Talk:Zero-point energy/Archive 1

thermodynamic zero-point
E0=½hν

"This value is called the zero-point energy because a harmonic oscillator in equilibrium with its surroundings would approach an energy of E=E0 and not E=0 as the temperature approaches 0º K."

Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, McGraw-Hill, 1967, p. 147

Hard to Follow
This article is really hard to follow and the format feels a bit scattered-brained. I'm not qualified to edit this article, or otherwise I would. If someone could please make it more readable, that would be much appreciated, especially since I came to this article for research on a game module I am writing.

--David3565 19:17, 6 Dec 2004 (UTC)

This was removed:

The Zero Point Energy is the energy of the Zero Point Field (ZPF). This is a hypotheical field of electro magnetic radiation, with random direction, phase, and polarization, but with a frequencey cubed frequency spectral energy density. The ZPF has also been called Vacuum Polarization, Vacuum Energy.

When Niels Bohr showed that one could substitute (n + 1/2) for each of the quantum numbers and keep the same transition levels in the hydrogen atom. This allows the sidestepping of the problem of energy disappearing when using zero as the quantum number.

Max Planck then substituted n+1/2 to get his second theorem:

$$\rho^\prime(\nu,T) = \rho(\nu,T) + 4\pi h \nu^3/c^3$$ [J/m3]

Three items of interest:
 * 1) It is independent of temperature.
 * 2) As &nu; increases without bound the energy density rapidly approachs infinity.  Thus there is a huge EMR field.
 * 3) It is equal to 1/2 the numerator of %rho(%nu;,T).

Albert Einstein and Ludwig Hopf then showed that the force exterted on an electron is

$$ F = (4\pi^2e^2v/5\epsilon_0mc^2)[(\nu/3)\frac{d\rho}{d\nu}-\rho(\nu)]

$$ [Newtons]

equating the terms within the square brackets to zero, we get the differential equation $$ \rho(\nu)=(\nu/3)d\rho/d\nu $$. which is true for $$\rho(\nu) = k\nu^3$$, where k is any constant. This shows that a random EMR field with energy density proportional to frequency cubed will, on the average, exert no force on any charged particle.

Planck's second theorem has this frequency cubed form. So the field predicted by Plank's second theorem would not be detectable in the average. There are small effects similar to brownian mothion. But the infinite frequency and energy would preclude this from reality, if there were not a cut-off frequency. A frequency such as the one that corresponds to a wavelength of the size of the Planck length, would work. Thus a cut-off frequency can be applied.

Merge Request?
There was a weird merge request on the article, I couldn't find any article in duplicate so I removed the message. It was also weird that it used instead of the  in use now. --metta, T he  S unborn  &#x2638;  04:05, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Article should perhaps mention nut-cases
A lot of people will come to this article because they have seen mentions of zero-point energy elsewhere on the web. They'll be interested in finding out if there is anything to the grandiose claims of perpetual-motion machines, an imminent revolution in our energy economy, the relationship of zero-point energy to the Rapture, the Cthulhu Mythos, Britney Spears, the Zionist Occupied Government, and so on and on ad nauseam.

I think we should say somewhere: these claims are bogus. At best the promulgators are misguided; at worst, they are out to steal your money in fraudulent investment schemes. The reader deserves more than our coy silence on the subject.

As you can tell, I'm a bit exercised about this, which is why I'm not writing the text I wish for. I couldn't achieve NPOV. But somebody should try. Thanks in advance.

ACW 05:42, 7 Nov 2004 (UTC)


 * Define nut-case. Some of the so-called perpetual motion machines are in fact free electricity machines which is a completely different thing. And since at least some of them seem to be working at least in some manner it seems that some of the stuff is real - and that with good funding might find theories to support them too. I admit that I need more information on both these generators and physics to make any kind of final conclusions, but at least I'm giving them the benefit of doubt. --Khokkanen 7 July 2005 15:06 (UTC)


 * I don't know what these free electricity machines of which you speak are; can you provide a reference? My guess is that if they appeal to the concept of zero-point energy, and claim to be cheap sources of energy, they are an example of the bogus claims I mentioned.  I'm willing to take a look, though.  And as you can see, I'm still not neutral enough to write any of this up :)  ACW 7 July 2005 22:09 (UTC)


 * ACW - to explain in a very simple nutshell how you can have "free" energy without violating any laws of physics: suppose that there are a lot of high-energy but *very* weakly interacting particles passing through everything  (let's say neutrinos).  the temperature of ambient neutrinos is (let's say) a few million degrees.  further suppose that you find some substance that (unlike almost all other matter) is *strongly* interacting with these high-energy neutrinos.  all of a sudden that heats up, and you can extract useful power from the energy gradient between it and everything else.  this violates neither conservation of energy nor any of the laws of thermodynamics.  the idea behind extracting energy from the ZPE field is similar except the high-energy pool is provided by electomagnetic fields which are very high-frequency (think on the order of 1/planck time) and which furthermore have random phase/orientation.  they are not weakly interacting, on the contrary everything is in thermal equilibrium with them (constantly absorbing and retransmitting), but if you could (let's say) shield them to any degree you would have a useable gradient that you can extract power from.  such shielding is one of the proposed explanations for the Casimir effect which has (a) been experimentally demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt and which (b) appears to produce energy out of nowhere. ObsidianOrder 8 July 2005 01:01 (UTC)


 * ACW - In fact I don't know any free electrivity machines that claim the use of ZPE - or even Vacuum Electricity, although the 'machine' for the latter appears to have been invented. Check Cheniere for further details on vacuum energy. I am quite willing to agree that some things Bearden writes about are little nuts (take his position on scalar EM weapons for example), but some other things on that site at least appear legit - if you're open-minded enough. However, here are some of the free electricity machines I mentioned (they claim that the source of the extra energy are permanent magnets): http://www.freelectricity.com and http://www.lutec.com.au

I can't belive this is even being discussed. I think this portends the fall of western civilization perfectly( discussing whether or not these people are nutcases). By the defninition given here, all energy is free. The very thing that requires the existence of "zero point energy" also requires that it is impossible to extract for longer than the planck time. That or something aboiut physics is seriously misunderstood(which very wwell may be). Either way there won't be free enrgy.


 * "The very thing that requires the existence of "zero point energy" also requires that it is impossible to extract for longer than the planck time" - why is that? Perhaps you can illustrate using a work cycle based on the dynamic Casimir effect?  (i.e. bring plates together flat, slide them sideways, repeat)  "fall of western civilization" - right, that's a good attitude.  Dunno about you, but I think Puthoff, Milonni, Haisch, Rueda, Forward, etc are as good at physics as anyone, and if they think energy from vacuum is theoretically possible (perhaps not with our current technology) that's good enough for me.  ObsidianOrder 11:39, 3 August 2005 (UTC)


 * You have to demonstrate that you get more energy from the plates coming together than you need to 1) overcome their friction when you slide them apart again, and 2) move the plates back into alignment. My guess is no.  Endomion 06:47, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Gobbledegook to Lay Person
Shouldn't the topic include some sort of simplified description or analogy for the person without a degree in quantum mechanics and mathematics?


 * Definitely agree. - Omegatron 14:42, Mar 4, 2005 (UTC)

What the heck, (simplification is risky, but here goes)

Quantum mechanics provides some mathematical models that characterize the behavior of small particles (atoms, molecules sub-atomic particles). The main behavior in question is the motion of particles that are moving in close proximity and are attracted to each other. What we observe is that the particles cannot move freely in any old orbit, they are restricted to particular orbits that are characterised by particular energies and momenta, with elaborate sets of rules. If particles find themselves in non-allowed states of motion, they radiate energy and drop into an allowed state. This is all observed, and all the mathematical complexity amounts to a road map that tells us a lot about the allowed states and how they interact.

What the equations show is that the state of "no energy" (I suppose, just two particles stuck together) doesn't occur. Hydrogen, (an electron and a proton) has a lowest or "ground" state - that's why it persists otherwise it would collapse and the electron would crash in to the proton and stay there (it couldn't collapse into neutron without added energy).

So in a sense, ordinary matter has a lowest possible or "zero point" energy. A common feature of all these low energy states is that they comply with the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle wherein parameters (energy mutliplied by duration and/or dimension multiplied by momentum) remain above a certain minimum (h/2) where h is Planck's constant.

The concept of Zero Point Fields (ZPF) is a kind of thought experiment in which it is supposed that electromagnetic radiation in space is also constrained by the same quantum rules that apply to the motion of particles of matter. ZPF proponents often propose that the Heisenberg principle is universal and applies to light and other electromagnetic radiation.

To start with, we observe that electromagnetic radiation induces harmonic motion when it interacts, and on top of that, quantum theory gives us formal equations as to how to model this.

Quantum theory shows that a physical harmonic oscillator is characterized by a motion that has a constant frequency (f), no matter what the energy. The interval between levels is hf (h is Planck's constant) and a lowest possible energy (ZPH) is hf/2.

On top of that, photons of light are governed by a similar relationship wherein each carries an energy (E) given by E=hf. The match-up with spacing of the oscillator's levels of E=hf leads to the idea that the two are related phenomena.

To get to the ZPF, one then assumes that the fields that make up radiation in free space are exactly like a physical harmonic oscillator where the energy exchanged is E=hf but there is an underlying "inaccessable" Zero Point Field energy of hf/2. As far as I know, nobody has figured a clear-cut experiment that allows us to demonstrate the existence (or abscence) of this energy, because it is by definition, inaccessable. As an aside, if ZPF works, then why aren't there photons of 2hf, 3hf etc...

In summary, the quantum mechanics cannot be appled directly to get the ZPF because the equations specifically describe states of motion of matter (not fields) and how matter exchanges energy with electromagnetic radiation. To get ZPF, on has to make assumptions such as: 1) That Heisenberg uncertainty applies to radiation in space and/or 2) That radiation in space is constrained to operate in a manner similar to a physical harmonic oscillator.

Does this help? Or is it still too obscure?


 * It's a good try, but I think you're working from a misunderstanding of what ZPF is and why it pretty much has to exist according to current theory. It comes straight from the equations of quantum electrodynamics/quantum field theory, not from a vague reasoning by analogy of the electromagnetic field with a harmonic oscillator.  I don't think "inaccessible" is correct either. ObsidianOrder 07:59, 26 August 2005 (UTC)


 * Still needs to be dumbed-down some more, please --Piemanmoo 09:29, 2 January 2006 (UTC)

Clarification Request
A naive question I have after reading this is that the conclusion made doesn't make sense because the presmises are completely contrived. The presmise is: a particle is confined to a box.

Conclusion: It cannot have 0 velocity because then its position would be infinitely indetermite, meaning that it could be outside of the box, thereby violating the premises. So, the particle must have at least some non-zero velocity, therefore it must have some amount of kinetic energy.

My problem with this argument is that the premises doesn't make sense. The conclusion is only possible given that one can make a box that can confine a particle. This is a theoretical conception and one that I do not believe can be valid in the real world. In reality, nothing can confine something like an electron. The probability function for a particle is not dependent upon that particle's surroundings, so the presmises that a box can be made that can confine a particle is not true, thereby allowing the conclusion to say anything one wants. -- 63.252.65.120

The perfect particle-in-a-box is a bit of an idealized concept, but something very close is quite easy to do, e.g. two mirrors facing each other would box in photons (of the right wavelength) or two conductive plates with strong negative charges would box in electrons. Obviously such boxes do not have perfect walls, and so you get quantum tunneling, but that does not matter since even with tunneling you still get a minimum energy greater than zero. The uncertainty principle is just an intuitive explanation of where that energy comes from. ObsidianOrder 22:28, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

You said "but that does not matter since even with tunneling you still get a minimum energy greater than zero." Do you know of any references explaining why quantum tunneling would be a source of energy in this case? I don't know much about it, but I'd always assumed it was just a property of particles, that they can do that. Why is it that a particle which undergrous tunneling must have some amount of energy? -- 63.252.65.120

Hmm, actually it is the other way around, a box with imperfect walls has a lower energy zero state than one with perfect walls, in a sense the tunelling is an energy leak (sort of). A good intuitive way to think about it is that any gradient of potential energy (which doesn't have to be a box, the field of a point charge would do just as well, that's basically an atom for you) sets up a "tension" which prevents the lowest kinetic energy from being zero, and the steeper the gradient the higher the minimum kinetic energy state. Ideal box walls are as steep as it gets, anything in the real world is less so but the effect is qualitatively similar. The equations for a box with walls of finite potential and finite thickness are solved in most standard textbooks (e.g. Levi, Fayer, or for a more theoretical treatment Sakurai or Griffiths). ObsidianOrder 22:59, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Pseudo Science
Can any one offer any evidence from a Peer reviewed scientific paper or article that refers to Zero Point Energy (ZPE) as an "unsolved problem in physics"? Any papers that speak regularly of New Energy, Free Energy, Cold Fusion, Space Energy, Aether, Ether, Antigravity, or Levitation do not count. Best that I can see, ZPE is considered by every major Scientifically reputable organisation and Skeptical organisation as a pseudo science and not an "unsolved problem in physics", if im wrong please enlighten me. - UnlimitedAccess 21:04, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

You could find these yourself with about 30 seconds of work on ISI or any other citation database; or just follow a few of the links directly to online papers in the References section of the article. But if you insist, here are a few: Enjoy. P.S. Perhaps some kind soul could format these and add them to the references section if they're not already? ObsidianOrder 04:04, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * B. Haisch & A. Rueda, On the relation between a zero-point-field-induced inertial effect and the Einstein-de Broglie formula. Physics Letters A, 268, 224, (2000).
 * H. E. Puthoff, Ground State of Hydrogen as a Zero-Point Fluctuation-Determined State, Phys. Rev. D 35, 3266 (1987)
 * M. Ibison & B. Haisch, Quantum and classical statistics of the electromagnetic zero-point-field. Physical Review A, 54, pp. 2737-2744, (1996).
 * B. Haisch, A. Rueda & H.E. Puthoff, Inertia as a zero-point-field Lorentz force. Physical Review A, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 678-694 (1994).
 * R. L. Forward, "Extracting Electrical Energy from the Vacuum by Cohesion of Charged Foliated Conductors," Phys. Rev. B 30, 1700 (1984)
 * P. W. Milonni, R. J. Cook and M. E. Goggin, "Radiation Pressure from the Vacuum : Physical Interpretation of the Casimir Force," Phys. Rev. A 38, 1621 (1988)
 * Daniel C. Cole, Alfonso Rueda, Konn Danley, Stochastic nonrelativistic approach to gravity as originating from vacuum zero-point field van der Waals forces, Physical Review A, 63, 054101, (2001).
 * Kimball A. Milton, The Casimir Effect: Physical Manifestations of Zero Point Energy, 17th Symposium on Theoretical Physics, Seoul National University, Korea, June 29-July 1, 1998
 * A. D. Sakharov, "Vacuum Quantum Fluctuations in Curved Space and the Theory of Gravitation, Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 12, 1040 (1968)

I should also mention that your exclusion criteria do not make sense. You require not merely a paper in a reputable peer-reviewed journal, but also that the author already agree with your preconceptions about what is scientific. Why do you even bother asking for references then? Incidentally your criteria would exclude almost any physics journal since they have all published any number of serious papers on these topics. ObsidianOrder 04:19, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Why? Do you even need to ask? Because all those topics I listed havent yet survived the scientific method of review and are all psuedoscience to the mainstream scientific community. Several Magazines that exclusively talk about "Free Energy", "Perpetual Motion" and "Cold Fusion" often talk of Zero Point Energy, I didnt want to be provided with any links from those sources because they were clearly not for the mainstream scientific community.


