Thomas Eyre Macklin

Thomas Eyre Macklin RBA (30 March 1863 – 1 August 1943) was a British painter in oils and watercolour, illustrator, sculptor and designer of monuments, who signed his works T. Eyre Macklin or T.E. Macklin.

After a promising career at various art schools, including the Royal Academy, in the late 19th century Macklin produced Romantic black-and-white illustrations for books, numerous landscapes, figurative paintings and civic portraits, all of which came to the attention of local newspapers in his native Newcastle upon Tyne. In the 20th century he concentrated on Art Deco monuments and other sculpture, his best-known works being the South African War Memorial in Newcastle, the Bangor Memorial, County Down, and the Land Wars Memorial at Auckland, New Zealand.

According to Macklin, his ancestors were from County Donegal. He was the son of John Eyre Macklin, a soldier, journalist and landscape painter; both were Newcastle-born. Macklin married writer Alice Martha "Alys" Philpott and they had one child, but she later petitioned for divorce on the grounds of infidelity. He had bouts of illness during later life and died in Devon in 1943.

Parentage
According to Thomas Eyre Macklin, he was "descended from an old Donegal family". He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 30 March 1863, the son of Lieutenant John Eyre Macklin (b. Newcastle c. 1834) a non-commissioned officer of the 10th Brigade, Royal Artillery, on foreign service (1853–1870). J.E. Macklin was a lieutenant of the English Garibaldian Volunteers (1860–1861), and he was a landscape painter and Newcastle journalist. Macklin's mother was Margaret E. Charlton (Carlisle c. 1838 – Belfast 30 September 1924). She was the adopted child of an agricultural labourer.

Training
Encouraged by his father, Macklin "showed a remarkable aptitude for drawing" from childhood, and "devoted himself to art" from the age of ten, being one of W. Cosens Way's students at the Newcastle School of Art, where he was "one of the most successful pupils ... On one occasion he carried off the four head prizes of the year". Macklin was selling his pictures by the age of thirteen. In 1884 he moved from Newcastle to London to sketch antiques at the British Museum, and trained at Calderon's Art School until c. 1887. After that, he studied at John Dawson Watson's studio. In 1887 he passed the Royal Academy Schools' entrance examinations at the age of 23 years. Macklin was lucky to be accepted at the Royal Academy. "He had spent three months on a special drawing to be submitted to the examiners of the Academy, but it mysteriously disappeared". There was no time to search for it, and he spent another fourteen days reproducing it, with "one hour to spare" before the entrance assessment. In 1888 he won a Royal Academy silver medal for "the best copy of an oil painting". Throughout his training, Macklin was "a diligent student". In 1891, he was living alone at the back of King's Road, in Chelsea.

Personal life
Macklin married Alice Martha "Alys" Philpott (d. before 1939) on 25 November 1893 at St George's, Hanover Square. They had one child, a son, born in Brittany on 4 May 1895. Alys was a leading member of the Poetry Society, and was a writer for the Newcastle Chronicle under the pen name Margery Lee. Alys also wrote various books, including Greuze (1902), and Twenty-nine Tales from the French (c. 1922). Following his marriage, Macklin worked in Brittany and Paris for some years, "painting pictures of peasant life", being still there in 1895, and 1896. After returning to Newcastle, Macklin and his wife Alys lived in a "little old cottage hidden in a garden behind a high stone wall in Osborne Road". In 1911 the Census finds Macklin lodging at 139 Marylebone Road, NW London, and working on his own account as an artist, painter and sculptor; it says he had had one child, who was still living. Alys and Thomas Eyre Macklin were separated in 1917. Alys petitioned for restitution of conjugal rights, then petitioned for divorce in 1918. They received their decree nisi in November 1918 on account of his abandonment, and his infidelity at the Black Rabbit Inn, Arundel, Sussex.

