Temple of Reason

A Temple of Reason (French: Temple de la Raison) was, during the French Revolution, a state atheist temple for a new belief system created to replace Christianity: the Cult of Reason, which was based on the ideals of reason, virtue, and liberty. This "religion" was supposed to be universal and to spread the ideas of the revolution, summarized in its "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" motto, which was also inscribed on the Temples.

Services
The symbols of Christianity were covered up, and the symbols of the Cult of Reason replaced them. In the Churches of Reason, there were specially created services meant to replace the Christian liturgy.

For instance, at the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, on 10 November 1793, a special ritual was held for the "Feast of Reason": the nave had an improvised mountain on which stood a Greek temple dedicated to Philosophy and decorated with busts of philosophers. At the base of the mountain was located an altar dedicated to Reason, and in front of it was a torch of Truth. The ceremony included the crowd paying homage to an opera singer dressed in blue, white, red (the colours of the Republic), personifying the Goddess of Liberty.

Churches transformed into Temples of Reason
After Catholicism was banned in 1792, many of its churches were turned into Temples of Reason, including:
 * the Notre-Dame de Paris Cathedral (10 November 1793)
 * the Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres
 * the Church of Saint-Sulpice
 * the Église Saint-Paul-Saint-Louis
 * the Basilica of Saint-Denis
 * the church of Les Invalides
 * the church of Thomas d'Aquino
 * the Panthéon de Paris
 * the Church Saint Pierre from Montmartre
 * the Cathedral of Our Lady of Reims
 * the Troyes Cathedral
 * the Notre Dame de Versailles Church
 * the Église Saint-Pierre de Caen
 * the Église Saint-Martin d'Ivry-la-Bataille
 * the Église Saint-Jacques-le-Majeur-et-Saint-Christophe d'Houdan
 * the Church of St. James on Coudenberg

Criticism
According to the conservative critics of the French Revolution, within the Temple of Reason, "atheism was enthroned". English theologian Thomas Hartwell Horne and biblical scholar Samuel Davidson write that "churches were converted into 'temples of reason,' in which atheistical and licentious homilies were substituted for the proscribed service".