 * Basicaly if you believe in ZPE, Alien Abductions, Biofeedback, Biorhythyms, Alchemy or anything else unaccepted then start to convince the scientific community first, then come back to wikipedia. No doubt their is some really qualified educated people out their trying to prove ZPE is "real", but until then it remains a pseudoscience unaccepted by the mainstream scientific community and this page MUST reflect that and join the . Their is a great deal of research  into Zero Point Energy as a theoretical energy source and their is quite a lot of "pretty" mathematics their, however no experiment that can be repeated has been accepted by the scientific community that it is a real energy source, and every example to date that claims they not only have proved it exists but have built a machine to utilise it have ALL so far turned out to be charlatans/frauds. - UnlimitedAccess 08:28, 10 August 2005 (UTC)


 * Oh, now it has to be a working energy source, does it? Look, you asked for references, I gave you some (I have lots more) from physics journals which are about as mainstream as they get.  Now go read them and maybe you'll learn something and stop trolling.  You may think ZPE is as crazy as Alien Abductions, but you sure haven't made an argument for that (listing them next to each other is not an argument). Dismissing the research as "their is quite a lot of "pretty" mathematics their" isn't exactly a good argument either.  None of the serious physicists working on this have made the claim that a working energy source can be built with present technology (and present understanding).  You brought up such a claim, that's a strawman argument.    ObsidianOrder 19:02, 10 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Im not going to argue with you about whether ZPE is real or not, its irrelevant what you or I think. I was trying to raise the point that mainstream science and every Skeptics association around the world refer to it as pseudoscience and as such this article MUST reflect that. When I said "their is quite a lot of "pretty" mathematics their" I ment it as a complement for the field I wasnt dimissing anything (at Uni we often use "pretty" as a way to offer maths a complement), sorry I wasnt being clear. "None of the serious physicists working on this have made the claim that a working energy source can be built" I never said they did, but the article must reflect exactly what you just said, but I dont see it anywhere. Look I appologise for my abrasiveness but I just want this article to contain the facts, and I could of been a jerk and changed it, and then we would go into a revert war etc, but I figured it is better to chat it out before hand (since it will involve a rewrite). - UnlimitedAccess 04:25, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * "I appologise for my abrasiveness" - I thank you for being very reasonable about this. I apologize for my abrasiveness as well.  "mainstream science and every Skeptics association around the world refer to it as pseudoscience" - I couldn't care less about what skeptics associations think.  In my limited personal experience, they tend to be people with really unbearable personalities and way too much free time.  Can you cite any actual references that show mainstream science refers to ZPE as pseudoscientific?  "the article must reflect exactly what you just said" - ok.  I think Milonni mentioned in an interview (from NASA's Advanced Propulsion Workshop?? I think) that we're a long ways from having working hardware.  If you can find that, cite it.  At the same time, several very reputable physicists have said that you can definitely extract ZPE in theory, we should mention that was well.  I think what's really bothering you is the fact that there are people who describe or promote free energy devices that work based on ZPE according to them.  I don't believe any of those do work, and the experimental protocols they follow are pretty execrable, but it is possible in theory, so I would be reluctant to dismiss all of them without looking at each one.  The Brown effect and some electrochemical experiments in particular have interesting parallels with ways in which you could test for the presence of ZPE.  If you want to add a disclaimer to the effect that present-day supposedly-ZPE devices are probably bogus, go ahead (although it would be ideal to quote one of the scientists who actually work on ZPE for that).  ObsidianOrder 12:28, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

ZPE is a pseudoscience and has a history of being used by scam artists etc, but the more controversial issue for me is that it could be descibed as an "Unsolved problem in physics". Could you offer any clear evidence to support that? Hell you could be right, I just need some convincing. String Theory is clearly an "Unsolved problem in physics", but thats because it is a Protoscience, can ZPE really be reffered to as an "Unsolved problems in physics" as a psuedoscience? Perhaps look at it this way do mainstream science acknowledge their is an unsolved problem or is it only the supporters of ZPE that "see" it? Im not quite sure how to look at that one, what do you think? - UnlimitedAccess 04:25, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * "ZPE is a pseudoscience" - no. First, there is no evidence that ZPE research does not follow the scientific method, or that ZPE violates any physical laws.  Second, there is a very large ZPE literature in mainstream publications.  "has a history of being used by scam artists" - possibly, but that has nothing to do with whether it is a pseudoscience.  You may not like the idea of "free energy", but a number of very distinguished scientists (such as Milloni and Forward) have specifically said it is possible (with math, even ;).  I would be very skeptical of any claims of actual working devices, but the theoretical possibility exists.  "Could you offer any clear evidence to support that?" - yes.  There are several unsolved problems.  The major one is how to conduct an experiment which unambiguosly tests for the presence of ZPE. That is much harder than it may appear: while such experiments are quite easy to come up with as thought experiments the magnitude of the effects is too low to be easily observable (e.g. gravitation should not be strictly additive, but the effect is <10^-15, while a direct measurement of gravitation is only accurate to 10^-4).  (I've seen this discussed in papers, I'd have to dig them up for you if you really want them).  Another unsolved problem is how, given the extremely high energy density of ZPE, can the cosmological constant be what it is?  This is actually pretty well explained by stochastic electrodynamics.  ObsidianOrder 06:55, 11 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool, I am happy with it being listed as an unsolved problem in physics now. However as I said before it doesnt matter whether you or I consider it a pseudoscience, it IS a pseudoscience because mainstream science and every skeptics associations considers it so, for whatever reason. Acupuncture is considered a pseudoscience despite their being a lot of scientific papers about it (written by very qualified and intelligent people) and even some evidence that it can help certain individuals in some circumstances. This is an Encyclopedia, it doesnt matter what you or I think, our oppinions and any evidence we raise is also irrelevant, it is considered pseudoscience because mainstream science considers it so, with of course a rebuttle that certain high profile, highly talented proffesionals believe otherwise.


 * The most important things about ZPE that come to my mind though, are; 1) What the Theory is. 2) The stance from mainstream science 3) The hundreds of machines that have been patented or at least the history of funding fathered from unsuspecting people and businesses that have lost millions (but with more NPOV wording ;) ) 4) A concession that a dedicated group of specialists scientists support the theory and are hard at work making it an accepted science, or at least have some "pretty" mathematics to show for their findings much like string theory etc. 5) Pop Culture References


 * What do you think? (Assuming all NPOV language and professionally written :))? - UnlimitedAccess 13:06, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * 1. ok
 * 2. "mainstream science" in this context is those mainstream scientists who are actually working on it or closely related fields. by all means cite them.  (also you will note in the pseduoscience article that pseudoscience is defined by the method, not the participants)
 * 3. ok, but be careful about what claims you make. for example, you can't say that all of these machines don't work.  you can say none have been proven to work.  also "based on the current level of theoretical understanding, technological applications appear premature" or some such - this can probably be supported by a cite.
 * 4. "dedicated group" implies small - not necessarily true, well over a hundred afaik. "hard at work making it an accepted science" - anything published in Phys Rev or Phys Letters is by definition an accepted science hypothesis.  promoting it to an established theory requires a lot more experiments, however there is nothing that disqualifies the topic from being a legitimate field of scientific research.
 * 5. ok ObsidianOrder 22:44, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * Sorry I didnt see that first part of your reply;
 * "Can you cite any actual references that show mainstream science refers to ZPE as pseudoscientific?", sure, just did a quick google and pulled up a few, if you need more than these since some of these are pretty dodgy, just ask, but I thought it was comon knowledge that all things under the "Prepetual motion" banner (or "free energy" as they prefer to be called these days) are all considered psuedoscience; e.g. cold fusion *, quaternions, "N" machine, Zero Point Energy, Casimire effect, Anti-Gravity, Space Power, Vacuum Triode Amplifier-Vacuum Triode Amplifier etc etc etc. Note most of my links are just people mentioning ZPE in the same breath as other psuedoscience's Prepetual motion/free energy.


 * http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=508328
 * http://www.epinions.com/content_99050753668 (its a review of the book, but the review explains what the book is about)
 * http://www.physics.bcit.ca/rjw/pmm/text/current.htm
 * http://www.csicop.org/sb/9409/reality.html
 * http://www.csicop.org/si/9809/sheaffer.html
 * http://www.randi.org/jr/072304willful.html (search for "zero point")

Another good one is the "Infinite Energy Magazine" that themself refer to all Free Energy fields as, "New Energy is the term applied to new sources of energy that are currently not recognized as feasible by the "scientific establishment"..." http://www.infinite-energy.com/whoarewe/whoarewe.html.

* Oh before you pounce, Cold Fusion *perhaps* is the one exception and could be called a protoscience. - UnlimitedAccess 15:00, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * Mm, your references are primarily from SCICOP and Randi. Sorry, but these guys are not part of the mainstream scientific community, and their expertise in this area is exactly zero.  You have one ref by Randall Woods (, masters degree in physics only, no published work, and no work with any bearing on quantum mechanics or relativity), and one by Jacob Barandes (a physics grad student).  Not impressive.  Can you quote just a single physicist who is as well known as Rob Forward?
 * Regarding Infinite Energy Magazine/NEF: I looked at the page you pointed to . All three topics they mention have a reasonable scientific basis.  Speculative, maybe, and not very well/at all tested experimentally, but nonetheless reasonable hypotheses, definitely deserving further research.  That is not within the definition of pseudoscience.
 * "Cold Fusion *perhaps* is the one exception and could be called a protoscience." - Indeed. The treatment of CF has been a total disgrace.  All of the early experiments were flawed, both the positive and the negative ones, but the flaws with the positive ones were extensively criticized while the flaws with the negative ones were ignored (or in some cases data was doctored to fit).  Experimental technique has gotten much better since, and now there are impeccable replications, but it doesn't matter since "everyone knows" it's bogus.   ObsidianOrder 22:15, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * P.S. The Casimir effect is completely mainstream, I'm not sure why that is even on your list? You gotta watch those lists of yours of completely disparate things which imply they are in the same category... that can't be just assumed, you have to prove it or at least cite evidence ;)  It's sort of like saying "Apples, just like oranges, lemons and pears, are citrus fruit".  ObsidianOrder 22:21, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * P.S. Here are a few links: letter from Hal Puthoff to the Sci Am which covers briefly the status of research; and a list of devices (not all related to ZPE) tested by him and IASA .  ObsidianOrder 22:44, 11 August 2005 (UTC)


 * P.S. As a general note on the subject of skeptics: the rush by people to debunk stuff which is not well understood to begin with strikes me as reasoning in advance of the evidence.  Also, I think the opportunity cost of funding stupid research (or even outright frauds) is low compared to the cost of not funding important research which seems oddball.  Skeptics assume they can tell which is which, but history has consistently shown that is not generally possible.  Fundamental research often proceeds more in breadth, not depth, and an inherent part of that is wasting money on things which will never work - just because they might.  However, perhaps the most important reason why I don't like skeptics is because they don't actually know a damn thing (I challenge you to get a reasonable explanation of the Casimir effect from anyone over at Randi).  Real scientists may be either very pig-headed, or very open-minded (although the really good ones tend to the latter), but at least they can evaluate a new hypothesis on its merits, not on the basis of (someone else's) prejudices. ObsidianOrder 00:37, 12 August 2005 (UTC)


 * I'm afraid your mistaken Skeptics associations ARE the mainstream scientific community. Your mixing up Cynics with Skeptics (cynicism is academic laziness, the complete opposite of Skepticism, See:Pathological skepticism). All im trying to prove is their is a general perception in the scientific community that ZPE and other Free Energy is psuedoscience. The whole thing is one big joke to mainstream science, my physics lecturers crack jokes about it, skeptics associations repeatively show the flaws in each of the many proposed machines, it difficult to get a mainstream physicist to even speak of ZPE because to the mainstream scientific community it is beneath their attention because "everyone knows" it's bogus, just as Bigfoot is to mainstream Zoologists and Intelligent Design is to biologists. Mainstream Academics who bother to speak on the topics at all do so via Skeptic organisations. If your still not convinced of what the mainstream perception of ZPE is, then do a google search, because any list you ask from me are going to come from the first 50 links in google anyway :).


 * "All three topics they mention have a reasonable scientific basis.", in your oppinion or the Free Energy websites oppinion? In either case it doesnt matter, the label is put upon fields that the mainstream scientific community deems pseudoscience. You may believe that ZPE and Cold Fusion have been treated poorly (you may be right, but as I said it doesnt matter what we think), you cant really deny that like cold fusion "everyone knows" it's bogus, especially the mainstream scientific community.


 * "Real scientists may be either very pig-headed, or very open-minded (although the really good ones tend to the latter), but at least they can evaluate a new hypothesis on its merits, not on the basis of (someone else's) prejudices." No they are the extremes, *real* scientists start off at a central point of view then base their oppinions on the evidence, text book definition of the modern Skeptic movement, anyone who does anything else are NOT skeptics, but arseholes :), but this is really not the place for this debate. - UnlimitedAccess 06:35, 12 August 2005 (UTC)


 * UA: "one big joke to mainstream science, my physics lecturers crack jokes about it" - may I assume they haven't read the literature? What exactly does that make them?  "difficult to get a mainstream physicist to even speak of ZPE" - hint, they don't get more mainstream than Robert Forward (look up his bio and publications list sometime).  He's probably one of a couple of guys with a good claim to having started this, along with Feynman and Sakharov.   "ZPE and other Free Energy" - ZPE is a well known consequence/feature of quantum mechanics, which includes only as a very minor side effect the theoretical possibility for a "free energy" device of sorts.  ZPE=/=free energy.  "mainstream perception of ZPE" - maybe, but that is just "perception" (i.e. prejudice), not a reasoned position.   Insofar as there is a position, it is expressed in the fact that such papers (e.g. Rueda's) do get published without any obstacles.   I would argue that you're wrong about the perception as well, see e.g.     .  In any case, the perception does not matter since perception is not one of the elements of the definition of pseudoscience.   ObsidianOrder 10:09, 13 August 2005 (UTC)


 * "in your oppinion or the Free Energy websites oppinion?" - neither. there are numerous research papers on each one of these in reputable peer-reviewed journals.  "In either case it doesnt matter, the label is put upon fields that the mainstream scientific community deems pseudoscience." - no, that is not how the label is used.  As per discussion on the pseudoscience page, it is not defined by what anyone thinks, but rather by what is.  Science is not a show of hands, it is an attempt to find out the truth.  While perhaps the only authority on science that wikipedia should recognize is scientists (for a number of reasons which I'm sure you can think of ;) they can and do disagree with each other.  In the case of a controversial topic for which there is a substantial faction of scientists in disagreement with the majority opinion, you can't use the label, since there is obviously a legitimate dispute going on within science (rather than nonsense outside of science).  ObsidianOrder 10:23, 13 August 2005

(UTC)

I remember coming upon a patent at one point and looking it up at the US patent office website. It was a magnetic generator with no moving parts tha was said to extract from the ZPE field. Sorry that I do not have the number right now but I will get back to you if I come accross it again.


 * Do you mean "Motionless Electrical Generator (MEG) is a unusal transformer, which is most notable for claims of over-unity operation (as stated by the inventors, after a predetermined switching event the "generator" operates without an application of external power). .... The United States patent office granted U.S. Patent 6362718 to the four inventors: Stephen L. Patrick, Thomas E. Bearden, James C. Hayes, and Kenneth D. Moore." ? The problem is the Patent Office doesn't ask for demonstation that the thing works before issueing a patent (unlike the old days). For some reason the inventors haven't bothered to become billionaires yet. GangofOne 23:28, 14 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Debunking (*) of which at . (* Haven't read it yet). -- Efilnickufesin 06:57, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

for dummies?
I have to say I'm with Linas on this one. A "for dummies" section is not very encyclopedic. Having separate headings for each why/what/etc. is not encyclopedic, and a lot of the actual writing is questionable (in particular the Casimir effect is most cerainly not due to "spontaneously forming partical/energy fields resonating between the plates.") All of the stuff in there can be probably rewritten as a one-to-two paragraph part of the introduction. I will try to get to it soon. ObsidianOrder 20:13, 6 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Well, now someone has replaced the intro with some jargon again. This is why I clearly labelled it. Please find a solution if you didn't like mine, since the article is going to continually be reverted so that it starts off like a technical handbook, when a large number of non-technical users have expressed a need for something understandable.


 * Perhaps put a link at the very top, to a separate article which is written for non-technical readers. Make a note next to the link, in the source, that the link is not to be moved from the top.


