Talk:Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (before 1954)

Quality of prose
The level of English is not up to encyclopaedic standards. Sentences such as "The problem too, was the specialisation. Arthur Holmes and Alfred Rittmann saw it right [...]. Only an outsider can have the overview, only an outsider sees the forest, not only the tree" need to be expanded and clarified. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.30.47.239 (talk) 11:25, 6 February 2018 (UTC)

Hangon
I'm working on it, fixing it soon. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 13:01, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Name
Hey,

Just popping in to remind everyone that none of this is proven — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:449:8200:8120:618B:690E:C88B:AFEC (talk) 22:17, 5 August 2017 (UTC)

I don't think that the current name is appropriate. A timeline of the Earth Sciences should address everything to do with the earth sciences, not just continental drift. Maybe something more like Timeline of the development of the continental drift/plate tectonics theory, but that's a bit wordy. I'll try to come up with some other alternatives. Mikenorton (talk) 07:55, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I agree, but it is still not complete. I have a section with the more recent history in my sandbox. Still working on it... --Chris.urs-o (talk) 10:15, 18 July 2010 (UTC)


 * OK, although I was actually thinking of other things such as neptunism/plutonism, catastrophism/uniformitarianism, the identification of past ice ages, the recognition of thrusting, the age of the earth, that had a major impact on the understanding of the earth (big topic though). Mikenorton (talk) 11:01, 18 July 2010 (UTC)
 * A never ending story... Too big for me... Relevant is Yellowstone and the Big One San Francisco Earthquake. I want to understand better, both... I think, that I have not the time for all the rest... How about 'Timeline of the Geodynamics'? --Chris.urs-o (talk) 11:20, 18 July 2010 (UTC)


 * All of "earth sciences" is so immense that it really would take an expert to get anywhere near proper coverage, and to work out proper weight. You started from continental drift, and have since expanded it enough that 'geodynamics' is, I think, not beyond reach.  But perhaps better to pull back a bit to something like "development of plate tectonic theory".  - J. Johnson (JJ) (talk) 22:38, 21 July 2010 (UTC)


 * I don't think that the new title really works either Chris, how about ' Timeline of the development of tectonophysics' (geodynamics would also be fine I think, but definitely without the 'the'). Mikenorton (talk) 19:27, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * ok, boss. I'll wait at least a weekend, then i'll change it. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 21:02, 26 August 2010 (UTC)


 * Small comment from my side: The overlap with "Continental Drift" page and "Plate Tectonics" page is considerable. Furthermore, the title looks quite correct, its a sort of time line of ideas on Global Kinematics and Dynamics, so why not start with ancient civilizations?Jpvandijk (talk) 17:03, 8 September 2010 (UTC)


 * Geology is not so old and everything began by trying to clarify the sequence of events/ publications on the Continental drift article. I did not know what u r going to do in the plate tectonics article at that time ;) --Chris.urs-o (talk) 17:09, 8 September 2010 (UTC)

Timeline nappe tectonics
(Copied from wikimedia commons, modified) Hi Chris, I saw your work on the history of tectonophysics on the English Wikipedia. I once made a small timeline for the "discovery" of nappe/thrust tectonics that may be interesting for you too. The idea was to have some overview who did what and when. Unfortunately, in the Swiss accounts their countrymen, although important, are often given undue weight. The same is probably true for British accounts. It's an interesting story, because it illustrates the fact that 70 years before the break-through of plate tectonics, geologists fought a similar battle about the smaller scale. Of course, the idea of having large scale horizontal dynamics in the crust should have automatically been an important argument for plate tectonics, but somehow noone had the insight just yet (or dared speak about it - geologists were a very conservative mob). I don't claim my list to be complete, it's probably far from, but it is enough to give a broad insight in what happened. Here it is:
 * 1841 Arnold Escher is the first to describe the Glarus Thrust in the Alps of Eastern Switzerland (now an UNESCO world heritage) as a thrust. He was hesitant to publish his unconventional idea (geopark association).
 * 1848 Escher shows Roderick Murchison the Glarus thrust. Murchison is convinced and enthusiastic about Escher's theory.
 * 1866 Escher finally publishes his work on the Glarus thrust, but he describes the structure as a double anticline. The idea follows the conventional geologic theories of the day, but Escher privately admits it is absurd. He never dared to publish his real ideas.
 * 1883 Charles Callaway (1903 Murchison Medal) interprets the Glencoul Thrust (Scotland) as a thrust (Glencoul Thrust is one of the major structures in the Moine Thrust Belt).
 * 188? Charles Lapworth discovers a ductile thrust at Ben Arnaboll (Arnaboll Thrust in the Loch Eriboll area, Moine Thrust Belt) and is the first to use the word mylonite.
 * Lapworth C. (1883) "The Secret of the Highlands". Geological Magazine, decade 2, 10, 120-128.
 * Lapworth C. (1884) "On the structure and metamorphism of the rocks of the Durness-Eriboll district". Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 8, 438-442.
 * Lapworth C. (1885) "The highland controversy in British geology". Nature, London, 32, 558-559.
 * 1884 Marcel Bertrand shows that observations on the geology of Glarus by Escher and Albert Heim (Escher's pupil and successor) are easier to explain with thrust tectonics. Though Bertrand never visited Glarus, he knew about the Faille du Midi, a large thrust fault in Belgium. Bertrand is ignored by Heim and August Rothpletz, who think the idea to be absurd.
 * 1883-1897 Benjamin Peach and John Horne (both 1899 Murchison medalists) map the thrusts of Scotland in a major survey.
 * 1884 Archibald Geikie (1881 Murchison medalist) becomes convinced by the thrust theory for Scotland.
 * 1893 Hans Schardt discovers that in the west of Switzerland Jurassic layers are on top of Tertiary flysch, which matches the prediction of Maurice Lugeon. Lugeon was an adherent of Bertrands ideas. With the new found prove, the thrust theory is for the first time proposed as a geologic model for the Alps.
 * 1894 Rothpletz also describes the Glarus thrust as a major thrust. He is viciously attacked by Heim.
 * 1902 Albert Heim finally converts himself to the thrust theory.
 * 1903 Pierre-Marie Termier describes the Hohe Tauern window as a thrust fault.
 * 1902 Albert Heim finally converts himself to the thrust theory.
 * 1903 Pierre-Marie Termier describes the Hohe Tauern window as a thrust fault.

