Talk:Violence and intersectionality

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Hi Amber! I have copied and pasted your sandbox into here to make my edits. I will either mark additions/changes with |with edited text inside| or in all caps. Questions will be in *xxx*. -Alexa A.holmes011 (talk) 00:38, 8 November 2016 (UTC)

Women of color[edit | edit source] Black Women and Physical Violence[edit | edit source] Beginning as early as slavery, Black Women have been experienced violence in their everyday lives in the United States. This came about |due to| social conventions *Such as?* |that place| Black Women at the forefront of this level of discrimination and abuse. Black women were repeatedly raped, beaten, and abused by their slave masters, and then later condemned |by| the slaves masters wives. This form of violence, with its |foundations in| slavery, helped to foster an environment in the US where Black Women are silenced, and receive less protection from local, state, and federal law when instances of violence are abuse are reported. These are some of the earliest forms of domestic violence that black women have experienced, and |they| have continued |to present day|.

Within the last twenty years, domestic violence was still a prevalent issue that many African American women faced within their communities. The Institute on Domestic Violence in the African American community reported:[1]

"Black women comprise 8% of the US population but in 2005 accounted for 22% of the intimate partner homicide victims and 29% of all female victims of intimate partner homicide".[1] "In a nationally representative survey conducted in 1996, 29% of African American women and 12% of African American men reported at least one instance of violence from an intimate partner".[1] "African Americans account for a disproportionate number of intimate partner homicides. In 2005, African Americans almost accounted for 1/3 of the intimate partner homicides in this country".[1] Currently, domestic violence is still an issue that many Black women face.

The Women of Color Facts and Stats reports:[2]

"For every African American/ Black woman that reports her rape, at least 15 African American/ Black woman do not report theirs". [2] "Approximately 40% of Black women report coercive contact of a sexual nature by age 18".[2] "The National Violence Against Women Survey (NVAWAS) founf that 18.8% of African American women reported rape in their lifetime".[2] Much of this violence is a result of prolonging stereotypes that make Black women victims. Black women are seen as overly sexual, promiscuous beings, which thus perpetuates the notion that black women want to participate in their sexual abuse. Also, black women are incarcerated a lot much higher rate than that of any other ethnic group, and as such, they are more likely to experience violence and abuse within the prison system. Some examples include, strip body searches, sexual abuse from guard and or managers, and abuse from inmates.[2]

Black Women and Feminist Theory[edit | edit source] Feminist Theory is one of the many ways in which violence against black women can be interrogated, because it allows feminists to look at how various laws and policies |that| have been put into place |do| not allow for the protection of Black Women's bodies. Feminist scholars such as Kimberé Crenshaw, Audre Lorde, Josephine Donovan, Claudia Rankine, and many others have looked at violence done to African American women from a theological stand point in order to not only understand why Black Women are more likely to be abused, but also to find solutions |for| how Black Women can be better protected when instances of violence and abuse take place. They also introduce new theological frameworks in order to continue the dialogue of violence done onto Black Women.

Kimberé Crenshaw is a civil rights activist and a scholar in race theory.[3] Crenshaw often uses Black Feminist Theory as a way to analyze the ways in which Black women and women of color experience violence and abuse, and interrogates that by employing intersectionality and '''|studying? the| effect that it has on experiences |of|''' African American women. Crenshaw believes that race needs to be an essential part of feminism, especially when talking about violence experienced by Black Women. She writes, "The failure of feminism to interrogate race means that the resistance strategies of feminism will often replicate and reinforce the subordination of people of color, and the failure of antiracism interrogate patriarchy means that antiracism will frequently reproduce the subordination of women.These mutual elisions present a particularly difficult political dilemma for women of color. Adopting either analysis constitutes a denial of a fundamental dimension of our subordination and precluded the development of a political discourse that more fully empowers women of color". [4] Crenshaw calls for considering intersectionality in feminism and knowing the ways it |effects| women of color who experience violence.