 * Readers who encounter something they don't understand at the start of an article stop reading straight away -- they don't find a simple explanation unless it is at the start. Even if you put one single, short, accurate, succinct paragraph of technical gobbledegook at the start, then a simple lay-explanation the lay-readers won't read it because they don't know if they understand it correctly, since they didn't understand the first paragraph. This is what makes them non-technical readers -- they often don't have the ability to parse technical jargon for meaningful terms. It is not always just a lack of knowledge, often a lack of developed ability as well. -- Efilnickufesin 03:40, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * I re-wrote/re-organized the article; I am hoping that it is now more readable and more comprehensive. I managed to delete the Reuda-Heisch paragraphs, which I invite someone to put back, ideally in the form of one or two paragraphs that link off to a larger article on the topic. linas 07:35, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Well I'm no Sam Carter and in fact didn't understand most of the article, but the opening paragraph didn't deter me from continuing, so it's not that bad. [Haliski]

Ground state energy
Linas, according to your new definition, the zero-point energy is the energy of the ground state (or the lowest eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian). You know, however, that one can add a constant to the Hamiltonian (w/out gravity) and it still provides the same description of the behavior of the system. However, all the eigenvalues will be shifted by this constant. Therefore, your zero-point energy is defined up to an arbitrary constant. I'd rather say that what is meant by the term "zero-point energy" is the difference between the minimal quantum-mechanical energy and the minimal classical energy, as the old definition said. (On the other hand, the vacuum energy, which is relevant for cosmology, does include the constant term. The zero-point energy is then only one of the contributions to the vacuum energy, the purely quantum-mechanical contribution.) Yevgeny Kats 11:08, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * I believe you have that reversed: in classical physics, you may add a const to the classical hamiltonian without changing the resulting equations of motion. In quantum mechanics, you may do so also, by lumping the const in with the potential (so that K.E.=mv^2/2 is preserved). Note that for QM, this is less-than satisfying, since the constant gets pushed into the operator, which is not so beautiful; adding a const to all the matrix elts of an operator is not really right, although it can be sort-of excused. In QFT, the hand-waving is worse, because now you have to preserve E^2=p^2+m^2 so there's no where to lump the constant.  In QFT, in a hand-waving way, the mass is the zero-point const; you can't adjust that. You can hand-wave it away because it doesn't affect e.g. one-loop and multi-loop mass corrections to propagators, but its "still there" in a deep sense. This is exactly why the string and M-theory guys take this all so very seriously: they really do equate the zero-point energy with the cosmo const, and desperately want to explain how it can be so small.  linas 15:28, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * This is particularly evident in solid-state physics, where the mean-square displacement of an atom in a crystalline lattice doesn't shrink to zero as temperature (number of phonons) goes to zero. I believe they've even made electron microscope pictures/measurements of this. linas 15:34, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * I thought about this on the drive in to work. For the classical pair of orbiting electrical charges, the classical minimum energy is minus-infinity. So saying that the zero-point energy of the hydrogen atom is plus-infinity minus 13.7 is kind-of-weird if not outright wrong.


 * Compare this to the zero-point energy of hydrogen derived from the uncertainty principle: the Bohr radius of hydrogen is R=0.53 angstroms. Thus, momentum uncertainty of electron = R/hbar. The average velocity of the electron in the hydrogen atom is momentum/electron mass = speed of light/137. Cool, huh? The non-relativistic energy of something moving at that speed is mv^2/2. Plugging in numbers, using 511 KeV for the electron mass, and 1/137 for the fine struct const, we get E = 511KeV / (2 (137)^2) = 13.6 eV. So the uncertainty principle applied to the atomic radius gives us exactly the ground state energy of hydrogen. Cool, huh? Its quite amazing that this jig-saw fits together in this way. linas 17:35, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
 * typo. Should be momentum uncertainty of electron =  hbar/R  . Other than that, what you say is pretty groovy, but isn't it the case that the Bohr radius was DEFINED as that distance such that this calculation you're doing does come out exactly? The electron cloud is a fuzzy ball, so to give it a nominal radius, you pick Bohrradius = hbar 137 / mc. Or am I missing something? GangofOne 20:00, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * The Bohr radius isn't normally defined to make this relation come out; (although I suppose one could, if one really wanted to). I believe that the current "textbook definition" would be that it's the RMS radius of the ground-state solution to the Schroedinger equation for hydrogen. As Yevgeny points out below, the sign is wrong, and contemplating that can yield further interesting insight. linas 00:32, 14 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Linas, regarding your last paragraph above, where you calculate the energy of the hydrogen atom: it's a nice example, but for the article "ground state energy" rather than "zero-point energy". And your sign is wrong (positive instead of negative). The reason for the sign error is that you don't take the potential energy into account. Energy eigenvalues in quantum mechanics describe the sum of the kinetic and the potential energy, not just the kinetic energy.


 * Is the zero-point energy of the hydrogen atom "infinity minus 13.7", like you interpreted my approach? I would say yes. (There could be some cutoff in that classical theory though.)


 * Sorry, I didn't understand the claim at the beginning of the first paragraph of your response, but I won't argue, since it ends with the words "it can be sort-of excused" :). Then you're talking about E^2=p^2+m^2, but this is true only while the particle is not interacting. Description of interacting particles is described by a Hamiltonian involving fields, and you can add a constant to the Hamiltonian (and this wouldn't affect the equations of motion of the field). An example of a situation where a constant is naturally added to the Hamiltonian is a spontaneous symmetry breaking. This constant contributes to the vacuum energy together with the zero-point energy.


 * I agree with your solid-state example, but I don't understand how it is relevant to our controversy. Yevgeny Kats 21:07, 12 January 2006 (UTC)


 * I didn't realize it was much of a controversy. I did get nervous by the claim that the zero point energy is the differerence between the classical and quantum systems. It's not clear to me that this is the correct definition, but it certainly does raise interesting questions. If you insist, I suppose it can go into the article, but I'm not sure what purpose it serves. Certainly, I'm having trouble understanding how to compare the energy of classical and quantum systems, and I'd like to think of myself as a bit smarter than the average reader. I'm willing to compare the energy of classical and quantum harmonic oscillators, and also for SSB/Higgs-type mechanisms, since the interactions are quadratic. It's not clear that taking such a difference works for more complex systems; I find the "infinite" energy difference (or Planck-scale energy, if you wish) between the classical and quantum hydrogen/planetary system to be ... strange .. and thought provoking. linas 00:32, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

caption correction
In the equation for the average energy of a harmonic osciallator in the "History" section, the notation "h-bar is Planck's constant" should be "h-bar is Planck's constant divided by 2 pi"

DoctorD 20:57, 13 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Yes. linas 01:00, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

ZPE papers
H. E. Puthoff, "Ground State of Hydrogen as a Zero-Point-Fluctuation-Determined State," Phys. Rev. D 35, 3266 (1987).

Tommy Mandel 08:17, 16 March 2006 (UTC)

ZPE vs. ZPF?
Why aren't there pages on both Zero Point Energy [ZPE] and Zero Point Field [ZPF] in WP? Both of these topics are new to me; hence, I am wondering why I have to go "outside" of WP to find information on ZPF? Such as the following:


 * Zero Point Field
 * Zero Point Energy

Can someone explain this to me?--Sadi Carnot 01:27, 12 April 2006 (UTC)


 * 1) For whatever social/cultural reasons, the rate of participation by physicists in WP is considerably lower than the participation rate of mathematicians. Many articles haven't been written yet, or are in poor condition.


 * 2) Articles on popular or general-interest topics are difficult to create and maintain (witness conversations above). The subject specialists are often overwhelmed by the onslaught of entropy, degeneration and decay, as well-meaning but ill-informed editors make detrimental edits. Its exhausting to monitor these and beat them back. (Its a lot more satisfying to write highly specialized articles; as so the unwashed masses leave one alone. This is why the WP articles on arcane topics are excellent, while those on high-school-level topics are a wasteland of misinformation.) linas 03:52, 20 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I agree; however, a stub on Zero-point field would be nice if you have the time? I may be able to contribute a little if you start it.  There are a lot of new age writers out there trying to make a ramshackle connection between the ZPF and concepts like  Akashic field, Morphogenic field, The field, Quantum field, Electromagnetic field, etc.  Hence, it would be nice to get some straight scoop on the essentials of the topic.  Or are ZPE and ZPF the essentially same topic?--Sadi Carnot 18:54, 25 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I redirected Zero-point field to Vacuum state, and gave it a brief definition there. It's a peculiar term, not widely used, but roughly it is the empty quantum field, of which the quantized Electromagnetic field would be an example. Although I admit that, like many, I get a lurid thrill from reading new age philosophy, spiritualism, ESP, UFO's and the rest, and its all quite fun, I'll also be hard-nosed and state that these topics, as well as  Morphogenic field and  Akashic field, are scientific hokum. Fun hokum, but still hokum. On the other hand, if there is one lesson from science, it is this: truth is stranger than fiction. linas 04:29, 29 April 2006 (UTC)


 * By the way, the two articles that you quote above, on halexandria.org, appear to be mostly correct, although I did not actually read them. (on second look, they seem to veer off-course a bit). Unfortunately, none of this stuff has any easy explanation, and you really do have to get a graduate degree in physics to understand it. That's just the way it is ... linas 04:34, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Apparent conflict of interest
Several recent anon edits of this article have been made by an anon using the IP, aka the pltn13.pacbell.net anon. This domain has also been suspected of providing IP anons for Jack Sarfatti. Haisch and Sarfatti do know each other IRL; Haisch apparently resides in Redwood City, CA (in the Southern Bay Area) and Sarfatti apparently resides in San Francisco, CA.

From this edit, it appears that this domain has been used by, who has added a citation of and thus would appear to be in real life Bernard Haisch, whose proposals regarding zero-point energy is discussed in this article. If true, this would appear to violate the spirit of guidelines and policies such as WP:AUTO.

See also this edit (which was reverted by someone else before I came along). It appears possible that Haisch was an anon for some weeks before registering, so the anon edits might represent a newbie who didn't realize how these edits would appear once his identity became known. Although, to point out the obvious, from his choice of handle, User:Haisch cannot have been attempting to hide his identity, so these edits, which I think may have been in questionable taste, cannot represent an attempt to shill or anything like that. I've probably been oversensitized by some recent incidents I've noticed which appeared far more sinister. ---CH 02:52, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

See also these articles:
 * Digital Universe, a joint venture of Haisch and Joe Firmage
 * Stochastic electrodynamics, a fringe theory due to Haisch, Alfonso Rueda, and Harold E. Puthoff
 * Vacuum energy
 * Polarizable vacuum, a fringe theory of Puthoff
 * Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin; see (in real life Michael Ibison, an employee of IASA, whose pages happen to be held at the website of EarthTech, a company founded by Puthoff, but Ibison says these two organizations are otherwise independent; Ibison does seem to have taken the point about the appearance of a possible conflict of interest after I pointed this out)

See also these links:
 * The God Theory, web page for the book
 * The God theory contents, from the Library of Congress
 * California Institute for Physics and Astrophysics, a fringe science organization founded by Haisch
 * Freeing Imagination, from theisticscience.org, which rather incredibly is registered to Ian Thompson (Physics, University of Surrey)
 * Freeing the Scientific Imagination from Science & Theology News, which is apparently registered in Quincy, MA
 * Preliminary Discussion of New Science from pureinsight.org, which is registered in Duluth, GA
 * ZPEnergy, website promoting Haisch, possibly registered in British Columbia
 * Weird Science, a newsitem about Haisch

I have noticed a recent increase in the frequency of this kind of incident. ---CH 08:31, 25 May 2006 (UTC)


 * After a long discussion with some other users, I can see that I probably should have started by leaving a message in the user talk page of User:Haisch, as I did with User:Ibison. Alarmed by the sudden space of related edits by persons involved in this stuff, I may have overreacted to the Haisch edits.  I don't yet have a firm opinion about this since I still haven't had a chance to closely examine all the edits not to mention all the relevant eprints.  I am formulating a draft guideline to help suggest possible courses of action to future Wikipedians who notice a suspicious pattern of edits, in which I hope to incorporate my discussion with several other users concerning this incident.  ---CH 02:36, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

Survey of the ten most recent anon editor's contribs
In reverse chrononical order:

This gives Much better than any results I've seen so far in similar survey! Helpful anons, thanks, and please help us keep the nasty anons in line by reverting obvious vandalism, etc.! ---CH 22:07, 4 June 2006 (UTC)
 * 1) the Dial1.Chicago1.Level3.net anon (possibly somewhere near Cornell, MI) has used
 * 2) * legit addition
 * 3) the hstntx.swbell.net anon (registered to Southwestern Bell; geolocated near Houston, TX has used
 * 4) * legit correction
 * 5) * deleted merger suggestion
 * 6) the dhcp.sprint-hsd.net anon (possibly somewhere near Kinston, NC) has used
 * 7) * minor legit diction improvement
 * 8) the Montreal area Bell Canada anon (near Dorval, Quebec) has used
 * 9) * several rude vandalisms
 * 10) the Geneva College anon (near Beaver Falls, PA, which is indeed the location of Geneva College) has used
 * 11) * well-intentioned (?) but questionable edits
 * 12) the hsd1.mi.comcast.net anon (near Grand Rapids, MI) has used
 * 13) * added a cultural reference
 * 14) the dynamic.dsl.as9105.com anon (registered to Tiscali UK Ltd; geolocated near Manchester, England) has used
 * 15) * tried to introduce minor but easily overlooked vandalism legit correction
 * 16) the exetel.com.au anon (registered to Exetel Pty Ltd.; geolocated near Sydney) has used
 * 17) * added a cultural reference
 * 18) the demon.co.uk anon (registered to  Demon Internet's ADSL Service; geolocated near Eastbourne, England)
 * 19) * added apparently legit paragraph
 * 20) the btcentralplus.com anon (British Telecom; geolocated near Bournemouth, England) has used
 * 21) * added inappropriate link to the website of one Robin Jones (curiously enough, there is a Robin Jones' Latin Jazz Sextet based in Bournemouth)
 * five six who made legitimate edits,
 * two who made questionable but probably well-intentioned edits,
 * three two who made bad edits.


 * An interesting survey with encouraging results. I'd like to make a comment in defense of the Manchester, England anon, numbered 7 above.  As the article on Planck's constant makes clear, the constant is given in two forms.  The usual Planck's constant is 2π times bigger than the so-called reduced Planck's constant; the former is written with an ordinary letter h, while the latter is written with an h plus a crossbar.  So rather than subtle vandalism, the anon was exactly right: h-bar is (the unreduced) Planck's constant divided by 2π.  If my understanding is right, this changes the stats to 6, 2, and 2, rather than 5, 2, and 3.  Oh, and we should put the 2π back.


 * User:ACW

You are quite right; basically, I misread ''CH 17:59, 5 June 2006 (UTC)


 * Right; the anonymous editor did flub eir markup, by getting the /2π inside the outer pair of wiki-brackets (does anybody else call these "wickets"?), which made it hard to see what was going on. Anyway, an editor deemed the whole section dubious, and moved it to this talk page, so the question is moot, at least for the moment.  (And thank for covering for me forgetting to sign.) ACW 12:00, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Edit by the Tele Norge anon
(Tele2 Norge AS. Dynamic IP pool near Oslo) added this paragraph:

"Despite these circumstances, the search for devices tapping the zero point energy has a certain fundamental scientific basis, given that in the Casimir effect, zero point energy is translated into work on the macroscopic scale by the movement and welding-together of the metal plates. Those supportive of the idea of free energy devices argue that although the zero point energy may or may not be removed from the system, it is already proven to do actual work in physical experiments, and hence is a viable area of research."

Tele2 Norge, can you explain what you have in mind? If zero-point energy cannot be removed from "the system", how can it be used to generate electric power or whatever? (I.e. transmitted over power lines to light a bulb in someone's study.) ---CH 07:17, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Article's statement not entirely clear
The article states, without any explanation
 * "Because zero point energy is the lowest possible energy a system can have, this energy cannot be removed from the system."

And goes on to prove from that that no device could ever "tap" a particles zero-point energy, or extract energy from it. However, to a non-physicist, this doesn't seem entirely obvious. If a trapped elementary particle is required by Heisenberg's principle to have some finite momentum, then it would seem to me (a non-physicist) that it's momentum could never-the-less be lowered, without it ever hitting zero. That is, Heisenberg's principle doesn't appear to state that the particle's momentum must necessarily be the smallest possible momentum of that particle.

