Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda as it was revised in 2005 by Philippe Bouchet and Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a system for the scientific classification of gastropod mollusks (Gastropods are a taxonomic class of animals which consists of snails and slugs of every kind, from the land, from freshwater, and from saltwater). The paper setting out this taxonomy was published in the journal Malacologia. The system encompasses both living and extinct groups, as well as some fossils whose classification as gastropods is uncertain.

The Bouchet & Rocroi system was the first complete gastropod taxonomy that primarily employed the concept of clades, and was derived from research on molecular phylogenetics; in this context a clade is a "natural grouping" of organisms based upon a statistical cluster analysis. In contrast, most of the previous overall taxonomic schemes for gastropods relied on morphological features to classify these animals, and used taxon ranks such as order, superorder and suborder, which are typical of classifications that are still inspired by Linnaean taxonomy.

In the Bouchet & Rocroi taxonomy, clades are used between the rank of class and the rank of superfamily. The clades are unranked. Bouchet and Rocroi use six main clades: Patellogastropoda, Vetigastropoda, Cocculiniformia, Neritimorpha, Caenogastropoda, and Heterobranchia. The first three of these major clades have no nesting clades within them: the taxonomy goes immediately to the superfamily level. Within the Caenogastropoda there is one extra clade. In contrast, within the Heterobranchia, for some of the nudibranch groups there are six separate clades above the level of superfamily, and in the case of most of the land snails, there are four clades above the level of superfamily. In some parts of the taxonomy, instead of "clade", Bouchet and Rocroi labelled groupings of taxa as a "group" or an "informal group". A clade must by definition contain only one lineage, and it was considered to be the case that these "informal groups" may either contain more than one lineage, or only contain part of a lineage. Further research will eventually resolve these questions. Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various proposals for changes have been published by other authors, for more information see changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

In 2017 this taxonomy was superseded by a revised taxonomy "Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families" by Philippe Bouchet & Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl and Ellen E. Strong in Malacologia, 2017, 61(1–2): 1–526. The authors have reverted to adopting the traditional ranks above superfamily: order, subclass, as this was preferred by many users.

Context
Systems of classification such as this one are primarily of value to malacologists (people who study mollusks) and other biologists. Biological classification schemes are not merely a convenience, they are an attempt to show the actual phylogeny (the evolutionary relatedness) within a group of organisms. Thus, a taxonomy such as this one can be seen as an attempt to elucidate part of the tree of life, a phylogenetic tree.

The Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 system of gastropod taxonomy was laid out in a book-length paper entitled "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families", which was published in the journal Malacologia and which was written in collaboration with J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés and A. Warén. This system supersedes the system of Ponder and Lindberg from 1997. Subsequent revisions by other authors have been made since the publication of this paper.

The taxonomy set out by Bouchet & Rocroi is an attempt to get one step closer to representing this part of the evolutionary history of the phylum Mollusca. Bouchet & Rocroi's classification system is a hybrid of the pre-existing, more traditional Linnaean taxonomy along with some more recent far-reaching revisions which are based on molecular work and use clades as taxa, (see cladistics). In the past, the taxonomy of gastropods was largely based on the morphological characters of the taxa, such as the shell characteristics (including the protoconch) in shelled species, and the internal anatomy, including the structure of the radula and details of the reproductive system. Recent advances are based more on the molecular characteristics of the DNA and RNA. This shift in emphasis has meant that the newer taxa and their hierarchy are subject to debate, a debate that is not likely to be resolved soon.

This proposed classification has tried to integrate the results of recent molecular work by using unranked clades for taxa below the traditional rank of class (class Gastropoda) but above the rank of superfamily (replacing the ranks subclass, superorder, order, and suborder), while still using the traditional Linnaean ranks for superfamilies and all taxa below the rank of superfamily (i.e., family, subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, and species. The clades have been given names which are similar to, or in some cases the same as, traditional Linnaean names for taxa above the level of superfamily. Whenever monophyly (a single ancestry) has not yet been tested and confirmed, or where a traditional taxon of gastropods has already been discovered to be paraphyletic (that it excludes some of its descendants) the term "group" or "informal group" has been used. Both Linnaean taxa and clades are invalid if it turns out they are polyphyletic, in other words if they consist of more than one lineage.

In this taxonomy 611 valid families are recognized. Of these, 202 families are exclusively fossil, and this is indicated here with a dagger †. Superfamily names are standardized so that they all end in the suffix "-oidea", also commonly used for superorders and subclasses, replacing the "-acea" ending found especially in the older literature. Classification of families into subfamilies however is often not well resolved, and should be regarded as the best possible hypothesis.

