bcIIbp0QHq04Bw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=of%20the%20northern%20Chinese%20territories%20of%20the%20former%20Jin%20dynasty%2C%20including%20Chinese%2C%20Khitan%2C%20Jurchen%2C%20and%20Koreans&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=VIWC9wCX2c8C&pg=PA257&dq=of+the+northern+Chinese+territories+of+the+former+Jin+dynasty,+including+Chinese,+Khitan,+Jurchen,+and+Koreans&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MOEfU5bcIIbp0QHq04Bw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=of%20the%20northern%20Chinese%20territories%20of%20the%20former%20Jin%20dynasty%2C%20including%20Chinese%2C%20Khitan%2C%20Jurchen%2C%20and%20Koreans&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=hCJNQPszu5sC&pg=PA189&dq=The+third+class+was+%22Han%22+including+Han+Chinese+that+lived+in+Northern+China,+Kitan+(Liao+H),+Niizhen+iz+M+(Jin+it),+Koreans,+and+four+other+minorities+who+lived+north+of+Huaihe+River+in+the+Jin+territory.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=XeIfU87OCcqk0gG41YCwCQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20third%20class%20was%20%22Han%22%20including%20Han%20Chinese%20that%20lived%20in%20Northern%20China%2C%20Kitan%20(Liao%20H)%2C%20Niizhen%20iz%20M%20(Jin%20it)%2C%20Koreans%2C%20and%20four%20other%20minorities%20who%20lived%20north%20of%20Huaihe%20River%20in%20the%20Jin%20territory.&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=1QZ-FNbV-NUC&pg=PA50&dq=candidates+from+koryŏ+took+the+examination+with+the+han+and+Jurchens.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IuIfU_-ZJJDE0AGa_IDYAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=candidates%20from%20koryŏ%20took%20the%20examination%20with%20the%20han%20and%20Jurchens.&f=false

http://books.google.com/books?id=XnIIbzweN7IC&pg=PA24&dq=Koreans+were+placed+in+the+third+social+rank+as+they+were+classified+as+%22Hanren%22+in+the+Yuan+dynasty,+together+with+the+Han+Chinese,+the+Jiirgens,+and+the+Khitans+that+were+conquered+earlier+in+northern+and+southwestern+China.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qOMfU6O4Oaji0QGLu4HYDg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Koreans%20were%20placed%20in%20the%20third%20social%20rank%20as%20they%20were%20classified%20as%20%22Hanren%22%20in%20the%20Yuan%20dynasty%2C%20together%20with%20the%20Han%20Chinese%2C%20the%20Jiirgens%2C%20and%20the%20Khitans%20that%20were%20conquered%20earlier%20in%20northern%20and%20southwestern%20China.&f=false

http://www.academia.edu/7542628/The_Semu_ren_in_the_Yuan_Empire_-_who_were_they

http://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false

04:39, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

The Mongols used Chinese to rule Bukhara (in Central Asia) for the same reason they used Central Asian Semus in ruling China
While the Mongols moved Central Asians to become Semu in China and serve as administrators, they did the same thing in reverse in Central Asia, sending Chinese over to administer Bukhara.

SINO-KHITAN ADMINISTRATION IN MONGOL BUKHARA PAUL D. BUELL

page 137

http://www.jstor.org/stable/41930343?seq=17

Chinese, Persian, and Uyghur Darugha in the Mongol Empire

http://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA16&dq=darugha&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2F_kU829NazMsQSvyILYDg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=darugha&f=false

Rajmaan (talk) 04:07, 28 June 2014 (UTC)

Criticism
Some Japanese historians deny that the idea of Semu people existed as a legal classification under Mongol rule, noting that it appears nowhere in Mongol sources and in Chinese sources the information does not indicate them as a separate priveleged caste.

http://www.academia.edu/2439642/The_Image_of_the_Semu_People_Mongols_Chinese_and_Various_Other_Peoples_under_the_Mongol_Empire

http://www.jstor.org/stable/2719056?seq=21

http://ir.sinica.edu.tw/handle/201000000A/4105

Rajmaan (talk) 07:11, 30 September 2014 (UTC)

intellectuals who?
If semu's are intelectuals why dont cite no one? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Brosonildo (talk • contribs) 05:30, 12 August 2016 (UTC)