They Live

They Live is a 1988 American science fiction action horror film written and directed by John Carpenter, based on the 1963 short story "Eight O'Clock in the Morning" by Ray Nelson. Starring Roddy Piper, Keith David, and Meg Foster, the film follows a drifter who discovers through special sunglasses that the ruling class are aliens concealing their appearance and manipulating people to consume, breed, and conform to the status quo via subliminal messages in mass media.

Having acquired the film rights to the Nelson-penned short story prior to the production of They Live, Carpenter used the story as the basis for the screenplay's structure, which he wrote under the pseudonym "Frank Armitage". Carpenter has stated that the themes of They Live stemmed from his dissatisfaction with the economic policies of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan, as well as what Carpenter saw as increasing commercialization in both popular culture and politics.

They Live was a minor success upon release, debuting at #1 at the North American box office. It initially received negative reviews from critics, who lambasted its social commentary, writing, and acting; however, it later gained a cult following and experienced a significantly more favorable critical reception. It is now regarded by many as one of Carpenter's best films. The film has also entered the pop culture lexicon, notably having a lasting effect on street art (particularly that of Shepard Fairey).

Plot
Nada, a homeless man, comes to Los Angeles, California in search of a job, where he sees a preacher warning that "they" have recruited the rich and powerful to control humanity. He finds employment at a construction site and befriends his coworker Frank, who invites him to live in a shantytown near a church and meets Gilbert.

A hacker takes over TV broadcasts, warning that humanity is "their cattle" and that the only way to see is to shut off the signal at its source. Those watching the broadcast complain of headaches. Nada follows Gilbert and the preacher into the church, discovering them meeting with a group including the hacker. He also sees equipment and boxes inside, but escapes when he is discovered by the preacher. The shantytown and church are both destroyed in a police raid, and the hacker and preacher are brutalized by the police.

Nada retrieves one of the boxes from the church and takes a pair of sunglasses from it, hiding the box in a rubbish pile. He discovers that they make the world appear monochrome, but also reveal subliminal messages in the media to consume and conform; they also show that many people are actually ghoulish, bug-eyed aliens hiding under human facades. The creatures also have wristwatch communicators that allow them to teleport, along with surveillance drones. When the aliens start to realize Nada can see them, he is confronted by two alien police officers. He kills them, steals their guns, and enters a bank, where he sees that several of the employees and customers are aliens. He kills several and escapes by taking a human, Holly Thompson, hostage. Nada tries to get her to put on the glasses, but she throws him out of a window and down a hill.

While retrieving another pair of sunglasses from the rubbish pile, Frank, thinking Nada a dangerous menace, comes to give Nada his paycheck. When Nada tries to put the glasses on him, Frank resists and the two get into a lengthy brawl. Nada manages to put the glasses on Frank, and, seeing the aliens for himself, he goes into hiding with Nada.

The two run into Gilbert, who introduces them to the human resistance. They are given contact lenses to replace the sunglasses, and learn that the aliens are using global warming to make Earth more like their homeworld while depleting its resources for their own gain. They also learn that the aliens have been bribing human collaborators. After Holly arrives, the meeting is raided by the police with the majority of those present killed as the survivors scatter. Nada and Frank are cornered in an alley, but they activate an alien wristwatch which opens a portal to the alien's spaceport on Earth under Cable 54, an alien-run news network.

Discovering a meeting of aliens and collaborators celebrating the elimination of the "terrorists," they are approached by a drifter from the shantytown, now one of the collaborators. Thinking they are new recruits, he gives them a tour of the facility, where the aliens broadcast a signal that prevents humans from seeing them and the hidden messages. Nada and Frank find Holly and fight their way to the transmitter on the roof, but Holly, herself a collaborator responsible for the raid, kills Frank. Nada kills Holly and destroys the transmitter, but is mortally wounded by a police helicopter. With the signal shut down, Nada gives them the middle finger as he dies.

Meanwhile, humans all over the world discover the aliens hiding among them.

Cast

 * Roddy Piper as Nada
 * Keith David as Frank Armitage
 * Meg Foster as Holly Thompson
 * Raymond St. Jacques as Street Preacher
 * George Buck Flower as Drifter / Collaborator
 * Peter Jason as Gilbert
 * Sy Richardson as Black Revolutionary
 * Susan Blanchard as Ingenue
 * Norman Alden as Construction Foreman
 * Kerry Rossall as 2nd Unit Guard

Themes
Carpenter has said that the film's political commentary derives from his dissatisfaction with then–U.S. President Ronald Reagan's economic policies—also known as Reaganomics—and what Carpenter viewed as increasing commercialization in both the popular culture and politics of the era.