Audre Lorde was an African American writer, feminist, lesbian, and activist, who spoke out against inequalities and injustice that women of color face. [5] In one of her most notable works, entitled The Master's Tools Will Never Dismantle the Mater's House, Lorde addresses the importance of intersectionality in feminism because, she argues, that by not including other epistemologies other than white women's, Black Women and Women of Color will continue to be oppressed, especially when it comes to violence and abuse that Black Women experience. Lorde says, "Poor women and women of Color know there is a difference between the daily manifestations of marital slavery and prostitution because it is our daughters who line 42nd street. If white american feminist theory need not to deal with the differences between us and the resulting difference in our oppressions, then how do you deal with the fact that the women who clean your houses and ten to your children while you attend conferences on feminist theory are, for the most part, poor women and women of Color? What is the theory behind racist feminism"?[6] Here, Lorde questions the need for poor women and women of Color to participate in a feminist movement that further excludes marginalized women and also continue to perpetuate racist ideologies that have been ingrained into American society. Lorde suggests that the "Master's tools", a reference to slavery and also to America as an institution, has 'set itself up' in a particular system so that the people who are meant to benefit from the system are meant to and the people who are not meant to will not. Poor women and women of Color fall into the latter, and so Lorde suggests that there needs to be a discourse that surrounds feminist thought that includes these women, particularly when looking at violence done onto them. '''*This paragraph, to me, seems to be a little to objective. Perhaps try to write it in a way that is more factual and structured less like an argument? Just my opinion!*'''

Josephine Donovan is an American scholar who's research and area of study focuses on primarily feminist theory, feminist criticism, and women's literature.[7] Donovan analyzes feminist theory through historical and social frameworks, in order to help place them within the framework of contemporary feminist thought. One of the many theories that she discusses in her book entitled, "Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions", she discusses Third Wave Feminism and how it relates to the broader context of feminism. One of the many examples that she brings up in the chapter entitled, Into the Twenty-first Century: Gynocentrism, Postmodernism, the Third Wave, Global Feminism, Ecofeminism, she notes Patricia Hill Collins stance on the fact that black women's oppression is very different than that of any other group of women. Donovan writes, "' The Social Construction of Black Feminist Thought' Patricia Hill Collins argues that African American women 'have self-defined standpoint on their own oppression. And black feminist theory, she asserts, must be anchored in the real material conditions of black women's lives (770). 'The unpaid and paid work that Black women perform the types of communities in which they live, and and the kinds of relationships they have... suggests that African-American women, as a group, experience a different world than those who are not Black and female... [and] these experiences stimulate a distinctive Black feminist consciousness concerning that material reality (747-8)". [8] As such, violence that Black Women face needs to be put at the forefront of the continuous discussion of feminism because these stories often go untold, which continues to reinforce the silencing of Black Women when they are harmed.

Claudia Rankine is a Jamaican poet, writer, and essayist who |wrote| many important works pertinent to racism and feminism. [9] In one of her most recent novels entitled, "Citizen", Rankine uses poetry as a way to talk about the discrimination as a Black woman, and also highlight the abuse and discrimination that Black men face.

Black Women, Physical Violence and the ERA[edit | edit source] One of the most important documents that has been brought before legislation is The Equal Rights Amendment, which was originally drafted by Alice Paul in 1923. It was brought to Congress in 1972, where it was passed under condition that within seven years, three fourths of the states needed to vote in order for it to be ratified. In 1982, after a three year extension, the ERA was not passed, just falling short of only three votes needed. [10]

Although the ERA is an important document to the the feminist movement, there are a lot of people who are not included in this important that is meant in be inclusive to all women. Black women are excluded from the document because they face different types of discrimination that are unknown to white women, due to their race. If the ERA wants to include the plight of all women, there should be something added to the document that recognizes the different types on women face, and not just limiting it to one 'type' of discrimination, which is often only the plight of white women.

What have black women done with the ERA? -- research that

Look in to that- think about if there is a shift constitutionally, and how women of color can use that leverage change or a shift

I think that the title of this article should be changed to ″Intersectionality and Violence Against Black Women in the U.S.″ because the article is mainly focused on that. Lvu13 (talk) 06:44, 24 February 2017 (UTC)

Essay.svg This is a user sandbox of Ambercordelia. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's user page. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is not an encyclopedia article. Get Help ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Fact Sheet: Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) in the African American Community" (PDF). Institute on Domestic Violence in the African American Community. Retrieved November 1, 2016. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Women of Color Network" (PDF). Women of Color Network. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ "Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw". Wikipedia. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color". Stanford Law Review. Volume 43, No. 6. Jump up ^ "Audre Lorde". Wikipedia. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Lorde, Audre (1984). Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches by Audre Lorde. The Crossing Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-89594-142-2. Jump up ^ "Josephine Donovan". Wikipedia. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Donovan, Josephine (2012). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions. New York, New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4411-6830-6. Jump up ^ "Claudia Rankine". Wikipedia. November 1, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2016. Jump up ^ Neuwirth, Jessica (2015). Equal Means Equal: Why The Time for AN Equal Rights Amendment is Now. New York, New York: The New Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-62097-048-5.

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Lvu13.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:59, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Anthropology of Violence
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