This isn't to say that anything in the article is incorrect, just that it doesn't make clear why this is not the case. Could some explanation for the statement quoted above be inserted? &mdash; Asbestos | Talk   (RFC)  16:58, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Merge with Vacuum energy
I placed the merge tag on the article. As far as I understand the two articles are about the same issue. The article in fact states: "In quantum field theory, it is a synonym for the vacuum energy...". If the two issues are different, then the articles should make this difference clear. At the moment they do not. They are hardly even aware of each other, except for the "synonym" reference. Petri Krohn 00:52, 29 March 2006 (UTC)


 * (I copied this comment from my talk page. Petri Krohn 01:10, 29 March 2006 (UTC))
 * Please do not place merge tags on random pages unless you can articulate clear reasons why said articles should be merged. As they appear to be on distinct topics, I see no reason to merge them. Linas 00:26, 29 March 2006 (UTC)


 * I thought the reason is clear, the two words are synonyms (or near synonyms). Also, most article referring to these articles do not see the difference, and the selection as to which to refer to seems to be random. I stated my point by placing the tag. I hope you can state the differences between the two concepts. If there are real differences, then these should be integrated into the articles. Petri Krohn 01:10, 29 March 2006 (UTC)


 * I suggest not merging. I am about to begin reading (next week) Lynne McTaggart’s, top-500 Amazon, book: The Field.  I assume the book is going to be a lot of stretched science; hence, as a preliminary, I was doing a Wiki-search for “Zero Point Field”, and I got a redirect here?  If I would have gotten a redirect to vacuum energy that would have been totally a dead-end search.  --Sadi Carnot 00:22, 30 March 2006 (UTC)

No to the merge, as the suggestion is based on a faulty premise. The terms "vacuum energy" and "zero-point energy" are not the same. This article explains how these terms differ. You say so yourself: "In quantum field theory, it is a synonym for the vacuum energy..." however, in other caes, they are *not* synonyms. In particlar, simple oscillators have a zero-point energy. Also, there is a concept of zero-point energy in solid-state physics, as the zero-point motion of atoms near absolute zero. Its implicated in sperfluid/superconductivity effects; there is definitely no "vacuum". The term "vacuum energy" applies to quantum fields, and not to individual oscillators. Finally, the idea of "zero-point energy" attrcts a lot of crank science types, I wish to keep these sepeated and corralled in this article, as opposed to letting them run loose through legit articles. linas 01:04, 30 March 2006 (UTC)


 * I still think the Vacuum energy contains material that is about/should be in this article. (If we remove all Zero-point energy stuff I do not know if there is very much left.)


 * I am making a new merge proposal, this time more spesific: Material about Zero-point energy in the Vacuum energy article should be moved here. Petri Krohn 02:34, 30 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Look, I really don't understand why you are being so pushy about this. Zero-point energy and vacuum energy are not the same thing, and they should not be confused with one another. All I get from your arguments is that you seem to think that they are the same thing. What is the scientific basis for your editorial desires? Do you actually have any credentials in quantum field thoery? For the record, my PhD thesis was on the vacuum energy of the quark field in the chiral bag, so I feel that I have a pretty good grasp on the topic. I am not trying to block good edits; I am trying to block edits of questionable merit that do not actually make WP a better place. If you think you can expand one or he other article in some meaningful way, please do so. However, if you cannot, then please desist in dragging on a long argument that has no particular merit. linas 01:36, 1 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Please don't be impatient with us, Linas. Many of us don't have PhD's, and these distinctions are not obvious to us. Your clarifications are most appreciated. However, our name policy says that "Names of Wikipedia articles should be optimized for readers over editors; and for a general audience over specialists." I would say that most readers who look up "Zero-point energy" would be primarily interested in the lowest energy state of vacuum. Petri's original proposal makes sense to me.--Yannick 05:40, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

These merge requests waste a lot of time for all involved. If the Encyclopedia of Particle Physics (Gibbon, 2000) can have separate, almost full-page, entries on these topics, I don’t see why Wikipedia Encyclopedia can’t as well have separate entries. From what I quickly read, we have two separate non-merge-able topics:


 * Zero-point energy is the energy associated with a particle or system, over and above its mass-energy, at the absolute zero of temperature.


 * Vacuum energy is the lowest-energy state of spacetime filled with virtual particle energy fields related or due to quantum uncertainty.

Furthermore, whenever someone puts up a questionable merge; then later, down the road, when the article goes over 32 kilobytes, someone else will have to spend time breaking up the article. --Sadi Carnot 23:15, 10 April 2006 (UTC)


 * The Encyclopedia of Particle Physics is a specialised text, whereas Wikipedia is aiming for a general audience. I don't have a problem with two separate articles, but I still maintain that Zero-point energy should refer to the lowest-energy state of spacetime, reflecting common usage, or at least to a disambiguation. The zero point energy of an arbitrary quantum oscillator (not spacetime) is a specialised topic of interest to a much smaller audience, so a title such as Zero-point energy (quantum mechanics) would be more appropriate. Vacuum energy would then be merged to Zero-point energy.--Yannick 02:25, 13 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I disagree with the last statement. WP serves not only a general-interest audience, but also high-school students, college students, grad students and working academics/professors/engineers/specialists. In fact, it is the specialized content of WP that is attracting the most capable authors. The article can certainly be written so that it serves the general interest reader as well as the student. I see no point in intentionally using loose language and confusing different concepts.  linas 03:29, 20 April 2006 (UTC)


 * In that case, you should propose a change to the name policy. I don't know how strongly people feel about the "general audience" clause, but it's currently part of the policy.--Yannick 03:16, 27 April 2006 (UTC)


 * I'm not proposing a change to the name policy. I am suggesting that just because you mistakenly confuse a Ford with a Chevy doesn't mean that the WP article on Fords should be merged with the WP article on Chevys. linas 03:30, 29 April 2006 (UTC)


 * Let me add some support to Linas. This is a silly discussion, and as an astrophysics student I'm baffled by the request to merge two things manifestly deserving of separate treatment.--astroflyby


 * I'm going to assume that this argument is over (as the last message was in April, it's now July) - I'm going to remove the merge tag as the majority of posts disagree with the proposal. Furthermore, it's just plain silly! Your one true god is David P. A. Hunter, esq. III Talk to me! 09:38, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

Weblinks
The article has four sections about physics and a (as usual) rather messy "free energy" section. But the "external links" contains almost exclusively dubious "free energy" sites. As my first removal of these got reverted, I wanted to point this out here. Also, I've shortened the "free energy" section. This topic can be covered at free energy suppression and Perpetual motion. --Pjacobi 10:01, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Have re-added the stuff on propulsion with references from physics institutes and NASA please leave it in this time as it is relevent to the topic and is not fringe science. Rob

Graphs in history section?
12:05, 17 March 2007 91.153.144.149 wrote in the history section: Why not add a graph of these functions, to visually descrbe the behaviour of the "energy radiator"? It would make this article much less dry and lifeless. Martin62 01:34, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Merge Null oscillations into this
I think the Null oscillations page should be merged into the Zero-point energy page; unless that article is expanded to show how it is different from ZPE, it appears to be about the same thing. -- Whitepaw 22:15, 30 December 2006 (UTC)


 * I simply redirected, there was nothing to be saved. linas 16:00, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Lowest state of energy ?
I understand that zero point energy is not a usable energy source. Energy can not come out of it, its no perpetuem mobile.

Its a state discription and not a flow or drain where our energy can freely endup

But in physics particles can arise from nothing in a vacuem, together with their anti particles. At the quantum scale this happens so frequently that our world as we know it would not exist without this effect. Altough even hard to imagine to me, those 'virtual' particles are needed in the quantum mechanics world.

The Einstein formula is an 'atomic' formula not a quantum formula.

So does this concept of zeropoint energy only aply to atom physics in the old physics model ?

Or is zero point energy not that zero perhaps a noisy zero As other wise i cannt imagine what would drive these virutal particle creations. If that is true what would then be the 'new' Quantu mechanics (QM) concept of the lowest energy state of an cubic empy space of a given size?. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 82.217.143.153 (talk) 15:00, 12 March 2007 (UTC).


 * You are attempting to distinguish "first quantization" (sometimes called "atomic physics") from second quantization, which is the quantization of fields. This is a good distinction to make. The idea of a zero point energy appears in both, although in dramatically different form in each. linas 16:04, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Casimir Effect not proof of ZPE
Although the Casimir Effect was postulated on the hypothesis of ZPE, there are other explanations for the effect. R Jaffe, at MIT, recently argued that it could be explained in classical E/M terms. See http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0503158.

Maybe the section that mentions Casimir should be a litle more circumspect on this. --lutin 21:43, 25 April 2007 (UTC)


 * I skimmed the preprint, and Jaffe is, in a certain sense, correct. The Casimir effect is "just" a one loop correction, just as the Lamb shift is, or other common one-loop corrections. The cosmological vacuum energy is a different beast. Surely, even Steven Weinberg would agree; unfortunately, in the past, Weinberg, along with almost all traditional, mainstream authors, have helped confuse the concept of a one-loop correction with the concept of the vacuum state: and for good reason, as they are not unrelated. However, untangling these properly, and doing so in a forum like wikipedia, may prove somewhat difficult. So while Jaffe has a point, its may be too subtle to try to incorporate this into the current article. linas 16:18, 22 May 2007 (UTC)

Rewrite rejected
I tried to rewrite this article to clarify the whole Casimir thing. Casimir forces are Van-Der Waals forces in the limit that the separation of objects is big enough. Big enough is compared to the distance light travels in a typical excited state period. This is the difference between London force and Casimir force, and this is what Casimir calculated in 1947.

The casimir force can be calculated as the difference in zero point energy of the electromagnetic field in different boundary conditions. All these boundary conditions do is take into account the different polarizabilities of the different materials which are now too far to be entangled. So they contribute a local boundary condition to the E-M field, and the attraction becomes universal.

That this calculation can be calculated from differences in the field energy in different boundary conditions is not contested. But the idea that this tells you something about the vaccuum energy is ridiculous. The vaccuum energy can always be defined to be zero, and only differences between different states are defined. The different states are different boundary conditions.

Perhaps it is impossible to get this page changed to reflect these facts. But they are facts, and they will not change.Likebox 21:09, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

may be helpful, may be not
http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/mg18925331.200-take-a-leap-into-hyperspace.html

Does Burkhard Heim's work have anything to do with zero-point energy? --Emesee 15:31, 10 October 2007 (UTC)

too technical
Yes, I can't for the life of me understand this article, as I am not a PhD quantum physicist. Unless there's no way to describe it in layman's terms without first learning about all the terms it discusses and spending years in university this belongs in a science wiki somewhere. Anyway, this is what I wanted to find out http://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/research/warp/possible.html.

''Zero Point Energy (ZPE), or vacuum fluctuation energy are terms used to describe the random electromagnetic oscillations that are left in a vacuum after all other energy has been removed. If you remove all the energy from a space, take out all the matter, all the heat, all the light... everything -- you will find that there is still some energy left. One way to explain this is from the uncertainty principle from quantum physics that implies that it is impossible to have an absolutely zero energy condition.

For light waves in space, the same condition holds. For every possible color of light, that includes the ones we can’t see, there is a non-zero amount of that light. Add up the energy for all those different frequencies of light and the amount of energy in a given space is enormous, even mind boggling, ranging from 10^36 to 10^70 Joules/m3.

In simplistic terms it has been said that there is enough energy in the volume the size of a coffee cup to boil away Earth’s oceans. - that’s one strong cup of coffee! For a while a lot of physics thought that concept was too hard to swallow. This vacuum energy is more widely accepted today.''

I don't see how they relate, what energy are they talking about that is this 10^36 to 10^70 joules/m3 what does it have to do with zero point energy? Anyway, I wonder what could be done with that energy if could harness it, if it could be used for making wormholes and the like, or getting a ship up to near light speed The snare 07:44, 10 September 2007 (UTC)


 * This is the central problem with this article--- it misinforms almost purposefully. The zero point of energy is, putting gravity aside, a matter of convention. I could say that "empty space has 50 zillion megajoules per micron cubed" or I could say "empty space has 0 energy", or I could say "empty space has minus 50 zillion megajoules per micron cubed" and I would be right.


 * Gravity changes things, because energy makes gravity. So if there's gravity you can measure the energy content of empty space. This is called the "cosmological constant", or the "dark energy", and it is measured to be very close to zero, but not quite. This is not important for anything on this page.


 * It is not possible to harnass the energy in space, because to harnass the energy you need another state where there is less energy. You get energy when you move something from a state where it has high energy to a state where it has low energy. In order to harnass the energy of space, you would need to be able to change space to a state of lower energy. If this were possible, nature would have done it long ago, nucleating a bubble of "true vaccuum" out of quantum fluctuations, and destroying our universe.


 * But when you look at empty space, there are things in it. This is a fact, and nobody contests it. The things we know about in empty space for sure:


 * 1. Pion condensate--- there's a bunch of quarks and antiquarks which have made a relativistically invariant superfluid in which everything sits. This superfluid is detectable because it shakes, and the shaking we call "pion emmission". This was discovered by Nambu in 1960. Nobody contests this. The energy density of the pion condensate can be estimated by the difference in energy between different values, and its something like 100th of a nuclear mass in every nuclear volume, where a nuclear mass is the mass of a proton and a nuclear volume is the volume of a proton.


 * 2. Higgs--- there's a field in space which gives everything mass. We know it's there because the ratio of the mass of two particles, the W and the Z, is predicted with perfect accuracy by assuming they both get their mass from this field. The masses of the quarks and electrons and the masslessness of neutrinos is completely explained by the interactions with this field. No doubt about this one either. Although you could think maybe it's made of some new "techniquarks", like the pion condensate is made of quarks, but who knows. We'll measure it soon.


 * 3. Flucuation energy--- If we look at fields in space, we see that they have fluctuations. What that means is that it is impossible to have zero electric fields and magnetic fields at the same time, by the uncertainty principle. Electric fields and magnetic fields are complementary, because the electric field and the vector potential are like position and momentum. So there's energy in these fluctuations, which is naively infinite.


 * But again, since only energy differences are defined, there is no way to harnass any vaccuum energy unless you have another state to move the vaccuum into. There is no such state. For example, maybe there's an enormous value of the Higgs field where it has slightly less energy than in our universe. Then the universe would be unstable to nucleation, a process where a big bubble of Higgs in the true vaccuum would be formed.


 * This page is concerned with producing the misimpression that vaccuum energy means something else than what it does. It is trying to make it sound like you can run your car on empty space. This is unfortunate, because it associates the name of a good honest physicist (Casimir) with a radical and implausible idea that I don't think he would ever hold.Likebox 01:39, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

You said we would have to be a lower point than zero point energy to be able to use it, but isn't that possible if we are at a negative energy state? Just asking here, don't really know, but does the Casimir effect show that negative energy does exist when you put two uncharged plates so close together that not even an atom can fit between them, that there will be "less than nothing" between them, causing them to be pulled together?

Here's something else I thought of, what if you had several uncharged plates at that distance from each other, but they were firmly attached to the ground/surface, etc. So that it could try to pull them together but couldn't? The snare 02:05, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
 * You can't get to a negative energy state - that's the entire point. Now, the Casimir effect pulls two plates together because there are fewer virtual particles between them than outside, but that doesn't let you do work - you can make a very lousy battery by pulling the plates apart, doing work in the process, and holding them there, then letting them collapse back when you want to get the energy out. Michaelbusch 04:05, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

You can get a negative energy state if you define regular open vacuum to be the zero state. In the consideration of zero-point fields as electromagnetic radiation (uniform and Lorentz invariant, therefore undetectable), then lower frequency radiation is forbidden between two conductive plates due to its long wavelength. Thus, the energy density between the two plates is negative if open vacuum is zero, since the lower end of the spectrum is forbidden. It's this difference in energy densities that pushes the plates together. It's pure speculation on my part that the enormous density of the zero-point energy doesn't make the universe collapse on itself because the zero-point field is the ether (again, Lorentz invariant), and gravity is only mass perturbations of the zero-point field. I'm not sure about what utility that point of view has. However, it's clear that specific boundary conditions change the behavior of the vacuum energy which has physical consequences, like the Casimir effect.DanFarnsy (talk) 12:35, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Dark Energy is not Vacuum Energy
The term "dark energy" is associated with an unknown energy that has been found to be accelerating the expansion of the universe. This term was coined around 1998 when the effect was discovered from measuring the distance to supernovas of a type with a known brightness, and measuring their red shift, whereas quantum field theory dealing with vacuum energy started in the 1930s and 40s. These are separate ideas and should not be conflated.