The publication Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) also includes a nomenclator of about 2400 suprageneric taxa (taxa above the level of genus) of gastropods, from the subtribe to the superfamily. A full bibliographic reference is provided for each taxon, giving the name of the authority, the original publication, the date of that publication, the type genus for the taxon, its nomenclatural status, and its validity under the rules of the ICZN.

Since the publication of this taxonomic system in 2005, various changes have been published by other authors, for more information see changes in the taxonomy of gastropods since 2005.

Main clades, groups and informal groups
Here the information is displayed in the form of a cladogram (an evolutionary tree of descent.) It is worth bearing in mind however that this taxonomy is provisional: many of the taxa are still only known as "groups" or "informal groups", and these are very likely to be changed as more information becomes available.

This cladogram is based on the following information. The list format used below makes clear which taxa are informal groups rather than clades:


 * Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position
 * Clade Patellogastropoda
 * Clade Vetigastropoda
 * Clade Cocculiniformia
 * Clade Neritimorpha
 * Paleozoic Neritimorpha of uncertain systematic position
 * Clade †Cyrtoneritimorpha
 * Clade Cycloneritimorpha
 * Clade Caenogastropoda
 * Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position
 * Informal group Architaenioglossa
 * Clade Sorbeoconcha
 * Clade Hypsogastropoda
 * Clade Littorinimorpha
 * Informal group Ptenoglossa
 * Clade Neogastropoda
 * Clade Heterobranchia
 * Informal group Lower Heterobranchia
 * Informal group Opisthobranchia
 * Clade Cephalaspidea
 * Clade Thecosomata
 * Clade Gymnosomata
 * Clade Aplysiomorpha
 * Group Acochlidiacea
 * Clade Sacoglossa
 * Group Cylindrobullida
 * Clade Umbraculida
 * Clade Nudipleura
 * Clade Pleurobranchomorpha
 * Clade Nudibranchia
 * Clade Euctenidiacea
 * Clade Dexiarchia
 * Clade Pseudoeuctenidiacea
 * Clade Cladobranchia
 * Clade Euarminida
 * Clade Dendronotida
 * Clade Aeolidida
 * Informal group Pulmonata
 * Informal group Basommatophora
 * Clade Eupulmonata
 * Clade Systellommatophora
 * Clade Stylommatophora
 * Clade Elasmognatha
 * Clade Orthurethra
 * Informal group Sigmurethra

Taxonomy
In the following, more detailed list, indentation is used only for the ranks of superfamily and family. The clade names are not indented, but their hierarchy is indicated by the size of the font used. A clearer sense of the hierarchy of the clades can be drawn from the list immediately above this one.

Paleozoic molluscs of uncertain systematic position
(Existing as fossils only)

Uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora)

 * unassigned to superfamily
 * † Khairkhaniidae
 * † Ladamarekiidae
 * † Metoptomatidae
 * † Patelliconidae
 * † Protoconchoididae
 * Archinacelloidea
 * † Archinacellidae
 * † Archaeopragidae
 * Pelagielloidea
 * † Pelagiellidae
 * † Aldanellidae
 * Scenelloidea
 * † Scenellidae
 * † Coreospiridae
 * † Igarkiellidae
 * Yochelcionelloidea
 * † Yochelcionellidae
 * † Stenothecidae
 * † Trenellidae

With isostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda or Monoplacophora)

 * † Bucanellidae
 * † Bucaniidae
 * † Euphemitidae
 * † Pterothecidae
 * † Sinuitidae
 * † Tremanotidae
 * † Tropidodiscidae

With anisostrophically coiled shells of uncertain position (Gastropoda?)

 * Euomphaloidea
 * † Euomphalidae
 * † Helicotomidae
 * † Lesueurillidae
 * † Omphalocirridae
 * † Omphalotrochidae
 * Macluritoidea
 * † Macluritidae

Basal taxa that are certainly Gastropoda
(existing as fossils only)
 * unassigned to superfamily
 * † Anomphalidae
 * † Codonocheilidae
 * † Crassimarginatidae
 * † Holopeidae
 * † Isospiridae
 * † Opisthonematidae
 * † Paraturbinidae
 * † Planitrochidae
 * † Pragoserpulinidae
 * † Pseudophoridae
 * † Raphistomatidae
 * † Rhytidopilidae
 * † Scoliostomatidae
 * † Sinuopeidae
 * Clisospiroidea
 * † Clisospiridae
 * † Onychochilidae
 * Loxonematoidea
 * † Loxonematidae
 * † Palaeozygopleuridae
 * Ophiletoidea
 * † Ophiletidae
 * Straparollinoidea
 * † Straparollinidae
 * Trochonematoidea
 * † Trochonematidae
 * † Lophospiridae