Upon the film's release, Carpenter remarked, "The picture's premise is that the 'Reagan Revolution' is run by aliens from another galaxy. Free enterprisers from outer space have taken over the world, and are exploiting Earth as if it's a third world planet. As soon as they exhaust all our resources, they'll move on to another world... I began watching TV again. I quickly realized that everything we see is designed to sell us something. ... It's all about wanting us to buy something. The only thing they want to do is take our money." To this end, Carpenter thought of sunglasses as being the tool to seeing the truth, which "is seen in black and white. It's as if the aliens have colonized us. That means, of course, that Ted Turner is really a monster from outer space." The director commented on the alien threat in an interview: "They want to own all our businesses. A Universal executive asked me, 'Where's the threat in that? We all sell out every day.' I ended up using that line in the film." The aliens were deliberately made to look like ghouls, according to Carpenter, who said "The creatures are corrupting us, so they, themselves, are corruptions of human beings."

In 2017, in response to neo-Nazi interpretations of the film's themes, Carpenter further clarified that the film "is about yuppies and unrestrained capitalism" and "has nothing to do with Jewish control of the world".

Development
The idea for They Live came from a short story called "Eight O'Clock in the Morning" by Ray Nelson, originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in November 1963, involving a protagonist, George Nada, and an alien invasion in the tradition of Invasion of the Body Snatchers, which Nelson, along with artist Bill Wray, adapted into a story called "Nada" published in the Alien Encounters comics anthology in April 1986. John Carpenter describes Nelson's story as "... a D.O.A.-type of story, in which a man is put in a trance by a stage hypnotist. When he awakens, he realizes that the entire human race has been hypnotized, and that alien creatures are controlling humanity. He has only until eight o'clock in the morning to solve the problem." Carpenter acquired the film rights to both the comic book and short story and wrote the screenplay, using Nelson's story as a basis for the film's structure.

Because the screenplay was the product of so many sources—a short story, a comic book, and input from cast and crew—Carpenter decided to use the pseudonym "Frank Armitage", an allusion to one of the filmmaker's favorite writers, H. P. Lovecraft (Henry Armitage is a character in Lovecraft's The Dunwich Horror). Carpenter has always felt a close kinship with Lovecraft's worldview, and according to the director "Lovecraft wrote about the hidden world, the 'world underneath'. His stories were about gods who are repressed, who were once on Earth and are now coming back. The world underneath has a great deal to do with They Live."

Casting
For the role of Nada, the filmmaker cast professional wrestler Roddy Piper, whom he had met at WrestleMania III earlier in 1987. For Carpenter, it was an easy choice: "Unlike most Hollywood actors, Roddy has life written all over him." Carpenter was impressed with Keith David's performance in The Thing and needed someone "who wouldn't be a traditional sidekick but could hold his own." To this end, Carpenter wrote the role of Frank specifically for David.

Filming
They Live was shot in eight weeks during March and April 1988, principally on location in downtown Los Angeles, with a budget only slightly greater than $3 million. One of the highlights of the film is a five-and-a-half-minute alley fight between Nada and Frank over a pair of the special sunglasses. Carpenter recalls that the fight took three weeks to rehearse: "It was an incredibly brutal and funny fight, along the lines of the slugfest between John Wayne and Victor McLaglen in The Quiet Man."

Music
Music for the film was composed by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth.

Release
They Live was theatrically released in North America on November 4, 1988, and debuted at #1 at the box office, grossing $4.8 million during its opening weekend. The film spent two weeks in the top ten. The film's original release date, advertised in promotional material as October 21, 1988, had been pushed back two weeks to avoid direct competition with Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.

Reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 73 reviews, and an average rating of 7.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A politically subversive blend of horror and sci fi, They Live is an underrated genre film from John Carpenter." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average rating of 55 out of 100 based on 22 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".

In his review for the Chicago Reader, Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote, "Carpenter's wit and storytelling craft make this fun and watchable, although the script takes a number of unfortunate shortcuts, and the possibilities inherent in the movie's central concept are explored only cursorily." Jay Carr, writing for The Boston Globe, said "[o]nce Carpenter delivers his throwback-to-the-'50s visuals, complete with plump little B-movie flying saucers, and makes his point that the rich are fascist fiends, They Live starts running low on imagination and inventiveness", but felt that "as sci-fi horror comedy, They Live, with its wake-up call to the world, is in a class with Terminator and RoboCop, even though its hero doesn't sport bionic biceps".