The predicted (though probably wrong) energy of the ZPE is over 10^100 times more than it should be according to the CC. However the dark energy, including the energy in dark matter (another subject) is only 10 times more than CC predicts. These are very different things, nor should one automatically assume just one or the other is the real answer to the ZPF energy question. It deserves far more thought than a quick off the cuff answer. 75.6.245.24 (talk) 06:05, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Part of Bernard Haisch's theories, IIRC, is that the vacuum energy/fields can provide a mechanism for acceleration of particles in the cosmic voids, like cosmic rays at 10^21 eV, and also claims that this accounts for apparent acceleration of expansion without a need for invoking vague (but popular) dark energy. The status of this is speculative, but does provide a potential link between dark energy and vacuum energy. DanFarnsy (talk) 12:42, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Extracting energy
took out 2006 agreement about zero-point because i found no evidence to back it up, please produce some proof from a peer reviewed journal. (User:80.6.42.220 on 22 feb 2006)


 * The above comment concerns the phrase:
 * As of 2006, mainstream science does not believe that it is possible to extract usable energy from the vacuum.
 * which appears in the introduction. I re-inserted this sentence, its deletion was absurd at best. linas 19:49, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Why absurd? I have seen no proof for this statement other than this article. Please provide a link to a reputable source for this. If you cannot, i will continue to remove it.
 * Don't do any such thing. Instead, cite a counterexample.  I think it's quite fair to say that if pseudoscientists claim something about physics, and mainstream scientists don't write any papers about it, that it's because the mainstream scientists don't think it's possible. -- SCZenz 02:50, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

That is not necessarily true. Mainstream scientist know that it exists by the Casimir effect and it being measured in 1959. But I am happy with the improvement. It claims that we cannot harness the energy for usable purposes yet, rather than claiming that there is no energy there to be harnessed for practical uses. Thank you for the correction


 * The 1984 paper by Robert Forward (Phys. Rev. B 30: 1700) explicitly states that you can in principle extract energy. This is straight from the references section of this article btw.  I'm not sure why this is even an issue?   Nobody is claiming that this is a practical possibility today.  At the same time, nobody is claiming that it is not a theoretical possibility - are they?  Can we get a counter-reference?   ObsidianOrder 00:26, 14 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Can you articulate Forward's argument that energy extraction is possible? linas 01:01, 14 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Best look up the original article: . Forward talks about a reversible ZPE battery charge-discharge cycle, but the battery starts in the charged state as initially constructed (and without any corresponding energy input during construction).  The energy in the first discharge apparently comes straight from the vacuum. A more recent analysis (Cole & Puthoff, 1993, Phys. Rev. E 48, 1562–1565, ) confirms that conclusion. ObsidianOrder


 * I once read Forward's paper. I was wondering if *you* could articulate the argument. I agree that in principle, it is possible to build this "battery" and discharge it, and therefore suck energy out of it. However, this neglects the energy used to construct the thing in the first place. In particular, Forward's device is not a perpetual motion device. linas 02:25, 14 March 2006 (UTC)


 * "neglects the energy used to construct the thing in the first place" - Not true - as I said there is no relation between the energy that can be extracted and the energy needed to build it. What is the physical lower limit on the energy needed to build it, anyway?  (I would suggest that can be arbitrarily close to zero, but that depends on your definition of "build" as well - let us say "bring the components together into the correct configuration"?).  "not a perpetual motion device" - Obviously, since in any cycle of build-discharge-charge-unbuild energy will be exactly conserved.  Nonetheless, it is a device which extracts usable energy from the vacuum, which was the whole point.  You can argue that the components of the device are "fuel" which is consumed, but that would not be exactly correct: yes, they are consumed, but the energy does not come from them.  ObsidianOrder 02:32, 15 March 2006 (UTC)


 * The intent of the phrase "does not believe that it is possible to extract usable energy from the vacuum" was to say "mainstream science does not believe it's possible to build perpetual motion machines based on ZPE". It was not the intent to exclude Forward's device, which, if I remember it correctly, struck me as a reasonable device. The problem is that the phrase "extract usable energy from the vacuum" sounds like "something for nothing"; Forward's device doesn't actually give you something for nothing (because there was a real energy cost to manufacture the thing). linas 02:35, 14 March 2006 (UTC)


 * they wouldn't be "perpetual motion machines" since they don't violate conservation of energy, the energy just comes from the ZPE ;) ObsidianOrder 02:34, 15 March 2006 (UTC)


 * Linas, your assumption that extracting useable energy from the vacuum has to be "something for nothing" strikes me as odd. Solar power, wind power, and tidal harnesses are just as effectively "something for nothing," yet nobody argues that they violate thermodynamics.  Forward's device demonstrates that extraction of energy from the ZPF is possible without violating thermodynamics, and this result is confirmed by Cole/Puthoff later.  The "zero" in zero-point energy is really arbitrary, with the Dirac Sea, and particular geometrical configurations of matter can create negative energy densities, as in a Casimir Cavity, thus providing a potential energy gradient for energy extraction. DanFarnsy (talk) 21:56, 18 January 2008 (UTC)

Removed uncited paragraph
I have removed the following paragraph from the article, because it is uncited.--Srleffler (talk) 04:43, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

"Another area of research in the field of zero point energy is how it could be used for propulsion. NASA and British Aerospace both have programs running to this end though practical technology is still a long way off. For any success in this area, it would have to be possible to create repulsive effects in the quantum vacuum, which according to theory should be possible and experiments to produce and measure these effects are planned for the future."

Conservation of energy
If the universe is expanding as commonly believed, and vacuum has energy, then the first law of thermodynamics is violated. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.242.67.71 (talk) 12:55, 6 February 2008 (UTC)

Assuming its a constant, or assuming that there is energy. Here it states that it is the lowest possible energy. Which could be zero. Not laws would be broken. Crakker (talk) 02:57, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

If you want to consider conservation of energy being violated, you need to consider everything - not just the thing that's gaining energy. Anyway, this is a comment to make in a physics classroom, not the discussion board. 151.151.73.165 (talk) 17:33, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Dear Editors,

This (and the larger article on Zero-Point Energy) is a good example of why subatomic physics is a difficult, specialized field, and why articles on it are difficult to edit. I'll be brief here:

In the same way as a 'particle' is a theoretical construct -- i.e., 'subatomic particles' are not actually tiny bits of matter, but more like names that we use to categorize certain detectable phenomena -- 'Zero-Point Energy' does not necessarily describe energy in the thermodynamic sense.

The identification of these observed variabilities with 'energy' is merely assumed for common-sense purposes (because according to common sense, if something is happening, 'energy' must be powering it). But if we are talking serious subatomic physics, what these phenomena demonstrate is variations in probability.

So: 1) We are nowhere near the scaled-up, super-macro level of thermodynamics with these phenomena. They cannot violate (or follow) the Laws of Thermodynamics because our idea of so-called physical laws ultimately has to incorporate these phenomena, whatever they actually are. 2) Variations in probability is not only a far better model, but it's even more freaking interesting. BTW: The pop-quantum concept of easiest resort isn't Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle (argh!), but Brownian Motion. It's a different thing, but it's at least in the same basic category of things.

And as for whether you can power a perpetual-motion machine with Zero-Point Energy, that would seem to be a big, fat 'no' by definition. Average all of those miniscule variations and you get a consistent figure that may easily be measured at the everyday level. As everyone has long observed, that figure is expressible as zero.

Might be neat
It might be neat to include some popular/news references to Zero Point.

I know Tori Amos has a song called Zero Point and I've heard it a few other places. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 161.38.223.228 (talk) 23:38, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

Other references include the Zero-Point Energy Field Manipulator, or gravity gun, from Half-Life 2, and the weapon of choice of the main villain in The Incredibles, if the references are ever added. They're actually the reason i looked this up. If references are NOT ever added, then just ignore this. --IntriguingPotato (talk) 21:36, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

These were, at one point, part of this article. The text was added to, then moved to a separate article, then moved back, and apparently then deleted. I suspect someone must have thought it "fancruft" and detracting from the seriousness of the article. (Full disclosure: I once added some text about Syndrome's zero-point weapon, and am somewhat saddened that it's gone. *sheds a tear*) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.21.146.65 (talk) 20:01, 7 July 2008 (UTC)

This whole article has problems
I recently removed an assertion by someone that there is no experimental evidence for zero point energy. It's beyond me how anyone could say that. This isn't to say there aren't extensive errors thoughout this article that need correction, but that statement was just so wrong I couldn't let it go. Physics is not about ironclad interpretations, but about preponderance of the evidence and the ability of an interpretation to solve problems in physics.

When I read this article it tends to remind me of the myth about the group of blind men feeling an elephant and each having a completely different interpretation based on the area of the body they are touching. Everyone contributing to this article has their little niche of expertise that they take as gospel and are unconcerned about how their interpretation affects the subject as a whole. It seems very self-centered and narrow to me.75.7.31.190 (talk) 21:31, 29 July 2008 (UTC)

History section
The following section of the article looked suspect to me, so I moved it here, for discussion:


 * ===History===
 * The concept of zero-point energy originated with Max Planck in 1911. The average energy of a harmonic oscillator in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings is: 


 * $$E=

\frac{\hbar\omega}{2} + \frac{\hbar\omega}{e^{\hbar\omega/kT}-1} $$


 * Here, $$\hbar$$ is Planck's constant, $$\omega$$ is the natural frequency, k is Boltzmann's constant, and T is the temperature.


 * At the same time Albert Einstein, L. Hopf (1910) and Otto Stern (1913) were also studying the properties of zero-point energy. Shortly thereafter Walther Nernst (1916) proposed that empty space was filled with zero-point electromagnetic radiation. Then in 1925 the existence of zero-point energy was shown to be “mathematically required by quantum mechanics, as a direct consequence of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle” (which in turn follows from the definition of operators) (Sciama 1991).

This section survives from one of the oldest versions of this article; it was added on 17:16, 19 April 2004 by User:68.166.190.130 in this edit:

The problem here is that these people couldn't have been studying what we call zero-point energy back then, because zero-point didn't exist as a concept until after the formulation of quantum mechanics. This section almost makes sense if we substitute "black-body radiation" for "zero-point energy". Unfortunately, the study of black-body radiation predates Planck; what Planck did in 1911 was to derive a formula for its spectral density.

Of course, Einstein and others were studying black-body radiation at that time; the famous UV catastrophe had been singled out by Lord Kelvin years earlier as one of the great unsolved problems for the 20th century. I'm not at all clear what it is that Nernst may have claimed. The magic unreferenced 1925 date is utterly un-illuminating.

Last but not least, the connection between black-body radiation and zero-point energy in such a historical way is vague at best; a real connection doesn't come until the discovery of Unruh radiation in the 1970's... it seems that there is little or nothing to salvage here that's appropriate for this article. linas 16:22, 27 May 2006 (UTC)


 * Plancks equation really should be explained in the article.
 * Here, $$\hbar$$ is Planck's constant, $$\omega$$ is the natural frequency, k is Boltzmann's constant, and T is the temperature.

I also am under the impression that the historical reference to Einstein and Stern's paper is a bit vague. I have just taken a look at it, and the authors seems to credit the ZPE to Planck himself, confirming the comment above. When introducing the ZPE they refer to "Planck's second formula". Hence it seems to me a bit strong to say that ZPE was introduced by Einstein and Stern in that article [Ann. Phys 40, 551 (1913)]. As far as I understand they show that including the ZPE and _assuming that the frequency depends on temperature_ one gets a better agreement with the experimental data for the (rotational) specific heat of molecular Hydrogen. I am currently trying to understand why people was (apparently) so concerned about ZPE before it came about in Schroedinger's equation. It must have been some inconsistency with experimental data. Some undergraduate books skirt the subject, but they are not really helpful. Moulinski (talk) 16:11, 6 November 2008 (UTC)

Gary McKinnon
Does anybody believe it is worth mentioning in this article that Gary McKinnon from the United Kingdom supposedly discovered that the U.S. government has been suppressing information on free energy? I mean the United States is VERY eager to prosecute McKinnon, who as of today is likely going to take his case the European Court of Human Rights. Just a thought, I'm not a conspiracy theorist, but I'm interested in what McKinnon supposedly found and the reaction by the United States. Flproject131 (talk) 12:16, 30 July 2008 (UTC)


 * If that is not a conspiracy theory, I do not know what one is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pvkeller (talk • contribs) 16:14, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Moving "Galt Motor" to Talk
Moving this to Talk"'The Galt Motor in Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged is thought to run on zero point energy principles. The machine supposedly was designed to harness static electricity from the atmosphere and convert it to kinetic energy.'"For starters  "is thought to run on"  rates a, however, beyond that, "static electricity from the atmosphere" has nothing to do with Zero-point energy, AFAIK. -- 201.53.7.16 (talk) 14:43, 23 October 2008 (UTC)


 * The Galt Motor is a fictional device fictionally invented by a fictional character. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pvkeller (talk • contribs) 16:20, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Quantum Vortex
Here is the material I keep cutting and an explanation why I am cutting it:
 * "Another vacuum source of zero-point energy is the quantum vortex."[7]

There are no "sources of vacuum energy". This statement lack an antecedent basis
 * "A quantum vortex[8] uses the outer orbital spin of the electron"

Quantum vortex's do not use anything. Using techinical words without recognition of their meaning is a hallmark of psuedoscience
 * "to pass excited atoms through the Casimir-like inner cavity of the electron itself,[9]"

The cavity of a quantuum vortex is not an electron - this is babble. Probably from deleted sources 8 and 9 which like that fancy sounding word. See quantum vortex ("a quantum vortex is a hole with the superfluid circulating around the vortex; the inside of the vortex may contain excited particles, air, vacuum")
 * "whose structure expresses electromagnetic cavity modes at the transition frequency between the atom's excited and ground states."

This explains nothing about demonstrating zero point energy, or extracting it (this material has appeared in both free energy and experimental evidence sections)
 * "With the introduction of the zero point radiation a vacuum at absolute zero is no longer considered empty. Instead, the vacuum is now considered as filled with randomly fluctuating fields having the zero-point radiation spectrums."

This is the nonsequitor conclusion to the previous quotes
 * "[7]http://www.astrosciences.info/QV.htm"

This citation does not make the point in the text
 * "[8]http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/images4/PCT-PAGES/2006/282006/06073381/06073381.pdf"

This broken link is to a PCT patent application. Patent applications, and even granted patents, have no weight of authority. I believe I checked this when the link was up, and found it filled with the misused terms and non-sequitor language quoted above.
 * [9]http://www.tewari.org/Theory_Papers/FROM%20THE%20ELECTRON%20TO%20A%20PERPETUAL%20SYSTEM%20OF%20MOTION.htm

This is self-published and claims experimental demonstraton of perpetual motion. Must I say more?Paul V. Keller (talk) 21:36, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Foundational Physics
The article section on foundational physics does not contain any. I am on the verge of cutting it. It does not matter whether you are talking about quantum or classical mechanics, energy values are only meaningful in relative terms: energy does not exist as a thing apart and there is no absolute energy scale. E=mc2 should be written delta-E=delata-m c2.Paul V. Keller (talk) 23:23, 9 December 2008 (UTC)

Urok
Urok, By now you should realize that the specific material you are trying to insert won't be accepted. You are just creating problems for yourself as well as others. Extraordinary claims requires extraordinary proof. In general what that means isn't neccessarily mathematical proof but logical proof. Logical proof means it can be understood by individuals without specialized education in that subject. It requires a slow building up of ideas from first principles that are almost irresistable. And the more it opposes current theory the larger that irresistable accrual of ideas must be.