Clade Patellogastropoda

 * Superfamily Patelloidea
 * Family Patellidae
 * Superfamily Nacelloidea
 * Family Nacellidae
 * Superfamily Lottioidea
 * Family Lottiidae
 * Family Acmaeidae
 * Family Lepetidae
 * Superfamily Neolepetopsoidea
 * Family Neolepetopsidae
 * † Family Daminilidae
 * † Family Lepetopsidae

Clade Vetigastropoda

 * Not assigned to a superfamily:
 * Family Ataphridae
 * Family Pendromidae
 * † Family Schizogoniidae
 * Superfamily †Amberleyoidea
 * † Family Amberleyidae
 * † Family Nododelphinulidae
 * Superfamily †Eotomarioidea
 * † Family Eotomariidae
 * † Family Gosseletinidae
 * † Family Luciellidae
 * † Family Phanerotrematidae
 * Superfamily Fissurelloidea
 * Family Fissurellidae
 * Superfamily Haliotoidea
 * Family Haliotidae
 * † Family Temnotropidae
 * Superfamily Lepetelloidea
 * Family Lepetellidae
 * Family Addisoniidae
 * Family Bathyphytophilidae
 * Family Caymanabyssiidae
 * Family Cocculinellidae
 * Family Osteopeltidae
 * Family Pseudococculinidae
 * Family Pyropeltidae
 * Superfamily Lepetodriloidea
 * Family Lepetodrilidae
 * Family Clypeosectidae
 * Family Sutilizonidae
 * Superfamily †Murchisonioidea
 * † Family Murchisoniidae
 * † Family Cheeneetnukiidae
 * † Family Hormotomidae
 * Superfamily Neomphaloidea: subsequent research has placed this superfamily in its own clade, the Neomphalina, basal to the Vetigastropoda
 * Family Neomphalidae
 * Family Melanodrymiidae
 * Family Peltospiridae
 * Superfamily Pleurotomarioidea
 * Family Pleurotomariidae
 * † Family Catantostomatidae
 * † Family Kittlidiscidae
 * † Family Phymatopleuridae
 * † Family Polytremariidae
 * † Family Portlockiellidae
 * † Family Rhaphischismatidae
 * † Family Trochotomidae
 * † Family Zygitidae
 * Superfamily †Porcellioidea
 * † Family Porcelliidae
 * † Family Cirridae
 * † Family Discohelicidae
 * † Family Pavlodiscidae
 * Superfamily Scissurelloidea
 * Family Scissurellidae
 * Family Anatomidae
 * Superfamily Seguenzioidea
 * Family Seguenziidae
 * Family Chilodontidae
 * † Family Eucyclidae
 * † Family Laubellidae
 * Superfamily Trochoidea
 * Family Trochidae
 * Family Calliostomatidae
 * † Family Elasmonematidae
 * † Family Eucochlidae
 * † Family Microdomatidae
 * † Family Proconulidae
 * Family Solariellidae
 * † Family Tychobraheidae
 * † Family Velainellidae
 * Superfamily Turbinoidea
 * Family Turbinidae
 * Family Liotiidae
 * Family Phasianellidae

Clade Cocculiniformia

 * Superfamily Cocculinoidea
 * Family Cocculinidae
 * Family Bathysciadiidae

Clade Neritimorpha (= Neritopsina)
Contains the Palaeozoic Neritomorpha of uncertain position and the clades Cyrtoneritimorpha and Cycloneritimorpha
 * Unassigned to superfamily
 * † Family Craspedostomatidae
 * † Family Pragoscutulidae
 * Superfamily Nerrhenoidea
 * † Family Nerrhenidae
 * Superfamily Oriostomatoidea
 * † Family Oriostomatidae
 * † Family Tubinidae
 * Superfamily Palaeotrochoidea
 * † Family Palaeotrochidae
 * Superfamily Platyceratoidea
 * † Family Platyceratidae