Macklin occasionally suffered financial difficulties. In 1928 he was sued for £400 , said by the plaintiff William Edward Pearson to be moneys lent and not repaid. Macklin responded that the sum was not lent, but was payment for five portraits painted. The judgement by Mr Justice Rowlatt was for the plaintiff, and Macklin had to repay £51 plus costs. The Newcastle Journal commented that in Newcastle, "the local talent did not get all the commissions it deserved and London men of brush and palette pouched guineas which would materially have assisted to keep the wolf from studio doors in Pilgrim and other streets of the city ... [although] Macklin got a goodly share of Northern commissions".

In 1929, Macklin had influenza and bronchitis, described as "a serious illness". In 1939, he was a patient in hospital, but had been living in Watford. He described himself as a widower, artist and sculptor. He died at "Kersbrook", Budleigh Salterton, Devon on 1 August 1943.

Career and works
Besides being an illustrator and sculptor, Macklin was a painter in oils and watercolours, and he produced landscapes, figurative pictures and portraits. He also designed posters. When Macklin returned from Paris he set up a studio in London. He later had a studio at 22 Blackett Street, in Newcastle, where he would sometimes exhibit his work. During the 19th century, Macklin's painting style was Romantic, but one observer had other ideas about it: "His charlady noticed a skyscape hanging in his studio. 'I don't think much of that', she observed severely, 'it's too like them Turner things. In 1922, the Daily Mirror selected Macklin and two other artists to judge its beauty competition's junior section for children. In 1903, the Newcastle Daily Chronicle gave the public a view of the inside of the Blackett Street studio:

"The portrait of Sir Charles Frederick Hamond is now complete in [Macklin's] studio ... It is a strong, characteristic portrait, some nine feet high ... In addition to the portrait, Mr Macklin, who is accomplished in modelling, has executed a bust of Sir Charles which, also, is an admirable likeness, forcible and expressive. Mr Macklin studied modelling for some years, and is reviving his interest in that branch of art. The works in his studio include a fine bust of the late Mr John Hall ... A death mask was taken, when Mr Hall died, and this has helped Mr Macklin considerably. The bust has a good pose, and is in every way excellent. In addition, Mr Macklin is busy upon a large portrait of Mr Alexander Laing which is intended to be hung in the new Laing Art Gallery."

Royal Academy Summer Exhibition
Macklin exhibited 17 works at the Royal Academy (RA) from 1889 when he submitted a portrait of a Lady titled From the Sunny South. In 1900 he contributed Perros, Brittany, "a scene in Britanny, an effective piece of painting". His portrait of Blanche was accepted for the Summer Exhibition in 1891, and his painting of An English Girl was "hung on the line" there in 1892. In 1893 his portrait of his future wife, Miss Alys Philpott, was accepted for the Summer Exhibition. The Newcastle Chronicle said, "Every one who has seen Mr Macklin's work will probably conclude that it is a just tribute to his ability and perseverance. Probably the subject has inspired the artist. A portrait of a lady of considerable personal attractions certainly affords a painter a good opportunity to display his power. And it can safely be said that Mr Macklin has risen to the occasion". In 1898 Macklin had three paintings on show at the RA: Ripe, Portofino, Mediterranean, and Piazza Garibaldi, Ripallo. Ripe was a "skilful treatment of an orchard scene with a young woman wheeling a barrow". Macklin sold its copyright for reproduction in photogravure.

In 1899 it was mistakenly reported that Macklin had two portraits and two landscapes hung at the RA: Helen ("there is some vivacity in his Helen"), Mrs W.H. Dircks, A Bend of the Tees ("a simple but satisfying landscape study"), and Streatley Mill on the Thames ("a water-colour drawing with an excellent moonlit sky"). There are two versions of what happened to the four pictures. The first, testified in the Academy's catalogue, says that Macklin had three hung that year (not including Mrs Dircks), and his wife Alys had one picture on the line: Priez Pour Eux. The second version, according to the Newcastle Daily Chronicle, says that there were three oil paintings and one watercolour: Streatley Mill ("managed with telling effect"), A Bend of the Tees ("not so successful" and looking "unfinished"), and portraits of a young woman in blue and a child with a bunch of flowers, both titled Helen. "Mrs A.E. Macklin, the artist's wife, is included among the addresses in the catalogue as an exhibitor, though she is not represented by any work, the explanation being that although a painting from her was accepted ... it could not be found". In 1902, Macklin contributed a landscape painting of Lincoln to the Summer Exhibition.

