Talk:Western Electric

Western Electric In Business
Western Electric, or a company that purchased all trademarks, is in business at www.westernelectric.com making audiophile vacuum tubes. Please update the article to show that this company is not truly dead. 67.189.246.211 (talk) 15:13, 25 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Link has long been present, thank you. Jim.henderson (talk) 06:27, 1 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have proposed a merger between the two articles. Please see the talk page of the other article. Garagepunk66 (talk) 09:56, 29 June 2022 (UTC)

Template
I've started a template for the phone articles: Template:Western Electric telephones. Please help improve it. ProhibitOnions 11:14, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

Addition to History section of the article
I was reading a book entitled Management of Inspection and Quality Control, by J. M. Juran. (New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1945). The title page cites Mr. Juran as "Formerly Chief of Inspection Control Division, Western Electric Company, Inc." I would add that to the article on Western Electric (as Juran is very famous among Quality Assurance professionals), except that I have no information as to when he was with Western Electric. He dedicates the book "To my former associates, the men and women of the Bell System, who have collectively met and overcome a most intricate problem in Quality Control, this book is affectionately dedicated." If this claim is independently verified, it would be a positive addition to the article. 66.117.203.158 (talk) 18:55, 4 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Is this Joseph M. Juran?

i came across a cast aluminum "foot" for an upright vacuum cleaner, with the Western Electric logo; the device included a motor with externally replaceable brushes. unfortunately, it was discarded ina househol move. i estimate the manufactuing date between 1900 and 1920. comments on this would be welcome. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.240.253.90 (talk) 04:36, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

confusion "that succeeded it"
Several film-formats are given by name, then have "that succeeded it". This is unclear - did Westrex optical succeed Vitaphone. Should be clarified. skb — Preceding unsigned comment added by Skb999 (talk • contribs) 18:58, 30 March 2013 (UTC)

Actually, this part of the section needs work and references. Right above these bullet points, it is stated: "In 1929, Western Electric entered as a market competitor for early cinema sound systems". While the date is true for the Universal Base, it wasn't WE's first entry into the sound film market. Western Electric demonstrated their sound on disc system in 1925, Warner Brothers bought the rights, named it Vitaphone and introduced it to the public in 1926. It would have been nice if the author(s) had looked at related Wiki articles for dates and possible references.

And please don't suggest that I edit this. I came here for info and references to add to another Wiki article I am editing and found this. Seems that at least some of the problems with this article have been neglected for some time. Jonel469 (talk) 20:29, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Western Electric Hearing Aids
There isn't (yet) any mention of Western Electric hearing aids. 216.146.231.6 (talk) 02:33, 9 April 2015 (UTC)Dave

In the section "Employing a Nation" the Western Electric Buffalo (Tonawanda, NY) plant is not included. The plant was established after WW2 and existed until approximately 1976 producing telephone wire and cables. Upon closure, its operations were transferred, mainly, to the Omaha plant.

Source: Personal recollection. My father was employed there from 1955 until its closure.73.210.154.107 (talk) 09:58, 17 September 2015 (UTC)

History
"In 1856, George Shawk purchased an electrical engineering business in Cleveland, Ohio. On December 31, 1869, he became partners with Enos M. Barton and, later the same year, sold his share to inventor Elisha Gray."

So apparently Mr.Shawk became partners with Mr.Barton then sold his share to E.Gray, on the same day ??? No reference for this. O'course. Jonel469 (talk) 20:03, 31 May 2017 (UTC)

Uncited material in need of citations
I am moving the following material here until it can be properly supported with reliable, secondary citations, per WP:V, WP:CS, WP:IRS, WP:PSTS, WP:BLP, WP:NOR, et al. This diff shows where it was in the article. Nightscream (talk) 15:23, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

History
On December 31, 1869, he entered a partnership with Enos M. Barton, and later sold his share to inventor Elisha Gray. In 1872, Barton and Gray moved the business to Clinton Street, Chicago, Illinois, and incorporated it as the Western Electric Manufacturing Company. They manufactured a variety of electrical products including typewriters, alarms, and lighting and had a close relationship with telegraph company Western Union, to whom they supplied relays and other equipment.