Clade Cyrtoneritimorpha

 * † Family Orthonychiidae
 * † Family Vltaviellidae

Clade Cycloneritimorpha

 * Superfamily Helicinoidea
 * Family Helicinidae
 * † Family Dawsonellidae
 * † Family Deianiridae
 * Family Neritiliidae
 * Family Proserpinellidae
 * Family Proserpinidae
 * Superfamily Hydrocenoidea
 * Family Hydrocenidae
 * Superfamily Neritoidea
 * Family Neritidae
 * Family Phenacolepadidae
 * † Family Pileolidae
 * Superfamily Neritopsoidea
 * Family Neritopsidae
 * † Family Cortinellidae
 * † Family Delphinulopsidae
 * † Family Plagiothyridae
 * † Family Pseudorthonychiidae
 * Family Titiscaniidae
 * Superfamily Symmetrocapuloidea
 * † Family Symmetrocapulidae

Clade Caenogastropoda
Contains the Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position, the informal group Architaenioglossa and the clades Sorbeoconcha and Hypsogastropoda
 * Caenogastropoda of uncertain systematic position:
 * Family Lyocyclidae Thiele, 1925
 * † Family Plicatusidae
 * † Family Spanionematidae
 * † Family Spirostylidae
 * Superfamily Abyssochrysoidea Tomlin, 1927
 * Acanthonematidae Wenz, 1938 †
 * Superfamily Acteoninoidea
 * † Family Acteoninidae
 * † Family Anozygidae
 * † Family Soleniscidae
 * Superfamily Dendropupoidea
 * † Family Dendropupidae
 * † Family Anthracopupidae
 * Superfamily Paleostyloidea
 * † Family Palaeostylidae
 * † Family Goniasmatidae
 * † Family Pithodeidae
 * Superfamily Peruneloidea
 * † Family Perunelidae
 * † Family Chuchlinidae
 * † Family Imoglobidae
 * † Family Sphaerodomidae
 * Superfamily Pseudomelanioidea
 * † Family Pseudomelaniidae
 * † Family Trajanellidae
 * Superfamily Subulitoidea
 * † Family Subulitidae
 * † Family Ischnoptygmatidae
 * grade Zygopleuroid group - see Changes since 2005
 * † Family Zygopleuridae
 * Family Abyssochrysidae
 * † Family Polygyrinidae
 * † Family Protorculidae
 * Family Provannidae
 * † Family Pseudozygopleuridae

Informal group Architaenioglossa

 * Superfamily Ampullarioidea
 * Family Ampullariidae
 * † Family Naricopsinidae
 * Superfamily Cyclophoroidea
 * Family Cyclophoridae
 * Family Aciculidae
 * Family Craspedopomatidae
 * Family Diplommatinidae
 * † Family Ferussinidae
 * Family Maizaniidae
 * Family Megalomastomatidae
 * Family Neocyclotidae
 * Family Pupinidae
 * Superfamily Viviparoidea
 * Family Viviparidae
 * † Family Pliopholygidae

Clade Sorbeoconcha

 * Not allocated to superfamily
 * † Family Acanthonematidae
 * † Family Canterburyellidae
 * † Family Prisciphoridae
 * Superfamily Cerithioidea
 * Family Cerithiidae
 * Family Batillariidae
 * † Family Brachytrematidae
 * † Family Cassiopidae
 * Family Dialidae
 * Family Diastomatidae
 * † Family Eustomatidae
 * † Family Ladinulidae
 * † Family Lanascalidae
 * Family Litiopidae
 * † Family Maoraxidae
 * Family Melanopsidae
 * † Family Metacerithiidae
 * Family Modulidae
 * Family Pachychilidae
 * Family Paludomidae
 * Family Planaxidae
 * Family Pleuroceridae
 * † Family Popenellidae
 * Family Potamididae
 * † Family Procerithiidae - If the genus Argyropeza is placed in the Procerithiidae, then this family is not all fossil.
 * † Family Prostyliferidae
 * † Family Propupaspiridae
 * Family Scaliolidae
 * Family Siliquariidae
 * † Family Terebrellidae - not a valid name
 * Family Thiaridae
 * Family Turritellidae
 * Superfamily Campaniloidea
 * Family Campanilidae
 * Family Ampullinidae
 * Family Plesiotrochidae
 * † Family Trypanaxidae

Clade Hypsogastropoda
Contains the clades Littorinimorpha, Neogastropoda and the informal group Ptenoglossa.
 * Not allocated to a superfamily
 * † Family Coelostylinidae
 * † Family Maturifusidae
 * † Family Pommerozygiidae
 * † Family Settsassiidae

