The Flowers of Romance (album)

The Flowers of Romance is the third studio album by English post-punk band Public Image Ltd, released on 10 April 1981 by Virgin Records.

The group's first studio album recorded following the departure of bassist Jah Wobble, The Flowers of Romance found PiL delving further into an experimental sound. It was recorded mainly by frontman John Lydon and guitarist Keith Levene, both of whom made heavy use of percussion, tape editing, and various effects.

Recording
Recording began at The Manor Studio in Shipton-on-Cherwell, Oxfordshire, with two weeks booked in early October 1980. Only one album track was recorded towards the end of these sessions ("Hymie's Him"). The band also recorded joke versions of "Twist and Shout" and "Johnny Remember Me" which remain unreleased. Drummer Martin Atkins, who visited the band towards the end of these sessions, possibly recorded the drums to "Home Is Where the Heart Is" during his visit, which would become the B-side of the "Flowers of Romance" single the following year. "Home Is Where the Heart Is" was mixed at Townhouse Studios in Shepherd's Bush; during this mixing session, producer Steve Lillywhite was dropped and replaced by Nick Launay for the album sessions.

The rest of the album was recorded at Townhouse Studios, with two weeks booked in late October and early November. Drummer Martin Atkins was hired for the sessions and contributed to the songwriting, but left on 31 October 1980 to play a gig in New York City with his band Brian Brain the following day. The songs "Vampire" and "Woodnymphs" were recorded at Townhouse but not released.

A final session at Townhouse occurred in early December 1980 to remix the proposed single "Flowers of Romance" and record a few overdubs.

Content
The title of the album makes reference to The Flowers of Romance, an early punk band featuring both Keith Levene and Lydon's former bandmate Sid Vicious. "The Flowers of Romance" was also the title of an early Sex Pistols song.

The cover photograph is of the band's videographer, Jeannette Lee.

Music and lyrics
The album is largely centred on percussion, and Levene has described it as "probably [...] the least commercial record ever delivered to a [record] company." Similarly, the Trouser Press Record Guide states that "the music is so severe as to lend credence to a record executive's statement that The Flowers of Romance is one of the most uncommercial records ever made – at least within a 'pop' context." Simon Reynolds has described the album as highly experimental and preoccupied with moving beyond the defining standards of rock music, making it an influence on the post-rock movement.

Occasional drummer Martin Atkins played on four songs, while Levene and Lydon handled percussion duties elsewhere. "Under the House", features both Levene and Atkins double drumming. The prominent, and heavily processed, drum sound was influenced by Peter Gabriel's third album, on which engineer Hugh Padgham had processed Phil Collins' drums. Collins, in turn, was so impressed with the sound on The Flowers of Romance that he hired the album's engineer, Nick Launay, to reproduce the sound for his own projects.

Throughout the album, musique concrète sounds, such as amplified wristwatches, reversed piano and televised opera, weave in and out of the mix. Producer Nick Launay recalls: "On 'Four Enclosed Walls', for instance, we placed Martin's Mickey Mouse pocket watch on a floor tom, so it would resonate and have more tone. Then I added two harmonizers with a fifteen-second delay fed back on themselves, one panned left, one right. I recorded about seven minutes of it ticking away." "We also had an AMS digital sampler, one of the first digital devices ever available. One day Martin played a drum groove and I pushed 'Loop Lock' and tried to make a perfect loop. The AMS was so primitive you couldn't actually edit it to get it in time, so I randomly kept locking in different beats as he played them, till I got one that sounded cool. That loop became the song 'Track 8'. It's actually out of time, but somehow it grooves."

Lydon contributed Stroh violin and saxophone and, according to a Rolling Stone article about the album, simply banged on anything handy for percussion, including the face of a banjo on "Phenagen".

PiL bassist Jah Wobble had left the group before The Flowers of Romance was recorded, and so Levene played bass on "Track 8" and "Banging the Door", the only two tracks on the album to feature the instrument.