In 1875, Gray sold his interests to Western Union, including the caveat that he had filed against Alexander Graham Bell's patent application for the telephone. The ensuing legal battle between Western Union and the Bell Telephone Company over patent rights ended in 1879 with Western Union withdrawing from the telephone market and Bell acquiring Western Electric in 1881.

Western Electric was the first company to join in a Japanese joint venture with foreign capital. In 1899, it invested in a 54% share of the Nippon Electric Company, Ltd. Western Electric's representative in Japan was Walter Tenney Carleton.

In 1901, Western Electric secretly purchased a controlling interest in a principal competitor, the Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company,

On July 24, 1915, employees of the Hawthorne Works boarded the SS Eastland in downtown Chicago for a company picnic. The ship rolled over at the dock and over 800 people died. (See The Eastland disaster.)

In 1920, Alice Heacock Seidel was the first of Western Electric's female employees to be given permission to stay on after she had married. This set a precedent in the company, which previously had not allowed married women in their employ. Miss Heacock had worked for Western Electric for sixteen years before her marriage, and was at the time the highest-paid secretary in the company. In her memoirs, she wrote that the decision to allow her to stay on "required a meeting of the top executives to decide whether I might remain with the Company, for it established a precedent and a new policy for the Company - that of married women in their employ. If the women at the top were permitted to remain after marriage then all women would expect the same privilege. How far and how fast the policy was expanded is shown by the fact that a few years later women were given maternity leaves with no loss of time on their service records."

In 1925, ITT purchased the Bell Telephone Manufacturing Company of Brussels, Belgium, and other worldwide subsidiaries from AT&T, to avoid an antitrust action. The company manufactured rotary system switching equipment under the Western Electric brand.

Early on, Western Electric also managed an electrical equipment distribution business, furnishing its customers with non-telephone products made by other manufacturers. This electrical distribution business was spun off from Western Electric in 1925 and organized into a separate company, Graybar Electric Company, in honor of the company's founders, Elisha Gray and Enos Barton.

Bell Telephone Laboratories was half-owned by Western Electric, the other half belonging to AT&T.

Development of a monopoly
All telephones in areas where AT&T subsidiaries provided local service, all components of the public switched telephone network (PSTN), and all devices connected to the network were made by Western Electric and no other devices were allowed to be connected to AT&T's network. AT&T and Bell System companies were rumored to employ inspectors to check electrical conditions of household subscriber lines to identify use of non-leased telephones by consumers.

Western Electric telephones were owned not by end customers but by the local Bell System telephone companies—all of which were subsidiaries of AT&T, which also owned Western Electric. Each phone was leased from the phone company on a monthly basis by customers who generally paid for their phone as part of the recurring lease fees. This system had the effect of subsidizing basic telephone service, keeping local phone service inexpensive, under $10 per month, including the leased phone. After divestiture, basic service prices increased, and customers were now responsible for inside building wiring and telephone equipment. The Bell System had an extensive policy and infrastructure to recycle or refurbish phones taken out of service, replacing all defective, weak, or otherwise unusable parts for new installations. This resulted in extraordinary longevity of Western Electric telephones, and limited the variety of new designs introduced into the market place.

AT&T also strictly enforced policies against using telephone equipment by other manufacturers on their network. A customer who insisted on using a telephone not supplied by the Bell System had to first transfer the phone to the local Bell operating company, who leased the phone back to the customer for a monthly charge in addition to a re-wiring fee. In the 1970s when consumers increasingly bought telephone sets from other manufacturers, AT&T changed the policy for its Design Line telephone series by selling customers the phone housing, retaining ownership of the internal mechanical and electrical components, which still required paying AT&T a monthly leasing fee.