Clade Littorinimorpha

 * Superfamily Calyptraeoidea
 * Family Calyptraeidae
 * Superfamily Capuloidea
 * Family Capulidae
 * Superfamily Cingulopsoidea
 * Family Cingulopsidae
 * Family Eatoniellidae
 * Family Rastodentidae
 * Superfamliy Cypraeoidea
 * Family Cypraeidae
 * Family Ovulidae
 * Superfamily Ficoidea
 * Family Ficidae
 * Superfamily Littorinoidea
 * Family Littorinidae
 * † Family Bohaispiridae
 * Family Pickworthiidae
 * Family Pomatiidae
 * † Family Purpurinidae
 * Family Skeneopsidae
 * † Family Tripartellidae
 * Family Zerotulidae
 * Superfamily Naticoidea
 * Family Naticidae
 * Superfamily Pterotracheoidea
 * Family Pterotracheidae
 * Family Atlantidae
 * † Family Bellerophinidae
 * Family Carinariidae
 * Superfamily Rissooidea
 * Family Rissoidae
 * Family Amnicolidae
 * Family Anabathridae
 * Family Assimineidae
 * Family Barleeiidae
 * Family Bithyniidae
 * Family Caecidae
 * Family Calopiidae
 * Family Cochliopidae
 * Family Elachisinidae
 * Family Emblandidae
 * Family Epigridae
 * Family Falsicingulidae
 * Family Helicostoidae
 * Family Hydrobiidae
 * Family Hydrococcidae
 * Family Iravadiidae
 * Family Lithoglyphidae
 * † Family Mesocochliopidae
 * Family Moitessieriidae
 * † Family Palaeorissoinidae
 * Family Pomatiopsidae
 * Family Stenothyridae
 * Family Tornidae
 * Family Truncatellidae
 * Superfamily Stromboidea
 * Family Strombidae
 * Family Aporrhaidae
 * † Family Colombellinidae
 * † Family Pugnellidae
 * Family Rostellariidae
 * Family Seraphsidae
 * Family Struthiolariidae
 * † Family Thersiteidae
 * † Family Tylostomatidae
 * Superfamily Tonnoidea
 * Family Tonnidae
 * Family Bursidae
 * Family Laubierinidae
 * Family Personidae
 * Family Pisanianuridae
 * Family Ranellidae
 * Family Cassidae
 * Superfamily Vanikoroidea
 * Family Vanikoridae
 * Family Haloceratidae
 * Family Hipponicidae
 * † Family Omalaxidae
 * Superfamily Velutinoidea
 * Family Velutinidae
 * Family Triviidae
 * Superfamily Vermetoidea
 * Family Vermetidae
 * Superfamily Xenophoroidea
 * Family Xenophoridae
 * † Family Lamelliphoridae

Informal group Ptenoglossa

 * Superfamily Epitonioidea
 * Family Epitoniidae
 * Family Janthinidae
 * Family Nystiellidae
 * Superfamily Eulimoidea
 * Family Eulimidae
 * Family Aclididae
 * Superfamily Triphoroidea
 * Family Triphoridae
 * Family Cerithiopsidae
 * Family Newtoniellidae

Clade Neogastropoda

 * Unassigned to a superfamily
 * † Family Johnwyattiidae
 * † Family Perissityidae
 * † Family Sarganidae
 * † Family Speightiidae
 * † Family Taiomidae
 * † Family Weeksiidae
 * Superfamily Buccinoidea
 * Family Buccinidae
 * Family Colubrariidae
 * Family Columbellidae
 * Family Fasciolariidae
 * Family Nassariidae
 * Family Melongenidae
 * Superfamily Muricoidea
 * Family Muricidae
 * Family Babyloniidae
 * Family Costellariidae
 * Family Cystiscidae
 * Family Harpidae
 * Family Marginellidae
 * Family Mitridae
 * † Family Pholidotomidae
 * Family Pleioptygmatidae
 * Family Strepsiduridae
 * Family Turbinellidae
 * Family Volutidae
 * Family Volutomitridae
 * Superfamily Olivoidea
 * Family Olividae
 * Family Olivellidae
 * Superfamily Pseudolivoidea
 * Family Pseudolividae
 * Family Ptychatractidae
 * Superfamily Conoidea
 * Family Conidae
 * Family Clavatulidae
 * Family Drilliidae
 * Family Pseudomelatomidae
 * Family Strictispiridae
 * Family Terebridae
 * Family Turridae
 * Superfamily Cancellarioidea
 * Family Cancellariidae