Regarding the track "Phenagen", Lydon notes: "It's not Moroccan, it's Renaissance, early English and French, 15th century. That's what I've been listening to a lot, that's real traditional English music." Keith Levene recounts: "There's a bit of backwards guitar [...] [There also is] a banjo with three strings missing, and he [Lydon] was hitting it with something that was hanging off the banjo 'cos [sic] it made that noise [...] that was used on 'Phenagen' [...] He was annoying me all the time making that noise, then he laid down a track making that noise, then the next thing I know is this fucking great track called 'Phenagen'. It's horrible really, but it's really good the way it comes out."

Regarding "Flowers of Romance", Lydon comments: "The romance referred to is not being romantic, but alludes to people romanticising over past events with their memories [...] What I'm on about is that I wanted to move on and carry on with trying to create new things." Levene recounts that Lydon "bowed the bass" on the track. Atkins drums on the track.

On "Under the House", Lydon claims: "I wrote that after I saw a ghost, it was at The Manor". "I'd seen a few things I didn't like. I ended up sleeping in the coal shed, I couldn't bear it in the house any longer. When a place is haunted there's an intensity which is insufferable." Launay recounts: "Again, Martin laid down the beat, then we overdubbed the toms and doubled them with harmonizers, a trick used a few times on this record. Having grown up in the south of Spain I was really influenced by Spanish Gypsy music, Flamenco, and I don't mean the tacky touristy type. I kept hearing that kind of clapping, so after explaining what I meant, we did it and added a simple delay to get that effect of two clappers playing off each other. The operatic wailing in the background is exactly that – there was an opera on TV while we were playing the song back in the control room. I thought the combination sounded so cool, I put a mic on to the TV speaker and recorded it to tape randomly till it made some sense. Once the track had some kind of shape, John went out and sang on it."

Regarding "Hymie's Him", Levene recounts: "There was this weird bamboo instrument that I used on 'Hymie's Him' – Richard Branson had gotten some in Bali and gave me one of these things [...] I had been offered to make this film soundtrack for Wolfen. [Director] Michael Wadleigh [...] said, 'This is how wolves feed in the dark, this is the plot of the movie – what I need is an urban jungle sound.' So I came up with 'Hymie's Him' as my pilot for the score for the movie [...] I had it in the bag and Wadleigh loved it. I really wish I'd done the movie." "We were booked into The Manor for ten days, and it was like we knew we were doing a new album and we didn't do anything for days – we couldn't do anything. It was like this horrible mental block. After wasting seven days of being waited on hand and foot, just being real lazy cunts... we were really trying but nothing was happening. It was something to do with The Manor as well. We did get one track down – 'Hymie's Him' – that was the first definite solid thing we got laid down [...] I think we could do a service to a film. Like with this Michael Wadleigh thing, we wanted to go right down to a bottle banging on the table – the whole lot, not just the music but sounds. But then Tom Waits and other people came into it, and it wasn't what we had in mind."

Lydon recounts: "[Michael Wadleigh] offered us the chance to do a soundtrack. I mean, who wouldn't want an opportunity like that? [...] The clips we saw were really excellent [...] Originally Wadleigh wanted us to write music to suit the atmosphere, it's about wolves and killing people, and that suited us fine of course." "I thought what Keith did with the music was so good there was no point in me singing over it. Leave it alone, I said. All I could do was insult Keith with the title."

According to Lydon, "Banging the Door" "came about as a rant against the fans who found out my address in London and used to come around every night, banging away on the door and shouting 'Johnny! Johnny!' through the letter box. Nearly drove me mad!" In a 1980 interview with The Face, he comments: "It's much, much worse than it was in the days of the Sex Pistols. I've even had them pitching their tents on my front doorstep [...] I just don't let any of them in anymore. I just don't answer the door." Keith Levene: "Martin played the drums and I played the bass. Then I added synth to that." Nick Launay: "Keith was very into these synthesizer boxes that plugged into each other with little red cables, I think it was made by Roland. It was a bit like the giant Moog synth that Kraftwerk used, only in miniature. You can hear it on 'Banging the Door', it sounds like an evil giant frog!"