Other exhibitions
In February 1882, Macklin exhibited an unknown work at the Scottish Academy. In 1892, Macklin's submission to Newcastle Art Gallery drew attention: "All that need be said with regard to Thomas Eyre Macklin's little landscape, The Heart of England – a cottage with trees and reedy pool – is that it is an exquisite gem". He also exhibited at the Paris Salon, the Royal Society of British Artists and the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool. In February 1893, Macklin and several other Tynesider artists exhibited at the Bewick Club. Macklin's portrait of William Glendinning was hung "in an unfortunate position for, owing to the curious lights that play about the canvas, it [was] almost impossible to obtain a fair view of it". However the Newcastle Courant saw it and declared it "too hot and purple in colour, and lacking in directness". Nevertheless that paper did approve his other work in the exhibition, a study in chalk titled Grey Eyes, which it described as "a very fine piece of work indeed". In 1895 the members exhibited there again (Macklin contributed Jeannie-Yvonne), and the Newcastle Chronicle's art critic, under the pen name of Merlin, said that they had "produced work that does honour to Tyneside and to the Bewick Club", and that Macklin's contribution was a portrait "in which he exhibit[ed] all his usual refinement of style and decided draughtsmanship. The face is very sweet". In 1903, Macklin exhibited "powerful portraits" at the Academy of Arts, Beckett Street, Newcastle. In 1905 he contributed work to the Jarrow Art Exhibition, in the Engineers' Drill Hall, Western Road, Jarrow. In 1908 Macklin exhibited his "dignified and fine" portrait of Edmund J. Browell, JP, alongside his black and white drawings, at the Laing Gallery, Newcastle.

Illustrations
From 1888 until at least 1902, Macklin had illustrations published in various magazines including the Pall Mall Gazette. In 1902, Alys and Thomas Eyre Macklin together produced A Holiday Pilgrimage: the Birthplace of Renan for Pal Mall. In 1890, the Newcastle Chronicle observed cryptically that, "for some time past Mr Thomas Eyre Macklin ... has contributed high class pen and ink and other drawings to an illustrated metropolitan contemporary".

In 1893 Macklin produced "a variety of sketches" for Historical Notes on Cullercoats, Whitley and Monkseaton by William Weaver Tomlinson. The Newcastle Chronicle's critic "Robin Goodfellow" reported that "the gem of these illustrations is Mr Thomas Eyre Macklin's sketch of the Whitley coast. Next come[s] the same artist's view of Monkseaton village". In the same year, Wetherell's The Wide, Wide World included "six splendid reproductions of black-and-white drawings by the local artist Mr Thomas Eyre Macklin. These illustrations are of unquestionable merit, and the value of them from the painter's point of view consists in the fact that every touch of the brush reappears with all its original force". Macklin produced the "very fine frontispiece in photogravure" for an 1893 edition of Hawthorne The Scarlet Letter, and some illustrations for The Newcastle Christmas Annual, 1893.

In 1894, Macklin contributed illustrations for Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin for the Reward Series of children's books, and a frontispiece for Cradle Songs and Nursery Rhymes from the Canterbury Poets series. In the same year, Macklin created frontispieces for Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance, and Our Old Home, besides illustrations for Emily Grace Harding's A Noble Sacrifice. In August of that year was published Denton Hall and its Association, a history of the building by William Weaver Tomlinson, which contained thirteen illustrations by Macklin. In 1895 he contributed a frontispiece in photogravure from a drawing, for Elsie Venner: a romance of destiny by Oliver Wendell Holmes. In 1896, Alexandre Dumas' The Three Musketeers was published "with twelve full-page illustrations drawn by Thomas Eyre Macklin". He also produced illustrations for the Monthly Chronicle of North-Country Lore and Legend. In 1914, British publisher George Pulman announced: "We have published a coloured plate entitled The Angel of Peace by T. Eyre Macklin. It is a startling representation of the Kaiser's war methods".