Clade Heterobranchia
Contains the informal groups Heterobranchia, Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata

Informal group "Lower Heterobranchia" (= Allogastropoda)

 * Unassigned to a superfamily
 * Family Cimidae
 * † Family Dolomitellidae
 * † Family Heterosubulitidae
 * † Family Kuskokwimiidae
 * † Family Misurinellidae
 * Family Orbitestellidae
 * Family Tjaernoeiidae
 * Family Xylodisculidae
 * Superfamily Acteonoidea
 * Family Acteonidae
 * † Family Acteonellidae
 * Family Aplustridae
 * Family Bullinidae
 * † Family Zardinellidae
 * Superfamily Architectonicoidea
 * Family Architectonicidae
 * † Family Amphitomariidae
 * † Family Cassianaxidae
 * Superfamily Glacidorboidea
 * Family Glacidorbidae
 * Superfamily Mathildoidea
 * Family Mathildidae
 * † Family Ampezzanildidae
 * † Family Anoptychiidae
 * † Family Gordenellidae
 * † Family Tofanellidae
 * † Family Trachoecidae
 * Superfamily Nerineoidea
 * † Family Nerineidae
 * † Family Ceritellidae
 * † Family Nerinellidae
 * Superfamily Omalogyroidea
 * Family Omalogyridae
 * † Family Studraxidae
 * Superfamily Pyramidelloidea
 * Family Pyramidellidae
 * Family Amathinidae
 * † Family Heteroneritidae
 * Family Murchisonellidae
 * Superfamily Ringiculoidea
 * Family Ringiculidae
 * Superfamily Rissoelloidea
 * Family Rissoellidae
 * Superfamily Streptacidoidea
 * † Family Streptacididae
 * † Family Cassianebalidae
 * Superfamily Valvatoidea
 * Family Valvatidae
 * Family Cornirostridae
 * Family Hyalogyrinidae
 * † Family Provalvatidae

Informal group Opisthobranchia
Contains the clades Cephalaspidea, Thecosomata, Gymnosomata, Aplysiomorpha, Sacoglossa, Umbraculida, Nudipleura and the groups Acochlidiacea and Cylindrobullida.

Clade Cephalaspidea

 * Superfamily Bulloidea
 * Family Bullidae
 * Superfamily Diaphanoidea
 * Family Diaphanidae
 * Family Notodiaphanidae
 * Superfamily Haminoeoidea
 * Family Haminoeidae
 * Family Bullactidae
 * Family Smaragdinellidae
 * Superfamily Philinoidea
 * Family Philinidae
 * Family Aglajidae
 * Family Cylichnidae
 * Family Gastropteridae
 * Family Philinoglossidae
 * Family Plusculidae
 * Family Retusidae
 * Superfamily Runcinoidea
 * Family Runcinidae
 * Family Ilbiidae

Clade Thecosomata

 * Superfamily Cavolinioidea
 * Family Cavoliniidae
 * Family Limacinidae
 * † Family Sphaerocinidae
 * Superfamily Cymbulioidea
 * Family Cymbuliidae
 * Family Desmopteridae
 * Family Peraclidae

Clade Gymnosomata

 * Superfamily Clionoidea
 * Family Clionidae
 * Family Cliopsidae
 * Family Notobranchaeidae
 * Family Pneumodermatidae
 * Superfamily Hydromyloidea
 * Family Hydromylidae
 * Family Laginiopsidae

Clade Aplysiomorpha (= Anaspidea)

 * Superfamily Aplysioidea
 * Family Aplysiidae
 * Superfamily Akeroidea
 * Family Akeridae

Group Acochlidiacea

 * Superfamily Acochlidioidea
 * Family Acochlidiidae
 * Superfamily Hedylopsoidea
 * Family Hedylopsidae
 * Family Ganitidae
 * Family Livorniellidae
 * Family Minicheviellidae
 * Family Parhedylidae
 * Family Tantulidae
 * Superfamily Palliohedyloidea
 * Family Palliohedylidae
 * Superfamily Strubellioidea
 * Family Strubelliidae
 * Family Pseudunelidae

Subclade Oxynoacea

 * Superfamily Oxynooidea
 * Family Oxynoidae
 * Family Juliidae
 * Family Volvatellidae

Subclade Placobranchacea

 * Superfamily Placobranchoidea
 * Family Placobranchidae
 * Family Boselliidae
 * Family Platyhedylidae
 * Superfamily Limapontioidea
 * Family Limapontiidae
 * Family Caliphyllidae
 * Family Hermaeidae

