Talk:Thomas Livingston

defect of birth
This is a few centuries later than what I know about, but my sense was that defect of birth refered to illegitamacy. In the Church, bastards had to get dispensations or be legitimized in order to hold Holy Orders (i.e., be Ordained). And, what do you know, this guy is a bastard. Does anyone have any specific knowledge that defect of birth actually came to mean a birth defect?

This is true. Illegitimacy was considered an "irregularity" and was thus a canonical impediment to Ordination. There is a good article in the Catholic Encyclopedia (Vol. VIII, 1910) on "Irregularity" which speaks specifically about this. See http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08170a.htm, and then look under the heading "Defect of Birth.":

"Defect of Birth

"In primitive times illegitimacy was no bar to ordination. In 655 the Ninth Council of Toledo decreed that illegitimate sons of clerics in major orders should be held as serfs of the Church and not be admitted to Holy orders unless first manumitted by the bishop. In the ninth and tenth centuries those born of violated virgins or of incest began to be held as irregular. Various canons were also formed concerning different details of illegitimacy, until finally a general prohibition against all spurious children being admitted to orders was enacted, on the ground that the stain of birth would be a stain on the sacred ministry. At present, therefore, all illegitimate persons are irregular unless they have been legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents or by profession in a religious order or by papal rescript. Foundlings of unknown parentage should receive conditional dispensation. Those also are held to be irregular who, though sprung from valid marriage, were born while their parents were bound by solemn vow or after the reception of Sacred orders."

MishaPan 04:08, 30 November 2006 (UTC)


 * Thanks for this point. One of my sources appeared to imply it was his blindness. He was illegitimate after all. I'll bare this in mind in future too; there are lots of requests for dispensations regarding "defects of birth" in this era; I would have thought we were talking deformity's, limps, etc; now I know better. Calgacus (ΚΑΛΓΑΚΟΣ) 04:23, 30 November 2006 (UTC)