Until 1983, Western Electric telephones or their components could only be leased by subscribers and never resold, and were repaired by the Bell System operating companies at no charge to the customer. This led Western Electric to pursue extreme reliability and durability in design to minimize service calls. In particular, the work of Walter A. Shewhart, who developed new techniques for statistical quality control in the 1920s, helped lead to the legendary quality of manufacture of Western Electric telephones. Starting in 1983, Western Electric telephones could be sold to the public under the brand name American Bell, a newly created subsidiary of AT&T. One of the terms of the Modification of Final Judgment in the Bell System divestiture procedures prohibited AT&T from using the name Bell after January 1, 1984; prior to this, AT&T's plan was to market products and services under the American Bell name, accompanied by the now familiar AT&T globe logo.

One of AT&T's competitors in providing telephone service in the U.S., General Telephone and Electronics (GTE), also operated an equipment manufacturing unit, Automatic Electric near Lisle, Illinois.

Locations of these facilities included:
 * Kearny Works, Kearny, New Jersey (power supplies and other equipment)
 * Baltimore Works, Baltimore, Maryland (coaxial/marine cables, telephone wire)
 * Allentown Works, Allentown, Pennsylvania (microelectronics, later Agere Systems)
 * Reading Works, Reading, Pennsylvania (microelectronics, later Agere Systems)
 * Indianapolis Works, Indianapolis, Indiana (consumer telephone sets)
 * Winston-Salem Works, Winston-Salem, North Carolina (military equipment)(wave guide equipment)
 * Greensboro Works, Greensboro, North Carolina (military equipment)
 * Merrimack Valley Works, North Andover, Massachusetts (transmission equipment)
 * Oklahoma City Works, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (payphones, switching equipment)
 * Omaha Works, Omaha, Nebraska (dial equipment, PBX gear)
 * Columbus Works, Columbus, Ohio (switching equipment)
 * Atlanta Works, Norcross, Georgia (undersea cables, later fiber-optic cables)
 * Shreveport Works, Shreveport, Louisiana (business and consumer telephone sets, payphones)
 * Denver Works, Westminster, Colorado (Dimension and Horizon business PBX systems)
 * Kansas City Works, Lee's Summit, Missouri (electronics, switching equipment)
 * Engineering Research Center (ERC), Princeton, New Jersey (R&D on manufacturing technologies)
 * Orlando Works, Orlando, Florida (microelectronics, built in the early 1980s, later Agere Systems)
 * Richmond Works, Richmond, Virginia (built in the 1970s)
 * New River Valley Plant, Fairlawn, Virginia (opened about 1980)
 * Dallas Works, Mesquite, Texas (electronic switches and power equipment/supplies)
 * St. Paul, MN: In 1944, Western Electric purchased a factory in St. Paul, Minnesota to restart manufacture of telephone sets for civilian installation as authorized by War Production Board. By 1946, some of these facilities were relocated to the Hawthorne plant as space became available from war-production scale down.

At Hawthorne Works, Cicero, Illinois, Elton Mayo conducted research of the effect on manufacturing productivity of lighting changes and work structure changes, such as working hours or break times. The reactivity identified in the studies became known as the Hawthorne effect.

Manufacturing plants
Hawthorne Works continued to expand and which by 1914 had absorbed all manufacturing work from Clinton Street and Western Electric's other plant in New York City.

Technological innovations
In 1926, Western Electric issued the first Bell System telephone with a handset containing both the transmitter and receiver in the same unit. Previous telephones had been of the candlestick type which featured a stationary transmitter in the desktop set or the wall-mounted unit, and a hand-held receiver to be placed on the user's ear. The first version of the desktop unit was constructed by shortening the candlestick shaft to about an inch in height and placing a handset cradle on the top. This was the A-type handset mounting, which was replaced by 1928 by the B handset mounting, which featured a streamlined shape integrating the shaft as a short neck for the cradle. It still had the same circular footprint of the candlestick, which proved too unstable when dialing numbers, and was henceforth replaced with a wider design using an oval footprint, the D-type base in 1930.