What I see you doing instead is just making claims without any "logical" proof. Mathematics, in general comes from modeling visual ideas and not vice versa and is not sufficient as proof. There are plenty of examples in references that look mathematically appealing but doesn't model anything in nature accurately. Einstein said that if you can't your explain your ideas to your grandmother then you probably don't understand it. While that might be a slight exageration its basically true. I think you should start thinking about what you are working on in terms of explaining it to someone with good, but not specialized knowledge. And it has to be build up from specific understanding of previous scientific knowledge that you can also explain to this person. Because you are making such extraordinary claims this is the absolute minimum required.

I'm also seeing you completely ignoring previous knowledge that is well established about vacuum energy. Any irresistable argument must use these ideas as the foundation. And if you are coming to different conclusions using those proven building blocks you have to elaborately show the previous reasons for those ideas while giving a good reason for now looking at them from a slightly different angle. You can't just ignore them as you are now.

If you don't do any of these things you can continue to expect deletions.75.7.28.7 (talk) 22:13, 28 January 2009 (UTC)


 * Read citation for Sarfatti article put in by Uruk. Could not make heads or tales of it and concluded that individuals with even less knowledge than me would be even more bewildered. It doesn't really belong in this article so I removed the citation. Apparently it was put back in by Uruk to prove he wasn't just promoting his website, as I had accused him of. I suppose it might be considered relatively philanthropic to promote "someone elses" website instead. But that's not what wikipedia seems to be about.


 * Basically I'm just trying to take some of the load off of others who also have problems with Uruk. I don't want to get in a rediculous argument with him over this because its pointless. I wish he would just use common sense about the POV policy of Wikipedia. He obviously has a biased POV and is promoting it. I have other problems with errors in the article also but from what I can tell they are honest mistakes and I chose not to get involved and won't get involved. What Uruk seems to be doing is flagrant intellectual dishonesty and that is the only reason I got involved. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.6.249.151 (talk) 19:38, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

New Energy News Question
New Energy News and the Institute for New Energy raise very serious criticisms of the politics of science, namely, that, even if scientists do repeat valid experiments, the flow of knowledge through society is damagingly slow and stubborn due to the inertia of village thinking and (don't run scared now) PR attack campaigns.

New Energy News is here:

If anyone believes that "news" (or dominant thinking) is a reliable source of information for Wikipedia, stop and remember the hundreds of false stories (in war politics) about Jessica Lynch, Pat Tillman, and WMD: for citations, see the books "So wrong for so long" and "You are being lied to" and "Cowboy Politics" and "You're Not Stupid" and "Chain of Command".

Wikipedia is bound to get suckered again and again, and human information systems need to get fixed, quickly, not least due to energy and other problems facing the world.

All of this is to raise a question:

NEN and INE (named above) allege that in fact cold fusion has been widely replicated, and that, for whatever reason, those reports are an open secret. How can citizens concern with the truth deal with such claims?

I can't assess scientific claims one way or another, but it would seem exceedingly naive to assume that PR (or whatever media) distortions have been active ONLY in war politics.

Further, what about this device that NEN and INE point to as seeming to represent a revolutionary source of energy:

Methernitha Swiss M-L Converter developed by Paul Baumann

This is from INE :

The Methernitha Swiss M-L Converter developed by Paul Baumann and the Methernitha spiritual community in Switzerland has been repeatedly demonstrated to many scientists upon request (26th IECEC, Nieper 1984, SEA). Its three foot counter-rotating disks and specially designed energy storage system are reported to generate a steady output power of about 3 to 5 kilo-Watts (kW) indefinitely - while sitting on top of a table. A videotape has been produced and its narration has been transcribed.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Ihaveabutt (talk • contribs) 18:26, 15 February 2009 (UTC)


 * Neither of these publications can be said to be a reliable source. A quick review finds articles that are quite incredible - e.g. suggesting that endless energy can be obtained by setting light to fibre optic cables (!). Do you really think that if Baumann really had, 25 years ago, invented a machine that generates endless energy, the only coverage would be in this kind of publication? LeContexte (talk) 08:35, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Glaring conceptual problem
Just thought I'd mention this. Several places in this article it mentions that the ZPF might be infinite. And I suppose this can be considered correct if each new volume that is added to the universe as it expands is assigned the same constant planck length energy. In other words there is no cutoff to the energy as the volume of the universe expands. So as long as the universe expands then the energy is infinite. And it is also said in this article that only differences in energy are measureable.

There are many logical errors to this. I'll try to name them.

1. Energy is the most fundamental "thing" in the universe. To say only differences in energy can be measured is true but not in the way you are assuming the universe works. This only works in the difference between potential and kinetic energy. If you add something to one side of the ledger you subtract it from the other. The universe as it is currently conceptualized assumes a positive (the zpf energy) and a negative energy that is "instantaneously" created. Each you new volume that is added to the universe as it expands is assigned this "instantiated" energy. And because this instantiated energy together equals zero then technically energy is conserved. This patently disagrees with conservation of energy and the first law of thermodynamics.
 * You need to research the history of science and the formulation of the definition of energy. Read a thermodynamics textbook or Richard Faynman's Lectures on Physics.  What happens on the scale of the entire universe, or a hypothetical still greater scale, is so far departed from the evidence on which conservation of energy has been formulated and tested that is nearly irrelevant to the discussion.  Your first sentence here seems to be a matter of gratiuitous faith.75.33.44.214 (talk) 13:07, 25 May 2009 (UTC)


 * I read Feynman's lectures on physics books and have gotten a lot of understanding from them. But even he had blind spots. For instance when a Phd candidate wanted to research Einstein's EPR paper he chased the guy out of his office! I think you are confusing being open minded about the fundamentalness of energy with the need for a constraint in a system. To have any hope to come up with a useable prediction for a theory requires a constrained system. It doesn't mean there might not be something outside of our universe but it does means anything outside of our universe has no meaning whatsovever in our analysis of OUR universe. Energy is the most logical thing to place the fundamental constraint on for our universe to have any hope at all of making sense of our universe. Otherwise it ends up just being a confusing symantic exercise of what constitutes a universe if additional energy of different types can be brought into it arbitrarily. I think most scientists agree with that.75.7.7.247 (talk) 22:39, 31 May 2009 (UTC)


 * I should add one more thing. The conventional view of the ZPF where each new Planck volume is assigned the same energy is exactly like creating a new identical quantum universe that is added to the existing sum of quantum universes as the universe expands. But if that is true then why has the radiation temperature of the CMBR lowered as the universe expanded. See, there is a constraint!75.7.7.247 (talk) 23:13, 31 May 2009 (UTC)

2. Why should there be a negative energy or something that acts as a negative energy source to the energy we all know and love. There is no scientific evidence for it.

3. For the zpf energy (i.e. the positive side of the energy equation) to have infinite energy assumes the universe will expand forever. Well, it might but it is far from an established fact.

4. The concept of zero "observed" zpf energy which invoked the requirement for "instantiation" of negative energy doesn't hold true for these two reasons:

a. The universe is accelerating its expansion. (See confirmed evidence from redshift of type 1a supernovae.

b. The temperature of the space has been proven to be reduced as the universe expands via the CMB radiation.

In summary there are many logical fallacies for the current conception of ZPE. There is an error in a mathematical assumption somewhere that leads us to project the constant Planck length zpf energy density. Don't worry. I'm not going to try to edit the article to point out and fix these errors. I feel that the individuals that put in the work on an article should try to do that. But I owe it to you to put you on the right track to help you do it without being too obtrusive.75.7.21.10 (talk) 22:05, 10 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the help :)75.33.44.214 (talk) 13:07, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

I thought Zero-point energy is an alleged source of "free" energy?
The NGIC paper is nonsense. I've read it in detail. To say that converting energy from the vacuum is pseudoscience means to start with that the authors do not understand the phenomenon. The Casimir effect alone is "free" energy from the vacuum. If not, what energy pushes the plates together? Where is the loss or the inefficiency? No energy must be inserted into the Casimir effect in order to make it happen. This part of the article is plain silly and should be removed. If there was no getting energy from the vacuum then Van der Waals wouldn't work. Each of these ARE demonstrations of getting energy "for free" from the vacuum. The engineering difficulty is getting energy continuously or enough periodically that an efficient generator can be built. There has been no scientific proof that this cannot be done. Just because nobody has constructed one yet doesn't make it pseudoscience. I'd suggest the authors of this paper were pushing their own brand of pseudoscience to reroute funding from such projects to something else they wanted to spend their limited budgets on. Dr. Travis S. Taylor October 7, 2009. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.24.236.42 (talk) 04:43, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

The intro of the current version of this article doesn't seem to be saying much of anything. It is my understanding that Zero-point energy is actually an alleged source of "free" energy, I think the intro and/or article should specifically state that people are researching/theorizing using or tapping zero-point energy for energy production  zen master T 20:45, 29 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Note: I just gave the article a lot of simple-to-read intro, I don't know if it addresses the problems discussed here because I don't have time to read them or read the rest of the article. Therefore, I leave the discussion as is, below. -- Efilnickufesin 07:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Dear Efilnickufesin, if you "don't have time to read them or read the rest of the article", please don't edit the article. Besides that, there are several problems with the things you wrote: (1) In the Casimir effect, the force between the plates is attractive, not repulsive; (2) In the Casimir effect, the plates are brought close to each other since then the force is bigger (see formula), and not because air molecules cannot fit between the plates; (3) There is a separate article on the Casimir effect, so we shouldn't describe it again here; (4) You don't need the Casimir effect to provide an example for the zero-point energy - even the hydrogen atom is good enough; (5) It is an inaccurate statement that particles appear out of nothing in the vacuum. Vacuum is an eigenstate of the Hamiltonian, therefore nothing changes there; (6) It's not the place to discuss 'fights' between classical and quantum mechanics. An article on quantum mechanics or articles linked from there are the appropriate place. For these reasons, I undid your changes. If you still think that some of them should be included, let's discuss them here first. Yevgeny Kats 07:53, 3 January 2006 (UTC)


 * "At a cavity-resonance frequency the radiation pressure inside the cavity is stronger than outside and the mirrors are therefore pushed apart. Out of resonance, in contrast, the radiation pressure inside the cavity is smaller than outside and the mirrors are drawn towards each other."
 * Re vacuum == nothing, yes, hamiltonian says it isn't nothing, but most people see the world through perceptual organs that perceive aggregate, classical-type phenomena, and believe vacuum == nothing. That is why it needs explaining in the first part or two, and why it is darned appropriate to explain the difference between classical and quantum physics also, in the brief human-readable intro.
 * If you ignore my suggestion, and put a bunch of what others have termed 'gobbeledegook' first, in order to be scientist-like and impress your learned colleagues, then most readers, who come here to learn something they don't already know, will continue to describe it as gobbledegook and see the technically literati as a bunch of white-tower mystics engaging in so-much hand-waving. Their appropriate reaction would be to engage in the same behaviour, and produce more and more of these 'zero point energy' devices and other mystical toys that they don't understand, and won't have explained to them - since they can see, and rightly so, that your arguments consist mostly of ego, with a bit of hocus-pokus thrown in, and stop reading before you get to the actual point.
 * The fact is that if you do not present a simple example, that is "intuitively" understandable, at the start, people won't read the page. If you put such an example later on, they won't read the page. The intuitive example will be missed.
 * I think it was inappropriate of you to reverse the change. You should have fixed any small errors I introduced ...
 * Because it is an example which uses human-scale objects, and produces completely counter-intuitive results, the Casimir effect is a much better example than some hydrogen-atom thingo -- which you didn't even bother to describe or replace my example with -- and because of the counter-intuitive results and the fact that zero point energy is a qm phenomenon, of course it is necessary for a non-qm-educated person to be informed that there is a difference between qm phenomena and intuitive/classical descriptions of the world, and briefly have summarised for them what that difference is and what type of difference it is, and the relative newness of qm.
 * You need to learn that communication, and especially wiki, is about cooperation between disparate people, with differing skills and knowledge. So you believe you know more physics than me. But you can't write for shit if you reversed my changes. You need to learn to accept useful input, and improve it. I didn't scratch the entire page, I added my contribution, adapting a small part and fleshing it out. You shouldn't have removed my entire contribution, you should have adapted a small part and refined it or corrected it.
 * Note I wrote most of this before I confirmed that I was in fact not completely wrong about the Casimir force, and so I have perhaps been more polite than I should in responding. But since I don't have time to completely satisfy myself of the correctness of my argument or the incorrectness of Yevgeny's, I will leave my reply somewhat ambiguous. Someone needs to check carefully whether the Casimir effect is accurately described, and whether there is a better candidate for an example. Please take into account that the example should be understandable and "of consequence" to people who are not yet educated in subatomic physics.


 * To repeat myself, for the benefit of those trying to follow the flow of this discussion (could anyone do some work to tidy up this page?): Note: I just gave the article a lot of simple-to-read intro, I don't know if it addresses the problems discussed here because I don't have time to read them or read the rest of the article. Therefore, I leave the discussion as is, below. -- Efilnickufesin 07:05, 3 January 2006 (UTC)


 * Yes, it is. This article needs to be torn down and re-written from scratch. It needs to describe zero-point energy as taught in undergrad physics, zero-point energy as conceived by particle physicists and cosmologists, zero-point energy as conceived by the over-unity and free energy crowd, and finally the other miscellaneous cultural references. Quite possibly, this should be split into two or three distinct articles, so that we don't have the scientists warring with the pseudoscientists over the topic. Right now, its a hopeless mish-mash of all of these topics, and is, as you point out, throughly uninformative. linas 21:15, 29 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Perhaps this article was intentionally made as an ambiguous mish-mash to ease the portrayal of something like free energy as "pseudoscience"? I agree we need disambiguation and disassociation here but I am wary of your "pseudoscience" comment. zen master T 21:42, 29 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Oops, I meant Free energy suppression. linas 02:05, 30 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Where is the article that describes just the zero-point energy hypotheses for "free energy" outside the dismissive "conspiracy theory" label? If an article only contains hypotheses surrounding the details of zero-point energy directly, and leaves out speculation as to someone's possible motivation for supressing that technology then it can't possibly be labeled a conspiracy theory. Critics of the "conspiracy theory" label claim it is used, often subtly, to pejoratively confuse and misclassify an actual theory that alleges a conspiracy with the type of eccentric folklore for the purpose of obfuscation and to thwart a scientific and factual analysis. The label may even be considered inappropriate if used to dismiss theoretical speculation in any form. I think the same case could be made for "pseudo-science" as it is seemingly also used to discourage a scientific and factual analysis. zen master T 02:28, 30 December 2005 (UTC)


 * You are quite right. This article needs to be torn down and re-written from scratch. It needs to describe zero-point energy as taught in undergrad physics, zero-point energy as conceived by particle physicists and cosmologists, zero-point energy as conceived by the over-unity and free energy crowd, and finally the other miscellaneous cultural references. Quite possibly, this should be split into two or three distinct articles, so that we don't have the scientists warring with the pseudoscientists over the topic. Right now, its a hopeless mish-mash of all of these topics, and is, as you point out, throughly uninformative. linas 06:23, 30 December 2005 (UTC)


 * Who is alleging something or someone is pseudoscience or a pseudoscientist here and what exactly is this alleger's criticism? zen master T 06:48, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I am alleging that the topics of zero-point energy and "free" energy attract a lot of cranks and kooks; this is fairly common knowledge, and if you google around, you will see that this is true. This article should describe not only the legitimate meanings of these terms, but it should also describe the the crank community and its researches and findings. linas 06:39, 31 December 2005 (UTC)


