Ten Wings

The Ten Wings (十翼 shí yì) is a collection of commentaries (傳 zhuan) to the classical Chinese Book of Changes (易經 Yì jīng) traditionally ascribed to Confucius.


 * 1) 彖傳 Tuan zhuan, or Commentary on the Judgment, the 1st 彖上傳
 * 2) Tuan zhuan, the 2nd 彖下傳
 * 3) 象傳 Xiang zhuan, "Overall Image", the 1st 象上傳 (sometimes called Great Xiang 大象)
 * 4) Xiang, the 2nd 象下傳 (aka Lesser Xiang or Little Images 小象)
 * 5) 繫辭傳 Xici zhuan, the Commentary on the Appended Phrases, the 1st 繫辭上傳
 * 6) Xici zhuan, the 2nd 繫辭下傳 (the two Xi Ci are also called the Great Commentary 大傳, to emphasize their importance)
 * 7) 文言傳 Wenyan zhuan, Commentary on the Words
 * 8) 序卦傳 Xugua zhuan, the Sequence of the Hexagrams
 * 9) 說卦傳 Shuogua zhuan, the Explanation of the Trigrams
 * 10) 雜卦傳 Zagua zhuan, the Assorted or Miscellaneous Hexagrams

Doubts concerning Confucius' authorship of the Wings were expressed by Ouyang Xiu (1007-1072) and Sima Guang (1019-1086) during the Northern Song dynasty. They were further consolidated by Yao Jiheng (1647-1715) and Kang Youwei (1858-1927) of the Qing dynasty. The 20th-century sinologists provide argumentation for rejection of the traditional creed.