Regarding "Go Back", Lydon commented in the NME in 1981: "London's getting very, very fascist and I don't like it at all! 'Go Back' was written about that, about London and tedium and right-wing groups. It's pathetic, people wallow in misery and accept anything – 'Have a cup of tea, good days ahead." "That's just the way things are going in this country. You can't afford to pretend it's not happening." Keith Levene: "I only use guitar on one track called 'Go Back', and it's a great little guitarline, it's turned out to be a funky track actually." He also played drums on the track.

Regarding "Francis Massacre", Lydon commented: "For me the song just sums up the way I felt when I was in [ Mountjoy Prison] – grating noises, 'Aaargh, let me out!'" <!-- commented out until can be effectively incorporated into article

"Home Is Where the Heart Is" (single b-side)

 * Keith Levene (1981):  "I remember at The Manor for two days painstakingly trying to redo a track which is now on the B-side of the single, called 'Home Is Where The Heart Is'. I was using a loop instead of Wobble which I recorded four notes on – which is the bassline Wobble used to do anyway. I was trying to get the drumbeat to it and it didn't fucking work. "
 * Martin Atkins (2001):  "I know there was some confusion over 'Home Is Where the Heart Is'. That's me, but Virgin credited it to Jim Walker. That was funny because this journalist went off on me saying Jim Walker was a genius, Martin Atkins was a cunt. And as his proof he said the drumming on Paris au Printemps was shit and when Jim Walker got back with them to record 'Home Is Where the Heart Is' it illustrated Atkins was crap, and that Jim Walker is the king! No, mate that's me!"
 * Nick Launay (producer, 2003):  "I had just started as a very new assistant engineer at the Townhouse Studios in London, which back then belonged to PIL's label, Virgin. They came in to work on a song, which I could have sworn had the working title 'Doom Sits in Gloom' [...] John wanted a triplet delay on a particular vocal line, and the engineer" (Steve Lillywhite) "didn't seem to understand what he meant. I was really into dub reggae at the time, so I set it up and it worked well [...] The engineer eventually gave up and disappeared, so me and John spent the rest of the day messing around with every effect imaginable [...] The following Saturday I went in early and started setting things up. No one turned up for hours, so I started mixing. After a while I got something that I thought sounded good. Still no one had turned up, so I thought what the hell, I'll just do my own personal mix and keep it as a souvenir! And two hours later I was done. Just as I'm packing things up, in walks Keith Levene [...] Nervously I told him I'd done a mix, but wasn't sure if he'd like it? The song had a reggae feel so I had used lots of delays and made it very dub. I played it, and Keith listened very intensely. I was sure he was going to say it was crap. The song finished and he said 'That's fucking great, let's hear it again!' He listened on other speakers and said 'I like it, can you do me a copy and send another to Virgin tomorrow?' And that was it. "

"Pied Piper" (Manor outtake)

 * John Lydon (1999):  "'Pied Piper', by the way, was originally about 10 minutes long. I never quite worked out how it ended up on this 'Machines' compilation and nowhere else, but it was an interesting bit of fun to record. "
 * Steve New (guest musician, 2009):  "Well, I had known Keith for some time, we used to listen to music and discuss it instead of sleeping. But the chaotic world of PIL wasn't as chaotic as what was going on inside myself, it was fairly boring. I only got to do one song, 'Pied Piper', but I did play everything on it. Keith had some good synths, Prophet-5. John is John, shy and insecure at the time, he has a lot of hang-ups. I didn't stay [in PIL] because I wasn't invited to. "

"Twist and Shout"/"Johnny Remember Me" (unreleased Manor outtakes): 