Group Cylindrobullida

 * Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea
 * Family Cylindrobullidae

Clade Umbraculida

 * Superfamily Umbraculoidea
 * Family Umbraculidae
 * Family Tylodinidae

Subclade Pleurobranchomorpha

 * Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea
 * Family Pleurobranchidae

Subclade Nudibranchia
Contains the clades Euctinidiacea and Dexiarchia
 * Unassigned to superfamily
 * Family Rhodopidae

Clade Euctenidiacea (= Holohepatica)
Contains the subclades Gnathodoridacea and Doridacea

Subclade Gnathodoridacea

 * Superfamily Bathydoridoidea
 * Family Bathydorididae

Subclade Doridacea

 * Superfamily Doridoidea
 * Family Dorididae
 * Family Actinocyclidae
 * Family Chromodorididae
 * Family Discodorididae
 * Superfamily Phyllidioidea
 * Family Phyllidiidae
 * Family Dendrodorididae
 * Family Mandeliidae
 * Superfamily Onchidoridoidea
 * Family Onchidorididae
 * Family Corambidae
 * Family Goniodorididae
 * Superfamily Polyceroidea (= Phanerobranchiata Non Suctoria)
 * Family Polyceridae
 * Family Aegiretidae - Aegiretidae is incorrect subsequent spelling of this family in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005). Correct is Aegiridae.
 * Family Gymnodorididae
 * Family Hexabranchidae
 * Family Okadaiidae

Clade Dexiarchia (= Actenidiacea)
Contains the clades Pseudoeuctenidiacea and Cladobranchia

Clade Pseudoeuctenidiacea ( = Doridoxida)

 * Superfamily Doridoxoidea
 * Family Doridoxidae

Clade Cladobranchia ( = Cladohepatica)
Contains the subclades Euarminida, Dendronotida and Aeolidida
 * Not assigned to a superfamily
 * Family Charcotiidae
 * Family Dironidae
 * Family Dotidae
 * Family Embletoniidae
 * Family Goniaeolididae
 * Family Heroidae
 * Family Madrellidae
 * Family Pinufiidae
 * Family Proctonotidae

Subclade Euarminida

 * Superfamily Arminoidea
 * Family Arminidae
 * Family Doridomorphidae

Subclade Dendronotida

 * Superfamily Tritonioidea
 * Family Tritoniidae
 * Family Aranucidae
 * Family Bornellidae
 * Family Dendronotidae
 * Family Hancockiidae
 * Family Lomanotidae
 * Family Phylliroidae
 * Family Scyllaeidae
 * Family Tethydidae

Subclade Aeolidida

 * Superfamily Flabellinoidea ( = Pleuroprocta)
 * Family Flabellinidae
 * Family Notaeolidiidae
 * Superfamily Fionoidea
 * Family Fionidae
 * Family Calmidae
 * Family Eubranchidae
 * Family Pseudovermidae
 * Family Tergipedidae
 * Superfamily Aeolidioidea
 * Family Aeolidiidae
 * Family Facelinidae
 * Family Glaucidae
 * Family Piseinotecidae

Informal Group Pulmonata
Contains the informal group Basommatophora and the clade Eupulmonata

Informal Group Basommatophora
Contains the clade Hygrophila
 * Superfamily Amphiboloidea
 * Family Amphibolidae
 * Superfamily Siphonarioidea
 * Family Siphonariidae
 * † Family Acroreiidae

Clade Hygrophila

 * Superfamily Chilinoidea
 * Family Chilinidae
 * Family Latiidae
 * Superfamily Acroloxoidea
 * Family Acroloxidae
 * Superfamily Lymnaeoidea
 * Family Lymnaeidae
 * Superfamily Planorboidea
 * Family Planorbidae
 * Family Physidae

Clade Eupulmonata
Contains the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
 * Superfamily Trimusculoidea
 * Family Trimusculidae
 * Superfamily Otinoidea
 * Family Otinidae
 * Family Smeagolidae
 * Superfamily Ellobioidea
 * Family Ellobiidae

Clade Systellommatophora (= Gymnomorpha)

 * Superfamily Onchidioidea
 * Family Onchidiidae
 * Superfamily Veronicelloidea
 * Family Veronicellidae
 * Family Rathouisiidae

Clade Stylommatophora
Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

Subclade Elasmognatha

 * Superfamily Succineoidea
 * Family Succineidae
 * Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
 * Family Athoracophoridae