Concurrently with the mechanical advances, the electrical circuitry of Western Electric telephones saw advances in sidetone reduction. Sidetone is electronic feedback by which the users of the telephone can hear their own voice in the receiver. While a desirable property, this feedback, when too loud, causes most users to lower their voice volume to unacceptable levels. Until after the introduction in 1930 of the D handset mountings, sets still contained no active sidetone compensation. Such handset telephone types were designated with the assembly code 102 (model 102 telephone), while later models containing anti-sidetone circuitry were the model 202 telephone set. These early desktop telephones relied on an additional desk set box or subscriber set (subset) containing the ringer with gongs, the induction coil, and capacitors to interface with the telephone network. These subscriber sets were typically mounted on a wall near the operating location for the phone.

In 1936 the model 302 telephone was announced, which was the first Western Electric instrument that combined the desktop telephone set with the subscriber set and ringer in one unit. It became the mainstay of American telephone service well into the 1950s, and was followed by the model 500 telephone starting in 1950, which became the most extensively produced telephone model in the industry's history. The 500-set was continually updated over time, reflecting new materials and manufacturing processes, such as quieter and smoother dial gearing and a printed circuit board for the network electronics. The model 500 was discontinued in 1986, in favor of the type 2500, that had been available since 1969. The 2500-series employed dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling for transmitting digits to the central office, replacing the rotary dial. DTMF technology was referred to by the trademark Touch-Tone.

Other innovations included the Princess telephones of the 1960s, followed shortly by the Trimline models.

Western Electric's switching equipment development commenced in the mid-1910s with the rotary system and the panel switch, later several generations of cross-bar switches, and finally the development of several generations of electronic switching systems (ESS). The No. 1 ESS was first installed in 1965. The 4ESS was the first digital toll switching system, implemented in 1976. Finally, in 1981, the 5ESS was implemented throughout the United States.

In 1929, Western Electric entered as a market competitor for early cinema sound systems. It created the Western Electric Universal Base, a device by which early silent cinema projectors could be adapted to screen sound films. Western Electric designed a wide-audio-range horn loudspeaker for cinemas. This was estimated to be nearly 50% efficient, thus allowing a cinema to be filled with sound from a 3-watt amplifier. This was an important breakthrough in 1929 because high-powered audio valves (tubes) were not generally available.

In addition to being a supplier to the Bell System, Western Electric played a major role in the development and production of professional sound recording and reproducing equipment, including: For these reasons, many American films of this period feature the Western Electric/Westrex logo in their on-screen credits.
 * the Vitaphone system which brought sound to the movies;
 * the electrical recording technology adopted by record companies in the late 1920s (despite the popular electrical system used by Autograph Records and its manager, Orlando R. Marsh);
 * the Orthophonic phonograph, an acoustical phonograph with a flat frequency response tailored for reproduction of electrically recorded disks;
 * the Westrex (variable density) optical sound that succeeded it for motion picture film production and release prints;
 * the Westrex magnetic sound (mono and stereo) that succeeded it for motion picture film production (until the Swiss made Kudelski monaural Nagra III was adopted by Hollywood) and a few production's release prints;
 * the Westrex stereo variable-area optical sound that succeeded it for low-cost stereo release prints;
 * the Westrex (Model 3, and derivatives) cutter and system for recording stereophonic sound in a single-groove gramophone record (StereoDisk®) that was compatible with monophonic equipment.

In 1950, at the start of the Cold War, Western Electric was selected to build the first demonstrator for the SOSUS anti-submarine sound surveillance system. Later, the company was prime contractor for the Safeguard anti-ballistic missile system, which operated briefly from 1975.

Manufacturing innovations
Western Electric also invested heavily in improving processes and equipment to manufacture their products.

Here, more than 400 researchers and engineers worked to bring new manufacturing technologies into the company's production environment. Their developments included computer-driven mathematical models and related statistical quality-control systems to improve production flow and logistics, novel metal-forming techniques, circuit board assembly automation, fiber-optic waveguide manufacturing techniques, application of lasers for industrial processes and early efforts in cleanroom robotics for semiconductor production. In the early 1970s, some of the first practical Ion Implanters to make integrated circuits were also developed at ERC and later deployed at Western Electric's chip-making factories.

Although the ERC was later integrated into Bell Labs, it - along with AT&T's nearby Corporate Education Center - was closed by the late 1990s, victims of the deregulation of telecommunications, shrinking revenues from long-distance calls and accelerating innovation in telephone equipment by an increasing number of global manufacturing players.