 * Pete Jones (PIL bass player, 1999/2000):  "I had gone to The Manor Studios with Martin Atkins where PIL were in the middle of recording 'Flowers of Romance' [...] We listened to a tape of Lydon wailing along to a Beatles record. The original vocals had been removed and John's fingernails on chalkboard screeching sounded better by far. If only this could have been released!" "I know Atkins has some unreleased stuff that Johnny fans would like to get hold of. His version of 'Twist and Shout' which I first heard back in 1980 is fucking hilarious though I doubt if it will ever get released. "
 * Martin Atkins (2001/07):  "Yeah, I've got some stuff, I've got John singing 'Twist and Shout' [...] I actually wanted to put it on 'Plastic Box'. [...] So I called John and I called his manager, I really thought the 'Plastic Box' could have really been a great thing for the fans [...] I wasn't asking for anything other than, what I said is 'Why don't you buy me an EQ unit for my studio?' That would feel karmacally right to me, because I've had this stuff for 20 years, and it would be nice that if for the next ten years every time I touched the EQ unit I could think 'Hey, that worked out nicely!' But of course they didn't want to do that. " "John sang 'Twist and Shout' and John and Jeannette did a duet on 'Johnny Remember Me', the old John Leyton hit, which actually sounded fantastic. "
 * John Lydon (2004):  "There was a period there when we messed about a lot, well, we did a Beatles thing too [...] but it was all kind of rubbish. "

"Vampire" (unreleased Townhouse outtake)

 * Martin Atkins (2001):  "I was drinking bottles of Perrier water. Recorded to quarter inch tape, slowed down it sounded almost like fucking dinosaurs. That was the backing for an unreleased track called 'Vampire' [...] There are vocals on it [...] 'Vampire' wasn't lyrically as together, but there are lyrics with John singing on it. "
 * John Lydon (2004):  "There was one good song from around then that was called 'Vampire'. I think I've got that on master somewhere. What I liked about that song was that the night we were doing it, they couldn't work out how I got out the studio cos there was only one door out, and that's through the main room. I honestly don't know how I did, was I so boring I wasn't noticed? It's amazing what you can do when you are blind drunk!"

"Woodnymphs" (unreleased Townhouse outtake)

 * Nick Launay (producer, 2003):  "There is one song I remember that escaped getting erased, it was called 'Woodnymphs'. John said it sounded too like a gay disco and suggested it be used on Martin`s solo album! I don't know what happened to it. " -->

Release
The Flowers of Romance was released on 10 April 1981 by record label Virgin. Andy Kellman of AllMusic wrote of the album's release: "Stark and minimal are taken to daring lengths, so it's no surprise that Virgin initially balked at issuing the heavily percussive record."

"Flowers of Romance", was released as the album's sole single in March 1981, reaching number 24 in the UK Singles Chart. This featured a different mix from the album version. According to producer Launay, he went back to the studio "a month later with Keith and John to remix the song [...] for single release, which is a much better mix." The 12-inch version of the single included an instrumental version of the lead track and "Home Is Where the Heart Is", originally played on the Metal Box tour, an out-take recorded prior to bassist Jah Wobble’s departure from PIL.

Reception
Record Mirror critic Mike Nicholls praised The Flowers of Romance as a work of "worthwhile experimentalism from the forefront of the anti-rockist avant-garde". Steve Taylor of Smash Hits commented that the album implores listeners "to abandon all expectations of hearing something that even resembles the last PiL record", concluding: "Enjoyable is hardly the right word. More like provocative." NME named it the 15th best album of 1981.

Reviewing the album in 2003, Chris Smith of Stylus Magazine described The Flowers of Romance as "a dark, spartan affair, one that is decidedly not for all tastes [...] But, twenty-two years later, there's nothing quite like it. It may not offer the kinetic glamour of Remain in Light or the gleeful spazziness of the Contortions, but I believe this to be one of the most interesting records produced in the fallout of punk." Aaron Hemphill of Liars wrote an article on the album for The Guardian in 2008, calling it "a forgotten classic" and an influence on Liars' music.

Kurt Cobain cited the album as one of his favourites, including it at number 42 on a handwritten list of his 50 favorite albums of all time. In an interview with Spin in 1993, he commented that the music on it is "totally uncompromising... but it works somehow".

Personnel
Public Image Ltd Technical
 * John Lydon – vocals, Stroh violin, saxophone, percussion
 * Keith Levene – electric guitar, bass guitar, piano, cello, synthesiser, percussion, drums (5, 8)
 * Martin Atkins – drums (1, 4, 5, 7), synthesiser (7)
 * Jah Wobble – bass on reissue bonus tracks "Home is Where the Heart is" and "Another"
 * Nick Launay – production, engineering