Notes:
 * Professor of geology in the polytechnic school at Zürich: Arnold Escher (1856-1873), Albert Heim (1873-1911), Hans Schardt (1911-1928)
 * Professor of geology in the Academy of Neuenburg, later University of Neuenburg: Hans Schardt (1897-1911), Émile Argand (1911-1940)
 * University of Lausanne: Émile Argand pupil of Maurice Lugeon

All the while, these geologists constricted themselves to the study of their own backyard (Alps, Ardennes or Scottish Highlands). For some reason, the nappe theory was only very slowly put into practice at other places worldwide. Even in the 1980's, some geologists in places like Russia still ignored the idea when studying the geology of the Caucasus or Pamir mountains. Woudloper ( talk ) 13:06, 13 November 2010 (UTC)

The Role of Latitude in Mobilism Debates
Hello. I have found Edward Irving, The Role of Latitude in Mobilism Debates, PNAS, Feb. 8, 2005, but I don't know if it is worth including in the article. Visite fortuitement prolongée (talk) 21:21, 5 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Nice, a free PDF. Cheers --Chris.urs-o (talk) 04:30, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

19th Century views

 * I came across this interesting passage in Alfred Russel Wallace's Darwinism (1890):
 * Sir Charles Lyell, in the last edition of his Principles of Geology (1872), said: "Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages;" and this may be said to have been the orthodox opinion down to the very recent period when, by means of deep-sea soundings, the nature of the ocean bottom was made known. The first person to throw doubt on this view appears to have been the veteran American geologist, Professor Dana. In 1849, in the Report of Wilke's Exploring Expedition, he adduced the argument against a former continent in the Pacific during the Tertiary period, from the absence of all native quadrupeds. In 1856, in articles in the American Journal, he discussed the development of the American continent, and argued for its general permanence; and in his Manual of Geology in 1863 and later editions, the same views were more fully enforced and were latterly applied to all continents.
 * This isn't reflected in this history of the subject. The only mention of Lyell is a rather irrelevant comment about uniformitarianism. I'm no expert on this but it does seem to tally with the breadth of support in early days and starts to explain what changed. Any comments? Chris55 (talk) 18:13, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Thx Chris55, I don't know that to think about this quote. Timeline of the development of tectonophysics was born through a discussion with User:J. Johnson about Continental drift by Alfred Wegener. Before that time, things aren't so clear. It seems that a professor of geology could only be a fixist, something like a dogma. Maybe some landbridges between continents disappearing over time, not more. Dally, Argand, Holmes, Bertrand and Murchison, allowed in a way thrust faults. Have in mind that the time in plate tectonics is incredibly long (Age of the Earth, unknown at that time), the forces are incredibly enormous (Earth's internal heat generation by radioactive decay, unknown at that time) and the motion is incredibly slow (uniformitarianism equals no catastrophic continental motion (an assumption, true if u know tsunamis and megathrust earthquakes) instead of no measurable motion). I think the problem was also that Washington, New York, Chicago, Paris, London (Cambridge) and Berlin don't have "mountains" and "major" faults. Some professors of geology weren't out in the field, at least not enough (same problem at Missoula floods, distance is a problem if u walk or ride). It was right to test the Wegener's hypothesis, but it was overseen that the Dana's hypothesis ("In 1856, in articles in the American Journal, he discussed the development of the American continent, and argued for its general permanence; and in his Manual of Geology in 1863 and later editions, the same views were more fully enforced and were latterly applied to all continents.") wasn't tested as hard. Simply, it wasn't fair. On the otherside there was no technology available to proof or disproof any hypothesis. The fixist view prevailed, no motion to the sides, only up and down movement is allowed. Lyell's statement ("Continents, therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages;"), like the "fixist dogma" was just foggy, no solid ground, just thin air. The professors didn't know, they couldn't know it but they talked as they knew it all. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 19:20, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Chris.urs.-o, I've now had a quick go through the 1853 9th edition of Lyell as well as Dana's Manual - which are both available on the web (archive.org). Certainly Lyell didn't have a 'modern' view of plate tectonics - but he certainly believed in the movement of continents. It would seem a natural consequence of the observations that whole parts of continents could be under the water in one age and high up in another and it also easily explained the relative heat and cold at different times if they could be at the poles or equator.
 * Dana on the other hand draws a deduction from the existence of volcanoes at the edges of continents - very largely extrapolating from North America which he knew best - to conclude that "the outlining of the continents was one of the earliest events; dating even from the Azoic age" (p. 743). He certainly sounds dogmatic. His was a distinctively American manual - possibly to avoid competing with Lyell which was the bible for most of the 19thC.
 * So he could be the origin of the 'fixist' position you describe.Chris55 (talk) 21:53, 28 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I'll try to find ur citations