 * I am afraid wikipedia policies require us to state who believes the "free energy" aspect of zero-point energy is "crank". It is inappropriate to label theoretical speculation as "pseudoscience" as that will thwart and discourage a scientific analysis. The "free energy" aspect of zero-point energy isn't even mentioned directly in this article ("cultural references" doesn't count), labeling something as fiction is a great way to dismiss and obfuscate. zen master T 06:56, 31 December 2005 (UTC)
 * "I am afraid wikipedia policies require us to state who believes the "free energy" aspect of zero-point energy is "crank". " - Not when it's the majority of mainstream science that considers it as such. Take Intelligent design, a large number of its supporters are very successful acredited high profile scientists, but the mainstream scientific community consider it Pseudoscience, thus it is labeled as such. What seperates ZPE from a protoscience like String Theory is that the majority of ZPE supporters and reserarchers dont use the scientific method and even believe in its practical application for free energy and have patented thousands of machines for it over the years... You dont see such similar patterns in the majority of string theory String Theory. You can determine easily when something is psuedoscience when the majority of supporters make claims that have no grounds in science yet pretend to be, thats why established fields like chiropractic care and Reflexology are psuedoscience because the claims put forth have no grounds in science, and yet claim to be scientific. - UnlimitedAccess 18:35, 2 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If theoretical speculation follows sound scientific practices, then it is scientific discourse. If it contains numerous flawed or mistaken arguments, ie is based on incorrect factual assumptions, then call it what you like, but don't call it science. Same if it uses unsound maths. Science and maths, contrary to popular belief, are not magic, and not religion. That many superstitious pricks dress up their religiously-maintained self-delusions as science is not science's fault. Scientific method is a simple and commonsense technique, of think, test, (refine, retest ad infinitum) ... present results for critique, analysis, and use. Maths is similarly derived from commonsense, real-life observations, using logic, and if not provable by robotic, mechanical deductions, deemed to be unsound and bogus</b> and offensive to humanity. Please refine the article (and the discussion of the article) according to these linguistic criteria, which might be said to be fact, were it not for the case that so many speakers of the words science and maths speak them vacuously or with mal intent. -- Efilnickufesin 06:27, 3 January 2006 (UTC)
 * To say that "Science and maths, contrary to popular belief, are not magic, and not religion" may not be quite so true as they were once perceived. If one reads "The Field" by Lynn McTaggart as an introduction to zero point energy and related physics, biology, physiology and medical topics, then much of what is described about the action of the brain as a mechanism for interacting with The Field (aka zero-point energy) seems to go some way towards explaining aspects of religion and aspects of magic.
 * I offer one example for each in support of this proposal.
 * Some religions acknowledge a god, some acknowledge multiple gods, some point to a being of vastly greater intelligence / presence (e.g. Gaia), astronomers refer to the mising mass, Einstein talked about E=mc². All of these have a common factors - not visible to the eye, significant energy, vast size, not easy to understand. The prevalence of religion among human cultures, together with the associated links to spirit, points to thought as a causal and linking factor. With the brain acting as a complex store cum energy manipulation device, it is in effect acting as a transducer, sensing (receiving) and interacting with (sending) the zero-point energy field. (my regrets if the simplification has glossed over or missed out much of the underlying logic).
 * For Magic, the matter is both simpler yet more complex. If we take the Magic (paranormal) definition of Magic from Wikipedia itself, the first entry in the Examples box is about Healing Others. Elisabeth Targ and Fred Sicher showed in their 1988 study of distant healing that some effect of human activity on others - by thought alone - had produced a statistically significant effect. If we accept that the human brain is an (unreliable) transducer to link with the zero-point energy field, this would go a long way towards explaining a) why the experiment succeeded and b) why zero-point energy manipulation is "Magic".1stonery 03:26, 2 February 2007 (UTC)
 * So are you saying that any result that is refuted by logic (because what is false is not "provable") is an "offense to humanity"? Gee, I guess "humanity" must be continually being "offended" every time a theory is refuted. I think the "offense" would be more like continuing to peddle false or logically absurd theories as though they were the opposite. mike4ty4 (talk) 08:07, 3 October 2009 (UTC)

I don't have the knowledge to even attempt to edit this article but I do think it's pretty dismissive of the idea of using Zero Point for energy, as some people have already said. I agree that it's wrong to label this pseudoscience. For example, ZPE does not as far as I'm aware violate any laws if it gets the energy from other dimensions which I believe many physicists speculate exist. There appear to be a number of unexplained over-unity phenomena out there (e.g. "cold fusion" and ZPE may well be the underlying cause. Rhm01 13:27, 7 March 2007 (UTC)


 * The pseudoscience label is based on the sources, not the content. As a theoretical idea, zero point energy is legitimized by scientific presentation, analysis, and discussion, but as a feasible source of energy, the pseudoscience label is earned by:
 * (1) lack of work appearing in peer-reviewed publications
 * (2) lack of reproducible experiments
 * (3) lack of complete, credible, and well articulated theoretical positions.


 * There are also secondary indications of pseudoscience:
 * (1) arguing the case primarily to those who are unfamiliar with the background science
 * (2) an ulterior motive behind the alleged science, especially seeking "investment"
 * (3) incomprehensible "explanations" that make liberal use of high-sounding jargon.


 * And of course there is a long history of disproven claims to perpetual motion machines. The oft repeated pattern of huckster claims followed by eventual refutation makes claimants to perpetual motion machines and free energy devices deserving of extra scruitiny for credibility.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Pvkeller (talk • contribs) 15:16, 8 November 2008 (UTC)


 * In rewriting the free energy section, I left the word "derided" as in "as yet derided as pseudoscience" in an effort to compromise with the language I was replacing. Another contributor did not care to mince words and made it "deemed pseudoscience".  We could say something like "deemed pseudoscience at this time" to acknowledge that it could be science one day, as unlikely as that may be.  But then again, I do not care much for mincing words either consider that there are more than a few liars out there using science babel to mislead people on this subject.Paul V. Keller (talk) 03:50, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

A Blueprint for a Quantum Propulsion Machine
A Blueprint for a Quantum Propulsion Machine http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/24499/ (Wednesday, December 09, 2009) --89.152.177.195 (talk) 22:26, 11 December 2009 (UTC)

Needs a Controversy section
The Controversies concerning the article need to be presented in a neutral manner independent of other headings/sections. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tcalight (talk • contribs) 15:21, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I moved your comment to the bottom of the talkpage, as per convention. I hope you don't mind. (I didn't change any of the content).
 * You say on the talkpage and in your comments that the article needs a "controversy" section, but what you actually did was remove a relevant claim and a reliable source. The two things are very different. Can you explain why?
 * The first time you removed the text, you claimed it violated NPOV. Can you explain why?
 * I do not want to get into an edit war, but any number of reliable sources will say that ZPE-based "free energy" arguments are pseudoscientific at best. Deleting a comment that represents the overwhelming weight of scientific consensus is no way to reach NPOV. However, the paragraph is currently left with other text that has a similar argument but no source. Perhaps we could compromise, by omitting the text that you found objectionable, but restoring the reference that you deleted? (Or perhaps adding a different reference which supports the text currently in that section)
 * Having read WP:UNDUE and WP:CRITS, I also doubt that a "controversy" section is necessary or appropriate. Could you explain why you think it's a good idea?
 * Proposed free energy devices are fringe, like perpetual motion devices generally. You did not say why you removed the fringe category; perhaps it was because only part of the article is about fringe physics (other parts of the article is about respectable physics), but why then does the perpetual motion category remain? This seems inconsistent to me.
 * bobrayner (talk) 16:05, 25 May 2010 (UTC)


 * I will not go into a detailed discussion concerning my reasons. Nonetheless, I also wish to avoid an edit war over this as well. I therefore have restored the article to it's previous state with the exception of the statement that is absolutely in violation of Wikipedia's policy of neutrality. I still believe that Wikipedia should present both sides of the matter no matter how insignificant it may seem to the general consensus of the scientificc community.

What??
This article is too riddled with confused language and misinformation to be of any value to physicists or the lay public. In all likelihood it is doing more harm than good to the latter. If there is some way to prominently add a warning to this effect at the top of the page it should be done. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.95.94.76 (talk) 23:21, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

energy growth is cut off
in the article, What is meant by: It is also arguable that new physics takes over at the (Planck scale and that the energy growth is cut off at that point. exactly what is meant by: "energy growth is cut off"--e:Y,?:G 04:03, 5 October 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E:Y,?:G (talk • contribs)

I rewrote that part; hopefully it explains it a little better now. What exactly the new physics is, is of course unknown. Jim E. Black (talk) 06:00, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

Spherical zero point energy shouldered, cubic zero point energy rolled
This doc is what US Army had to say about the Casimir subject as of mid-2007:

http://info.publicintelligence.net/USArmy-ZeroPointEnergy.pdf —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.131.130.235 (talk) 23:12, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

why is this text in this page?
I removed this text because it doesn't explain how it relates to the topic of zero-point energy:

"*A fraud in the UK, uses research grants, in issue, in order to cover for illegal coal mining; & through the carbonization process, turning it from very dirty coal, {without proper holding issue for the expellant}into petrol based at Manchester University they use this cover for reasons of the patent for profit, being held by ICI, circa 1949*.
 * Air quality in the areas affected suffers as a result; & along with other issue has resulted in a governmental, Europe wide, protection racket; & it is not, a victimless crime."

--Enric Naval (talk) 19:58, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

not a consequence of heisenberg uncertainty
the intro calls this a "consequence of the heisenberg uncertainty principle". this is not true. not anymore than anything in quantum physics is a consequence of the heisenberg uncertainty principle. the heisenberg principle is just a mathematical statement that can be derived from the shrodinger equation. as can zpe. zpe is more properly a consequence of the fact that a charged particle about another is confined by coloumb forces in a parabolic well, and by definition it can't have negative energy. putting these factors into the time-independant shrodinger equation (solved in this case by dirac - which he won a nobel prize for) you discover that the only way to avoid negative energy values is to have a non-zero energy "ground state". to say that the value of a possible quantum energy state -- i.e. the eigenvalues of the hamiltonian -- is due to the uncertainty principle is non-sensical. Kevin Baastalk 15:41, 21 December 2010 (UTC)
 * how about if instead it said "consequence of the fact that the position and momentum operators don't commute"? that would seem more accurate. Kevin Baastalk 21:10, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Derivation Details
The derivation is sparse in details. I would like to amend it to something like the following...

Near the bottom of a potential well, the Hamiltonian of a system (the quantum-mechanical operator giving its energy) can be approximated as


 * $$\hat{H} = E_0 + \frac{1}{2} k \left(\hat{x} - x_0\right)^2 + \frac{1}{2m} \hat{p}^2$$

where $$E_0$$ is the minimum of the classical potential well.

Therefore, the expectation of $$\hat{H}$$ is


 * $$ \left\langle \hat{H} \right\rangle = E_0 + \left\langle \frac{1}{2} k \left(\hat{x} - x_0\right)^2 \right\rangle + \left\langle \frac{1}{2m} \hat{p}^2 \right\rangle$$

Since $$(a-b)^2 \geq 0 \Rightarrow a^2 + b^2 \geq 2ab$$, $$(a+b)^2 = a^2 + b^2 + 2ab \geq 4ab$$, or equivalently (for positive a and b) $$a+b \geq 2\sqrt{ab}$$. This means the above equation is bounded from below by:


 * $$ \left\langle \hat{H} \right\rangle \geq E_0 + 2\sqrt{ \left\langle \frac{1}{2} k \left(\hat{x} - x_0\right)^2 \right\rangle \left\langle \frac{1}{2m} \hat{p}^2 \right\rangle }$$.

The uncertainty principle tells us that


 * $$\sqrt{\left\langle \left(\hat{x} - x_0\right)^2 \right\rangle} \sqrt{\left\langle \hat{p}^2 \right\rangle} \geq \frac{\hbar}{2},$$

making the expectation values of the kinetic and potential terms above satisfy


 * $$\left\langle \frac{1}{2} k \left(\hat{x} - x_0\right)^2 \right\rangle \left\langle \frac{1}{2m} \hat{p}^2 \right\rangle \geq \left(\frac{\hbar}{4}\right)^2 \frac{k}{m}.$$

The expectation value of the energy must therefore be at least


 * $$\left\langle \hat{H} \right\rangle \geq E_0 + \frac{\hbar}{2} \sqrt{\frac{k}{m}} = E_0 + \frac{\hbar \omega}{2}$$

where $$\omega = \sqrt{k/m}$$ is the angular frequency at which the system oscillates.

Rocketman768 (talk) 15:16, 24 February 2012 (UTC)

In Popular Culture
Per Xxanthippe's request when removing my original insertion of this section, I reverted & expanded it slightly (adding the sentence about FanFiction.net) and added sources. The IMDB page for the character references his use of ZPE several times, the linked video is devoted to an examination of the film's use of it vs actual physics, with the first explicit mention at :34 seconds, and as noted in the new sentence, with link, the character's fan fiction home is named for ZPE. Additionally the linked Wikipedia article on the film & character go in to this in depth. Hopefully this's sufficient. SLEPhoto (talk) 05:32, 5 September 2012 (UTC)

I reverted the removal of this section by unnamed user at 62.147.11.238. It doesn't fit the definition under WP:Trivia and sections showing relevance in popular culture are fairly common. The initial version also didn't cite fanfiction.net, I added that after a request for additional documentation of ZPE being tied to the character. I have no affiliation with the site & was unaware of it until I researched this. IMO this isn't cruft as it shows how a relatively esoteric idea has made its way in to broader awareness, and it's also useful as a gateway for getting kids interested in this field of science. I made a Talk section about this partially because of the initial deletion, I'd appreciate it if we could have a conversation about it before it's simply deleted again.SLEPhoto (talk) 07:32, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Pop Culture References List
Can we add a popular media sightings section? Although this would allow a non scientific section to an all physics page, zero point energy IS very widely recognised as one of the most falsified claims by fakers (perpetual motion and free-energy machines)

If so, I offer my sighting - The Incredibles, Pixar film, Buddy Pine/Syndrome has created a zero point energy wrist weapon.


 * See Zero-point energy in popular culture, which should be summarized in a section of this article, if you ask me.--Yannick 02:54, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

I apologize, I missed this section & started a new one http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Zero-point_energy#In_Popular_Culture when I added a section on pop culture that was reverted. I started it because there was no article, as noted below. SLEPhoto (talk) 07:46, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Two more references:
Nadesico

Stargate

Also your link seems to go to a nonexistent page, with no new section in this article either.

Kd5npf (talk) 04:38, 16 March 2008 (UTC)

New Sources
Film Scene: Aliens among us - Jim Reed http://savannahnow.com/do/2013-05-29/film-scene-aliens-among-us#.Uao8XZ6kS_Y — Preceding unsigned comment added by FrankRadioSpecial (talk • contribs) 19:21, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Adding New Experimental Evidence
I was just reading this article which would seem to be new experimental evidence.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130426115449.htm

Can someone who can properly integrate it into the page do so? I feel that I don't have the experiance with WikiPedia to do it correctly :)

brill (talk) 16:47, 13 August 2013 (UTC)

"violating"... not the right word?
I realize that the laws of thermodynamics can not be "broken" of course, but I also realize that they are probabilistic laws in essence (particularly the second law), so as it is not to say that energy has to lose some to heat, just that it's extremely likely to. Violating the Laws sounds a bit too rigid,in this context, anyway. Just my 2c 124.171.207.219 (talk) 13:04, 28 December 2013 (UTC)nick e

Gravitation and cosmology
In the section "gravitation and cosmology" it reads:

"One obvious difficulty with this association is that the zero-point energy of the vacuum is absurdly large. Naively, it is infinite, because it includes the energy of waves with arbitrarily short wavelengths. But since only differences in energy are physically measurable, the infinity can be removed by renormalization."

I think this is wrong, since gravitation (unlikie any of the other fundamental forces) senses absolute energy, not just energy differences. Thus, renormalization cannot resolve the conflict in the case of gravity. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.181.222.243 (talk) 21:41, 20 July 2012 (UTC)

Under "List of unsolved problems in physics" it says, "Why doesn't the zero-point energy density of the vacuum change with changes in the volume of the universe? (It is rotation and electromagnetic power)" 1 - Citation is needed that that is an unsolved problem. It is not listed on the linked page. 2 - Citation is needed that the density does not change with the changing volume of the universe. How do we know it does not change? 3 - What does this mean? "It is rotation and electromagnetic power" What is "it"? Please explain. Neuropulse (talk) 08:37, 10 April 2015 (UTC)

History section
The history section was originally added in this edit:. It was edited by User:Sadi Carnot who was blocked indefinitely because of various abuse. Therefore, the content may be of suspect value. In fact, it has one gross errors. The vibrational energy formula


 * $$ \epsilon = \frac{h\nu}{ e^{\frac{h\nu}{kT}}-1} + \frac{h\nu}{2}$$

was actually given by Max Planck. The references are here: "The paper by Einstein and Otto Stern ... presents the results of their study of some ways in which the zero-point energy, introduced two years earlier by Max Planck in his second quantum theory, might affect physical phenomena",, "When Max Planck introduced the concept of zero-point energy in 1911...", "...corresponding to the zero-point energy hv/2 that Planck ascribed to his resonators in his second theory of radiation."