Landscapes and figurative paintings
While Macklin was in France, he was described by the Newcastle Daily Chronicle as "an artist of considerable reputation". Macklin's The First-Born, or Le Premier Né, painted in Brittany, brought him "credit and renown". It was "favourably criticised in the French papers, reproduced in two illustrated magazines, and [in 1895 it was] sold for an American gallery". The above newspaper and the Newcastle Chronicle reported in 1895 and 1896:

"Since [Macklin] and his talented wife took up their residence in Brittany, Mr Macklin has been working hard. He has painted many fine pictures there, but his great production – a canvas 8 ft square – has not been sent to the Royal Academy, as perhaps might have been expected, he being one of the most promising of its young men, but to the Paris Salon, where it occupies a capital position. The title of the work is The Premier Ne (sic) and shows a young mother smiling at the baby she holds in her arms as she walks homewards through a wheat field with her young husband, who, laden with scythe and rake, is pausing to light his pipe. The picture appears amongst the other great works of the year in the illustrated catalogue, and Goupil, the great Parisian art publisher, is reproducing it in gravure and colours. From all this we may infer that Mr. Macklin has now fully realised the anticipation of his many admirers."

"The faces of the couple are not handsome; they are probably typical of Breton faces – faces of people who, besides being toilers themselves, have descended from long generations of toilers ... the torn garments, the wooden shoes, the bronzed cheeks, and the coarse and horny hands of the father and mother, all tell a clear and almost self-evident story of hard work and many privations. The manner in which Mr Macklin has executed his masterpiece ... is almost beyond criticism. Father and mother are so naturally and exquisitely drawn, that they seem to be actually moving along ... There are life and animation in the whole performance, even in the waving corn and the distant trees."

At an unknown date, Macklin painted a "large oil painting in massive gilt frame", titled The Trossachs, which was sold from Gale How, Ambleside, in 1906. In 1922 Macklin went on a sketching tour of Italy. In 1936, Macklin's The City Hall Floodlighted, 1935, was presented by the Belfast Telegraph to Belfast Libraries, Museums and Art Committee.

Portrait paintings
The subjects of most of Macklin's portraits now in public collections are male civic personages, but he was also "well known for child portraits". His 19th-century portraits were in the traditional style. The Newcastle Daily Chronicle said:

"[Macklin] clings, happily, to the older style of portrait painting – the fashion that must prevail. The desire of the newer method is to make bold portraits, in which much of the painting is apparently done with the palette knife. These have a certain striking vigour, and are effective at a distance; but they lack the softness and smoothness which characterised the best of the older portraits in this and the other countries. Mr Macklin was taught otherwise. He is a disciple of the Old Masters ... Technically the painting is superb. Mr Macklin has a wonderful command over colour; and the form stands out solidly from the background'."

19th-century portraits
Macklin's first portrait was of Alexander Laing, the benefactor of the Laing Art Gallery, and that was also "the first gift work the gallery possessed". He also painted the Newcastle magistrate Dr G.H. Philipson, in 1899. Macklin painted portraits of his home town's magistrates, which were originally for the Central Courts in Pilgrim street, but at the time of his death were hanging in Newcastle Town Hall and Newcastle Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne. The portrait of magistrate John Hall had to be painted posthumously from a plaster cast of Hall's head and from photographs. The  Newcastle Chronicle reported: "There is no-one who, seeing the portrait, and ignorant of the circumstances would believe that it had been painted after death. There is a wonderful fidelity in the likeness, even in the dignified gravity which was Mr. Hall's characteristic expression. The whole picture, indeed, is characteristic of him whom it represents – gravity and dignity in the pose and aspect, and in the severe simplicity of his surroundings. Mr. Hall was, in the public eye, a plain unassuming gentleman; and Mr. Macklin's portrait conveys the same impression."