Management innovations

 * Western Electric were pioneers of the scientific management of Frederick Winslow Taylor.
 * Walter A. Shewhart developed the control chart at the Hawthorne Works in 1924.
 * The Hawthorne experiments in industrial productivity were conducted there from 1924 to 1936.
 * Joseph M. Juran pioneered the use of statistical analysis for quality assurance at the Hawthorne Works.
 * Western Electric's reputation for sound management was such that in 1949 President Truman requested that Western Electric manage a major defense laboratory, Sandia National Labs.

Closure
As of January 1, 1984, a newly formed company, AT&T Technologies, Inc., assumed the corporate charter of Western Electric, which was split into several divisions, each focusing on a particular type of customer, e.g., AT&T Technology Systems, and AT&T Network Systems. Telephones made by Western Electric prior to the breakup continued to be manufactured and marked with the company emblem, however, lacking the Bell System logo, or having it hidden by metal filler inside of all telephone housings and most components, including new electronic integrated circuits with the initials WE. Electronic switching systems, outside plant materials, and other equipment produced for the consumption of the RBOCs continued to be marked "AT&T Western Electric" well into the 1990s.

Cost-cutting measures resulted in the consumer telephones being redesigned and modernized in 1985, as well as more plastic being used in place of metal in the 500 & 2500 series phones, as well as the Princess. In 1986, the Indianapolis Works telephone plant closed, and US production of AT&T single-line home telephones ended. Business telephones and systems continued production in the Shreveport Works plant until 2001. Home telephones were redesigned, and production was moved to Hong Kong, Singapore, China, and Thailand. Western Electric no longer marked housings of telephones with "WE", but continued to mark the modular plugs of telephone cords with "WE".

Western Electric came to an end in 1995 when AT&T changed the name of AT&T Technologies to Lucent Technologies, in preparation for its spinoff. Lucent became independent in 1996, and sold more assets into Advanced American Telephones, Agere Systems, Avaya, and Consumer Phone Services. Lucent itself merged with Alcatel, forming Alcatel-Lucent, which was acquired by Nokia in 2016. Western Electric's structured cabling unit, once known as AT&T Network Systems or SYSTIMAX, was spun off from Avaya and became part of CommScope.

Legacy
Since the demise of Western Electric, telephone equipment design and manufacturing is an open market place in which numerous manufacturers compete. As a result, modern telephones are now manufactured in Asia, generally using less expensive components and labor.

Some telephone subscribers never purchased their existing telephones after the AT&T breakup, and continue to lease their existing Western Electric models from QLT Consumer Lease Services, formerly known as AT&T Consumer Lease Services. Such subscribers have paid leasing fees for their telephones far in excess of the purchase price, but the phones are perceived by some users to be superior to telephones commonly made today in aspects of durability and sound quality. Today, many of these Western Electric telephones have become collector's items.

Western Electric's audio equipment from the 1920s and 30s, designed to be used in movie theaters, is now prized by collectors and audiophiles due to its quality construction and sound reproduction. This includes its massive horn loudspeakers designed to fill a large theater with sound from a relatively low-powered tube amplifier.

As of 2013, the stylized Western Electric brand name survives as the trademark of the Western Electric Export Corporation, a privately owned high-end audio company in Rossville, Georgia.

Publications
During the span of its existence of over a dozen decades, Western Electric published a variety of publications for various audiences, including periodicals for employees and customers.

In 1948, Western Electric began publishing the monthly house organ WE for employees of the company. The magazine was published into the 1980s. Starting in 1957, Western Electric published The Western Electric Engineer, later known as The Engineer, on a subscription basis.