Based on these findings, I think we should give proper credit to whomever it is due.--Laochen 06:45, 23 June 2015 (UTC)

Category:Fringe physics
It may not be "fringe physics", but it is frequently used in fringe physics. I think that makes it close enough for inclusion in the category. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 11:12, 3 October 2015 (UTC)

Here's another article from the Scientific American (1997): - http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/follow-up-what-is-the-zer/ Northwolf56 (talk) 14:33, 20 February 2016 (UTC)

So-Called "mainstream" science/scientists.
Dear Public, Please stop using this term - "mainstream". There is no such thing. There is science, and there are scientists, they are not a single body, nor are they all affiliated with each other or anything. Science is science. It is not a club, you do not need to purchase a membership. Science is a concept. You do not "join" or "sign up". If your pet hypothesis is having trouble being accepted by the scientific community, you are deluding yourself if you think that all of the scientists and scientific institutions have somehow got together to exclude it. I guarantee that if your pet concept had any legs, there would be someone out there who is willing to try and find evidence for it - someone from the *scientific* community. That is what science is - the testing of ideas against observations to formulate explanations and extrapolate predictions. If your concept fails to predict any meaningful observations, that is not a failure of "mainstream" science to adapt. There are no scientists *outside the mainstream* because if there were, and they were worth their salt, they would be...well...pretty regular scientists. The idea that we all band together to "suppress" ideas that we don't like is preposterous, because that would be ignoring a pathway to a better explanation of whatever phenomena. Oh, I'm sure they are a few people out there who would pick and choose, manipulate data or ignore ideas because they are emotionally invested in some avenue of research, but there is always a certain percentage of bad apples in every group of people. Say it aint so. Regards, One tiny, infinitesimal part of the scientific community.178.15.151.163 (talk) 08:45, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Problem with the last sentance
Even though the zero-point energy is theoretically infinite, there is as yet no practical evidence to suggest that infinite amounts of zero-point energy are available for use, that zero-point energy can be withdrawn for free, or that zero-point energy can be used in violation of conservation of energy.[13]

If you actually read reference 13, it states that there is an actual way to extract ZPE (the Casimir effect), and doing so doesn't violate the laws of thermodynamics... only that it's such a small amount of energy that it's completely useless. It says that on pg 2. Hhh3h (talk) 22:37, 29 February 2012 (UTC)

It is not useless because it is a small amount, since this can be scaled up arbitrarily - it is useless in the same way that the energy that can be "extracted" from two magnets, or a rubber band, is useless; energy has to be put into the system to bring the two plates apart again. You can start with two plates already separated, but that is a system already in a non-zero energy state - to extract energy from a system, the start and end states must be the same. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.15.151.163 (talk) 08:53, 3 May 2016 (UTC)

Stargate correction
The article currently advises that ZPM energy generators are specifically from Stargate Atlantis, while they are also in Stargate SG1. Amended the article to reflect this. 203.13.3.93 (talk) 01:38, 14 October 2016 (UTC)

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle [HUP]
HUP causes nothing to happen. It merely attempts to describe something that we believe happens. Please change this. 2001:5B0:4ED5:3D98:3401:7A38:F7CA:1360 (talk) 20:36, 14 September 2017 (UTC)Bill Tieckelmann longdream64@gmail.com

Weird science
The first half of this very long article is based on good physics, but the second half strays into some very weird and fringe areas. Should the weird stuff be spun off into a new article say-Unconventional proposals for the use of zero-point energy? Xxanthippe (talk) 04:56, 19 August 2018 (UTC),
 * Maybe, I agree it includes some fringy subjects. Where do you say we may make a clear cut of the article?MaoGo (talk) 11:59, 5 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Purported applications, which is all outside the mainstream, could be hived off. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:47, 5 September 2018 (UTC).

Category:Physics
Previously this article was listed under "Category:Physics". This is a container category to group other categories, rather than a category for individual articles, since otherwise it would contain thousands of articles and make the physics category page difficult to navigate. This idea is explained in the page WP:DIFFUSE. Articles often belong to many specific categories, but since this article already belongs to categories "Mathematical physics", "Condensed matter physics" and several other physics daughter categories, adding the overall category "Physics" is not necessary here. Forbes72 (talk) 04:52, 27 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the explanation. Xxanthippe (talk) 06:44, 27 May 2019 (UTC).
 * You're welcome. Sorry for the confusion - I realize now my initial edit summary was not as clear/helpful as it could have been. Forbes72 (talk) 21:45, 27 May 2019 (UTC)

Where did the term “zero-point radiation” come from?
I have never heard of the term “zero-point radiation”, except from “cranks”.

DWHalliday (talk) 21:56, 2 July 2019 (UTC)

Searching the ‘net, the only references that are unrelated to this Wikipedia article that use the term “zero-point radiation” are actually referring to “Classical Electromagnetic Zero-Point Radiation”, which has nothing to do with the Quantum Field Theoretic “zero-point” phenomena that is the (supposed) subject of this Wikipedia article.

DWHalliday (talk) 22:29, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * A search for "zero point radiation" gives 3,900 ghits, so usage is known. Please follow convention and add your comments to the bottom of the page. Xxanthippe (talk) 00:18, 3 July 2019 (UTC).

Opinion
"however, this aether cannot be thought of as a physical medium if it is to be Lorentz invariant such that there is no contradiction with Einstein's theory of special relativity." This is opinion. It has a citation, and the title even says it is about philosophy. Strong, exclusive claims like this about metaphysics are highly inappropriate when the context if physics. There are other opinions about the philosophy, too. Feynman, for example, said that quantum mechanics is not intuitive, but that doesn't mean it isn't what is really happening.71.63.160.210 (talk) 22:32, 15 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually, no. Physical things have to obey physical laws. Thought constructs do not. This is neither opinion nor metaphysics, it's obvious fact.
 * (The possibility that the laws may need to be revised some day has no bearing on that.) --Hob Gadling (talk) 05:27, 16 January 2020 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose to merge Zero Point Energy into Free energy suppression conspiracy theory. Outdated research, revived by conspiracy theorists. ToddGrande (talk) 08:19, 14 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Zero point energy is a real thing in physics, it is not a conspiracy theory. &#32; Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 18:38, 14 May 2020 (UTC)


 * Oppose for reason above. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:28, 14 May 2020 (UTC).

Zero-point energy vs. Ground-state energy.
What precisely is the difference?(And, as I'm not (yet) an expert in this area of physics, please keep the explanation simple).
 * GSE is the lowest energy state of a system (greater or equal to zero). ZPE is the energy above zero energy due to energy quantum uncertainty. Xxanthippe (talk) 01:21, 15 May 2020 (UTC).

An entry is Not supported by its reference
The article titled "Zero-point energy", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-point_energy, contains a referenced entry that is Not corroborated by its reference. This entry appears twice in the article.

The statement is "Recent experiments advocate the idea that particles themselves can be thought of as excited states of the underlying quantum vacuum, and that all properties of matter are merely vacuum fluctuations arising from interactions with the zero-point field." It is tied to reference [10].

Two statements contained in this entry are not corroborated by its reference. They are

1) "...particles themselves can be thought of as excited states of the underlying quantum vacuum..."

2) "...all properties of matter are merely vacuum fluctuations arising from interactions with the zero-point field."

A close reading of their reference does not support either of these statements. I removed the statements, but they're reappeared after 2 hours without comment as to how they're supported by their reference. Further editing by myself will only result in a deletion-reinsertion battle.

Please have someone with a background in particle physics review these statement and their reference for accuracy. If they're not valid, please remove permanently remove them. 73.217.123.108 (talk) 01:44, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * The statements do not reflect mainstream views and should be removed. Xxanthippe (talk) 01:52, 6 June 2020 (UTC).

Adding a tokin so that the editor, Coldcreation, is notified of these comments. 73.217.123.108 (talk) 04:37, 6 June 2020 (UTC)
 * Quantum field theory (QFT) treats particles as excited states (quanta) of their underlying fields. Particles are understood to be excitations of the underlying quantum fields. Virtual particles are considered excitations of the underlying quantum fields, but are "temporary". As you write, someone with a background in particle physics should review these statement and their reference for accuracy. Until then, I suggest the sentence be left in the article. I too will find a reference as soon as I have some time. I am checking sources such as Fiscalettia et al and others. As for the second half of the sentence, I'm not sure about "all properties of matter"... I would think 'Some properties of matter' is more accurate. Coldcreation (talk) 10:57, 6 June 2020 (UTC)

This may help... This may help with evaluating statement (1). As you say, " Quantum field theory (QFT) treats particles as excited states (quanta) of their underlying fields [my underlining]." "Their underlying fields" is the operative fact. For example, photons are excited states of the electromagnetic field. However, photons are not excited states of the underlying quantum vacuum. To say this is to assign a particle to the wrong source since particles are excitations in their own fields. The current understanding is that the quantum vacuum is not the source of any particles or fields.

Regarding (2). The referenced article makes the point that most of the mass of a meson (and by extension, most of the mass of a hadron) is from the contribution of virtual particles. However, these virtual particles arise from their respective fields, and not from interactions with the zero-point field. (In fact, there is no zero point field, see below.)

To breakdown problematic statement (2), there are two phrases to look at. The first is, as you suggest, "...all properties of matter..." This would include Spin, Charge, Color Charge, etc. But this is not true. The second is "...are merely vacuum fluctuations arising from interactions with the zero-point field..." But there is no zero point field (contrary to many interpretations on the internet). The quantum vacuum contains many fields (electric field, Higgs field, etc.), but it is not a field in itself. It is the named fields (electric field, Higgs field, etc.), that give rise to the virtual particles associated with their respective fields, and their interactions.

Here are some useful, and very high quality, references:

https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/quantum-fluctuations-and-their-energy/ https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/theories-and-vacua/ https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-field-theory/ 73.217.123.108 (talk) 19:18, 6 June 2020 (UTC)


 * I disagree with your interpretations. As the article states: "Given the equivalence of mass and energy expressed by Albert Einstein's E = mc2, any point in space that contains energy can be thought of as having mass to create particles. Virtual particles spontaneously flash into existence at every point in space due to the energy of quantum fluctuations caused by the uncertainty principle. Modern physics has developed quantum field theory (QFT) to understand the fundamental interactions between matter and forces, it treats every single point of space as a quantum harmonic oscillator. According to QFT the universe is made up of matter fields, whose quanta are fermions (i.e. leptons and quarks), and force fields, whose quanta are bosons (e.g. photons and gluons). All these fields have zero-point energy.[2]" Coldcreation (talk) 12:39, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

I'm sorry, I don't think I've done a good job of communicating exactly what want to say. Let me try again. First, everything that's in the excerpt you added, above ["Given the equivalence of mass and energy expressed..."], is not in dispute. Nothing I've submitted is intended to deny the existence of ZPE.

There are many fields in the Universe, the electromagnetic field, gluon field, Higgs field, etc. I am calling these the "real fields". And these fields all have energy in a vacuum at the zero point (absolute zero temperature with no persistent particles present - only virtual particles). Note that the zero point refers to the condition of a physical system - it is not a "real thing".

For example, there is a "zero point Higgs field" and an "electromagnetic zero point field", and each refers to their respective field at the zero point. In the physics literature you'll sometimes see "zero point field" used as a shorthand, but it always refers to a specific field under discussion in the text (e.g. the electromagnetic field) at the zero point.

What is not real is a field that is called the "zero point field" (without reference to a real field, e.g. the electromagnetic field). The zero point does not have its own field associated with it.

Now particles are excited states in their respective fields, and not the "underlying vacuum". (Again, these real fields are present even in a vacuum.) Therefore, to say that "...particles themselves can be thought of as excited states of the underlying quantum vacuum..." is to elevate the quantum vacuum to being a "real thing".

A suggested change would be to say that "particles themselves can be thought of as excited states of their respective fields". This may seem like hair splitting until you look at all the questionable web pages out there that have made the "quantum vacuum" and "zero point field" akin to god, an object responsible for consciousness, a mechanism for how thoughts become matter, and more.

Looking at the statement "...all properties of matter are merely vacuum fluctuations arising from interactions with the zero-point field", one sees that the "zero point field" has been made a real thing that interacts with other things. This is not true. Also, only virtual particles (but not persistent particles) are vacuum fluctuations. Persistent particles, like electrons in a conductor, are not virtual particles, and they're not fluctuations in the quantum vacuum.

Please try to independently verify what I'm saying.

Getting back to the original point, the statements in question are not supported by their reference, [10]. And they're not supported by the excerpts in the previous posts. 73.217.123.108 (talk) 17:36, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

From an expert in quantum field theory, Matt Strassler's web site. https://profmattstrassler.com/articles-and-posts/particle-physics-basics/quantum-fluctuations-and-their-energy/

"Every elementary particle (I speak of real particles now) in our universe is a ripple — a small wave, the wave of smallest possible intensity — in a corresponding elementary quantum field (Figure 2). A W particle is a ripple in a W field; a photon [a particle of light, which you may think of as the dimmest possible flash] is a ripple in the electric field; an up quark is a ripple in the up quark field."

"And if there are no particles around? Even in what we consider empty space, the fields are still there, sitting quietly in empty space, much as there’s water in the pond even if no wind or pebbles are making ripples on its surface, and there’s still air in the room even if there’s no sound." 73.217.123.108 (talk) 19:27, 9 June 2020 (UTC)

Is this article pseudoscience ?
Look at the Intro, 2nd paragraph: " . . . with a single light bulb containing enough energy to boil all the world's oceans."

This is utter nonsense ! A light bulb does not contain energy. It consumes energy and radiates energy.

How can an article with this kind of drivel be allowed to exist ? Darkman101 (talk) 16:35, 30 May 2021 (UTC)
 * You don't understand what is meant. The ZPE contained within the vacuum enclosed in an incandescent light bulb would be enough to boil all the world's oceans. &#32; Headbomb {t · c · p · b} 16:47, 30 May 2021 (UTC)

Many thanks to you for this clarification ! So should the sentence read: " . . . with the vacuum in a single incandescent light bulb containing enough energy to boil all the world's oceans." ?

If, so please make this correction ! (And they are now becoming obsolete, so this needs updating anyway !) Darkman101 (talk) 17:14, 30 May 2021 (UTC)
 * ZPE is not pseudoscience but a lot of pseudoscience is speculated on its basis. Xxanthippe (talk) 22:31, 30 May 2021 (UTC).

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:54, 10 November 2022 (UTC)
 * Albert Einstein (Nobel).png

Sketchy reference to Feyman quote
This page includes a reference to a Feyman quote that says there is enough ZPE in a lightbulb to boil all the world's oceans. The source for this quote is a single Guardian quote that itself provides no context. Further, there are no other references that back up Feyman ever made this claim.

It's an extraordinary claim and it underpins a lot of conspiracy thinking related to ZPE. It would be a good idea to get additional citations or consider dropping the quote. 76.209.240.71 (talk) 03:02, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree. Xxanthippe (talk) 05:59, 21 June 2023 (UTC).
 * As it is from Feynman it is probably accurate, but I agree that it needs a source. Xxanthippe (talk) 06:11, 22 February 2024 (UTC).
 * I deleted the sentence as the source is not reliable on physics. The short article makes the claim about Feynman and Wheeler but provides no source. It's basically gossip at this point. Johnjbarton (talk) 16:16, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

"Purported applications" is primarily primary sources.
The "Purported applications" is too long per the policy WP:UNDUE. AFAICT it attempts to enumerate every ZPE application ever proposed.

Most of the refs are primary sources or "news" articles about those publications. The section should be based on secondary science sources (as this topic is scientific ZPE not fiction or entertainment). Johnjbarton (talk) 17:25, 22 February 2024 (UTC)