In her review for The New York Times, Janet Maslin wrote, "Since Mr. Carpenter seems to be trying to make a real point here, the flatness of They Live is doubly disappointing. So is its crazy inconsistency, since the film stops trying to abide even by its own game plan after a while." Richard Harrington wrote in The Washington Post, "it's just John Carpenter as usual, trying to dig deep with a toy shovel. The plot for They Live is full of black holes, the acting is wretched, the effects are second-rate. In fact, the whole thing is so preposterous it makes V look like Masterpiece Theatre." Rick Groen, in The Globe and Mail, wrote, "the movie never gets beyond the pop Orwell premise. The social commentary wipes clean with a dry towelette – it's not intrusive and not pedantic, just lighter-than-air."

The 2012 documentary film The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, presented by the Slovene philosopher and psychoanalyst Slavoj Žižek, begins with an analysis of They Live. Žižek uses the film's concept of wearing special sunglasses that reveal truth to explain his definition of ideology. Žižek states:

"They Live is definitely one of the forgotten masterpieces of the Hollywood Left. … The sunglasses function like a critique of ideology. They allow you to see the real message beneath all the propaganda, glitz, posters and so on. … When you put the sunglasses on, you see the dictatorship in democracy, the invisible order which sustains your apparent freedom."

Legacy
They Live was ranked #18 on Entertainment Weekly magazine's "The Cult 25: The Essential Left-Field Movie Hits Since '83" list in 2008.

Rotten Tomatoes ranked the fight scene between Roddy Piper's character Nada and Keith David's character Frank Armitage seventh on their list of "The 20 Greatest Fight Scenes Ever". The fight scene influenced the 2008 film The Wrestler, whose director, Darren Aronofsky, interpreted the scene as a spoof. The fight scene was parodied by the TV show South Park in the episode "Cripple Fight". Shepard Fairey credits the film as a major source of inspiration, sharing a similar logo to his Andre the Giant Has a Posse campaign. "They Live was...the basis for my use of the word 'obey'", Fairey said. "The movie has a very strong message about the power of commercialism and the way that people are manipulated by advertising".

Novelist Jonathan Lethem called They Live one of his "favorite movies of the eighties, hands down". He said, "It's a great movie...Look at what it does to people, look at how it emboldens and provokes...It's disturbing and ridiculous and outrageous and uncomfortable, but I think it's the kind of great movie that doesn't really need defense, it just needs to be given the air". Lethem wrote a book-length homage to the movie for the Soft Skull Press Deep Focus series.

The 2013 video game Saints Row IV features an extended parody of the film with Roddy Piper and Keith David voicing fictionalized versions of themselves in a recreation of the fight scene between Nada and Armitage.

Rock band Green Day paid homage to They Live in their music video for "Back in the USA" from the album Greatest Hits: God's Favorite Band. Similarly, punk band Anti-Flag used the film as inspiration for the music video for their song "The Disease". David Banner and 9th Wonder also used the film as the influence behind their 2010 video for "Slow Down".

Minnesota-based alternative hip-hop artist P.O.S. used scenes from the film interspersed with clips of himself for the song "Roddy Piper" from his 2017 album Chill, Dummy.

In July 2018, the film was selected to be screened in the Venice Classics section at the 75th Venice International Film Festival.

The film is noted for a popularly quoted line spoken by Nada: "I have come here to chew bubblegum and kick ass. And I'm all out of bubblegum".

The main character Duke Nukem in the video game Duke Nukem 3D was made to be a mix of 80's and 90's action film stars, including Roddy Piper, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Bruce Willis, Kurt Russell, and Bruce Campbell. His look was partially based on Nada's appearance, sporting a similar sunglasses and quoting many lines from the film.

Home media
They Live was released on VHS by MCA Home Video in 1989. It was later released on DVD by Universal Home Entertainment on October 17, 2000.

On March 2, 2012, the film was released on Blu-ray by StudioCanal. On November 6, 2012, Shout! Factory released a "Collector's Edition" of the film on both DVD and Blu-ray.

In 2014, Universal Pictures released They Live on DVD along with The Thing, Village of the Damned, and Virus as part of the 4 Movie Midnight Marathon Pack: Aliens.

On January 19, 2021, Shout! Factory released the "Collector's Edition" of the film on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray.

Future
In 2010, a remake movie was stated as being in development with Carpenter in a producing role. In 2011, Matt Reeves signed on to direct and write the screenplay. The project eventually shifted away from being a direct remake of They Live, to a re-adaptation of "8 O'Clock in the Morning" with intents of abandoning the satirical and political elements of the original movie. By October 2023, producer Sandy King stated that a modern audience could see similarities with events of the movie going on in a real-world context, while stating that an expansion from They Live would be announced shortly; while acknowledging the possibility of a sequel becoming a reality.