Subclade Orthurethra

 * Superfamily Partuloidea
 * Family Partulidae
 * Family Draparnaudiidae
 * Superfamily Achatinelloidea
 * Family Achatinellidae
 * Superfamily Cochlicopoidea
 * Family Cochlicopidae
 * Family Amastridae
 * Superfamily Pupilloidea
 * Family Pupillidae
 * Family Argnidae
 * Family Chondrinidae
 * † Family Cylindrellinidae
 * Family Lauriidae
 * Family Orculidae
 * Family Pleurodiscidae
 * Family Pyramidulidae
 * Family Spelaeoconchidae
 * Family Spelaeodiscidae
 * Family Strobilopsidae
 * Family Valloniidae
 * Family Vertiginidae
 * Superfamily Enoidea
 * Family Enidae
 * Family Cerastidae

Informal Group Sigmurethra

 * Superfamily Clausilioidea
 * Family Clausiliidae
 * † Family Anadromidae
 * † Family Filholiidae
 * † Family Palaeostoidae
 * Superfamily Orthalicoidea
 * Family Orthalicidae
 * Family Cerionidae
 * Family Coelociontidae
 * † Family Grangerellidae
 * Family Megaspiridae
 * Family Placostylidae
 * Family Urocoptidae
 * Superfamily Achatinoidea
 * Family Achatinidae
 * Family Ferussaciidae
 * Family Micractaeonidae
 * Family Subulinidae
 * Superfamily Aillyoidea
 * Family Aillyidae
 * Superfamily Testacelloidea
 * Family Testacellidae
 * Family Oleacinidae
 * Family Spiraxidae
 * Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
 * Family Papillodermatidae
 * Superfamily Streptaxoidea
 * Family Streptaxidae
 * Superfamily Rhytidoidea
 * Family Rhytididae
 * Family Chlamydephoridae
 * Family Haplotrematidae
 * Family Scolodontidae
 * Superfamily Acavoidea
 * Family Acavidae
 * Family Caryodidae
 * Family Dorcasiidae
 * Family Macrocyclidae
 * Family Megomphicidae
 * Family Strophocheilidae
 * Superfamily Plectopyloidea
 * Family Plectopylidae
 * Family Corillidae
 * Family Sculptariidae
 * Superfamily Punctoidea
 * Family Punctidae
 * † Family Anastomopsidae
 * Family Charopidae
 * Family Cystopeltidae
 * Family Discidae
 * Family Endodontidae
 * Family Helicodiscidae
 * Family Oreohelicidae
 * Family Thyrophorellidae
 * Superfamily Sagdoidea
 * Family Sagdidae

limacoid clade

 * Superfamily Staffordioidea
 * Family Staffordiidae
 * Superfamily Dyakioidea
 * Family Dyakiidae
 * Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
 * Family Gastrodontidae
 * Family Chronidae
 * Family Euconulidae
 * Family Oxychilidae
 * Family Pristilomatidae
 * Family Trochomorphidae
 * Fossil taxa that probably belong to the superfamily Gastrodontoidea:
 * Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
 * Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
 * Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
 * Superfamily Parmacelloidea
 * Family Parmacellidae
 * Family Milacidae
 * Family Trigonochlamydidae
 * Superfamily Zonitoidea
 * Family Zonitidae
 * Superfamily Helicarionoidea
 * Family Helicarionidae
 * Family Ariophantidae
 * Family Urocyclidae
 * Superfamily Limacoidea
 * Family Limacidae
 * Family Agriolimacidae
 * Family Boettgerillidae
 * Family Vitrinidae

Informal group Sigmurethra continued
Two other superfamilies are part of the clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade:
 * Superfamily Arionoidea
 * Family Arionidae
 * Family Anadenidae
 * Family Ariolimacidae
 * Family Binneyidae
 * Family Oopeltidae
 * Family Philomycidae
 * Superfamily Helicoidea
 * Family Helicidae
 * Family Bradybaenidae
 * Family Camaenidae
 * Family Cepolidae
 * Family Cochlicellidae
 * Family Elonidae
 * Family Epiphragmophoridae
 * Family Halolimnohelicidae
 * Family Helicodontidae
 * Family Helminthoglyptidae
 * Family Humboldtianidae
 * Family Hygromiidae
 * Family Monadeniidae
 * Family Pleurodontidae
 * Family Polygyridae
 * Family Sphincterochilidae
 * Family Thysanophoridae
 * Family Trissexodontidae
 * Family Xanthonychidae