 * I found some reliable sources yet to come, but I have only this source --2001:4452:43B:4B00:DD53:950A:1047:3D00 (talk) 06:47, 1 March 2021 (UTC)


 * Obviously, we can't use the subject itself as a source for any preponderance of material in the article, since we need secondary sources. Nightscream (talk) 07:55, 1 March 2021 (UTC)


 * But I have to cite these sources in the references below. --2001:4452:43B:4B00:4876:60A9:5B96:8609 (talk) 09:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC)


 * All uncited texts are removed to proceed for verification. --2001:4452:44C:1D00:ED9A:43D9:3EEA:C6B9 (talk) 08:16, 6 March 2021 (UTC)


 * And I've restored it, to maintain the history of this discussion, as there is no reason to remove it. Since moving this material, I've come to include the collapse tag to condense the material I move for space and readability, so I'll add that here for that reason. Nightscream (talk) 17:30, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

Works, Plants, and Shops were manufacturing locations listed in August 1969
There were Western Electric works, plants, and shops as manufacturing locations. Many former employees indicate there are differences. Referred to a August 1969 Telephone directory from Western Electric that a former employee had in personal collection. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 05:24, 18 October 2021 (UTC) Also, provided a photographic image taken directory from the 1969 Western Electric Corporate Directory that gives 100% accuracy to location and address. The section about Manufacturing plants are incorrect as should be Manufacturing locations. It was manufacturing locations that include Works, Plants, and Shops. The new section of the image of the directory was used to type information that differs what was under the old section. If, the new section can not be used because of not finding relaible sources, I must remove all edits of Western Electric addresses, because they came from that directory. The directory was not online and a former Western Electric employee has the printed directory, which the photograph was taken. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 06:12, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

Manufacturing Locations
Placed the locations in alphabetically order. Added North Illinois Works (NIW) as a location that manufactured 3ESS/4ESS, then 3B5/15/4000 computer systems in Lisle, Illinois... Also, previously added the Buffalo Plant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 02:29, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Debate, Hawthorne Works built in 1904 or 1905?
There is information that in 1905 Hawthorne Works was built, but the 1967 Western Electric Directory indicates that 1904 was occupancy for Hawthorne Works... — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 04:31, 8 November 2021 (UTC)

Proposed merge with Western Electric (tube manufacturer)
Please see the thread for proposed merger on the talk page of Western Electric (tube manufacturer). Garagepunk66 (talk) 09:49, 29 June 2022 (UTC)


 * Suggest Western Electric, the manufacturing part of the Bell System for AT&T be historical kept up to 1984 and continued to have it's path through facilities and employees that were AT&T, Lucent Technologies, and Alcatel-Lucent. The tube manufacturer purchased the intellectual property in 1996 and 2016 and has few locations to start the production of these tube products after AT&T created Lucent in 1996. Need two articles. This is the same situation that a difference exists for the old AT&T Corporation and the new AT&T (SBC purchase in 2005.) Antonio cruz wiki (talk) 04:26, 1 July 2022 (UTC)

Presidents
Western Electric had 14 listed Presidents in a company magazine published in 1981 at the time of it's 100 years in the Bell System. The 14th president and last, stayed until the company no longer existed and was confirmed from an online memorial tribute. Created the table using the similarity of the president's table for Bell Labs. The table is in chronological order with months and years from the information in the publication. Additionally, included another column for notes that were associated with each president. After searching for obituaries, was able to include births and deaths but a few are omitted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Antonio cruz wiki (talk • contribs) 02:32, 16 July 2022 (UTC)

Western Electric - Eastland Disaster
It's hard to imagine no meaningful explanation of the Eastland Disaster which caused the death of 844 individuals/families associated with Western Electric. 2601:240:D700:90C0:9002:3646:B13E:C8A4 (talk) 20:57, 24 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Covered at SS_Eastland. --Wtshymanski (talk) 22:41, 13 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Agreed. Since this was a fault of the SS Eastland owner/crew/design changes (after the Titanic), and not of Western Electric, it is best covered in detail there, as it is. Dennis Brown - 2&cent; 01:36, 14 August 2022 (UTC)

Manufacturing Locations table
Noticed an update for the locations that were listed are now in a table format. This is excellent for viewing so found an archived 1967 Western Electric directory of facilities and expanded the information in the table with further accurate addresses, official occupancy dates by the company instead when it was constructed or building established, products, and gross square footage of the facility. Antonio cruz wiki (talk) 04:34, 3 December 2022 (UTC)