 * Scotland and North America
 * Palaeoclimates C. P. Summerhayes doi: 10.1144/​gsjgs.147.2.0315 April 1990 Journal of the Geological Society, 147, 315-320. 12th ed Principles of Geology (Lyell 1875)
 * Quote: Continents therefore, although permanent for whole geological epochs, shift their positions entirely in the course of ages. b. 258
 * Manual of Geology by James Dwight Dana: with special reference to American Geological History
 * Quote: "In the history of the globe, which has been given on page 196, the outlining of the continents was one of the earliest events; dating even from the Azoic age" (p. 743).
 * Quote: Finally, in the last stage of development, the Alps, the Pyrenees and other heights, received their majestic dimensions, and the continents were finished to their borders. p. 739
 * Application to North America: The geological progress of North America was an evolution of a continent under the two great systems of forces, the Atlantic and the Pacific. p. 736 and so on, assumes a static continent
 * --Chris.urs-o (talk) 06:17, 29 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Remember, before Wegener, permanent continental locations hypothesis wasn't questioned because no geology professor openly challenged it. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 04:34, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Chris, I think you're confusing 19th and 20th centuries. I'm not arguing about the reception of Wegener, which everyone knows was, with hindsight, very wrong. But it would appear that the dogma of fixed continents was only about 60 years old when he wrote: ie about 2 working generations.
 * The timescale is of course vast and wasn't understood properly before the 20th century. Lyell's quote must be seen in that light. But I'm surprised that nowhere is there much consideration of any views before the late 19th C: not in this article, nor Plate tectonics nor in Continental drift is there any reference to earlier 19th C views. But it's probably those articles that need improvement first. The reference to Kelvin here as a catastrophist is dubious & irrelevant: he got the age of the earth wrong but was in no way a '7 day' believer. Chris55 (talk) 11:07, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Ok, I mean that mobilism or permanentism was no issue, it had no priority. Until Wegener wrote a paper with "some meat on the bone" ;) Cheers
 * After Krill (2011) Lyell was a fixist, allowing only up and down motions and Dana was a fixist and creationist. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 11:49, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * The web page cited for Krill doesn't say why he considers them as either (haven't bought the ebook - and I don't see why I should since the author doesn't claim to have read the documents). The judgement on Lyell is palpably false. He has illustrations of the same continents at the poles or equator - he obviously considers them to move. And Lyell uses the word 'continent' despite your unwillingness to.
 * Reading a bit more of Wallace (his Island Life) explains more of the discoveries between 1840 and 1880 that made people cling to a fixist position. I haven't been able to look at the books written about the continental drift controversy but I would hope they cover this. It makes it easier to understand why they didn't want to go backwards - though of course plate tectonics as developed doesn't do this. Chris55 (talk) 22:42, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
 * Krill's introduction (70 pages) is free, I didn't buy the ebook either. He read Lyell. Lyell just shows that the continents surface fits in the tropics as well in the arctics, there is enough space. --Chris.urs-o (talk) 03:05, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

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