One of Macklin's civic portraits was of Councillor A.P. Andersen, painted between 1898 and 1899. The Newcastle Chronicle reported: "The commission was given to that clever artist, Mr. Thomas Eyre Macklin, who has limned to perfection the mobile features of Mr. Andersen, and produced a picture of him, in his robes of office, as Sheriff of Newcastle, that will extort universal admiration". In 1899 he completed a portrait of Sir Charles Hamond, of which the Newcastle Daily Chronicle said, "The likeness is perfect, both as to pose and expression". Macklin executed portraits of the Kynnersley family, who lived at Leighton Hall, Shropshire. In 1891, he painted portraits of Colonel Alfred Capel-Cure of Shropshire, and of his own father John Eyre Macklin.

20th-century portraits
At some point in the 20th century, Macklin began to modernise his style. in 1920, the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer said, "T. Eyre Macklin, stronger and freer in his brush work then when in bygone years he painted the portraits of so many of the Novocastrian notabilities, is well represented [at the 1920 Laing Art Gallery exhibition] by a characteristic portrait of Edwin Cleary, the war correspondent of the Daily Express".

In 1900 Macklin produced a presentation portrait of the mayor of Newcastle and chief magistrate Riley Lord. That portrait was donated to Newcastle Corporation in 1924, to be hung in the committee room. Also in 1900, Macklin executed a portrait of Alderman R.H. Holmes, funded by Newcastle Conservative Club. In 1901, Alderman Richardson's likeness was painted by Macklin, and that was hung in the magistrates' room at the City Police Court in Pilgrim Street, Newcastle. In 1908, a portrait in oils and "splendidly executed work" by Macklin of C.T. Maling, master of the Haydon foxhounds, was presented to Maling on his retirement by his friends. In the same year, he painted a presentation portrait for Edmund John Jasper Browell (c. 1828–1914), who had given 50 years of unpaid civic service to County Durham. In 1909 Macklin produced another presentation portrait; this time of the former mayor of Newcastle, W.J. Sanderson. "The portrait [was] a very large one, and at once striking and very lifelike". "The ex-Lord Mayor is depicted seated, wearing his robes of office above court dress, and the background is the lobby of the Laing Art Gallery. On a table are the accessories to municipal dignity – the mace of gold, the conical hat its bearer wears, and other accompaniments".

In January 1918, a Daily Mirror journalist wrote: "The rage for photography among stage folk has not entirely killed the work of the portrait painter. Mr T. Eyre Macklin tells me that he was so impressed with the appearance of Miss Muriel Dole in a small part at His Majesty's that he determined to paint her picture". In 1921, Macklin painted a life-sized portrait of W.R. McMurray, JP, who for 50 years was the managing director of John Shaw Brown & Sons, Belfast. In 1927, Macklin produced a life-sized portrait of Portadown councillor W.J. Johnston, JP, to be hung in the town hall. In 1928, Macklin painted a presentation portrait of his friend Sir Robert Baird, who was the royal arch officer of the District Grand Chapter of Antrim. In 1929, Macklin painted a portrait of the Grand Master of the Masonic Province of County Antrim, James H. Stirling (d.1928). The portrait was to be hung in the Masonic Hall, Arthur Square, Belfast. "Macklin had accomplished successfully a singularly difficult task, for he had only seen Br. Stirling once, and he had to paint the portrait from photographs taken from time to time". In Bangor, County Down, he painted portraits of the mayor and the town clerk, Thomas S. Wilson and James Milliken. In 1931, Macklin was again in Northern Ireland, painting freemason W. Bel-Burrowes. The Baird and Bel-Burrowes portraits were officially presented in 1933. In the same year he painted a posthumous portrait of Rev. Henry Biddall Swanzy, Dean of Dromore, for the Masonic Hall, Newry. At an unknown date, Macklin painted "the group of Lord Carson signing the Ulster Covenant at the Belfast City Hall".

South African War Memorial, Newcastle, 1907–1908
Macklin is perhaps best known for the South African War Memorial, previously known as the Northumberland War Memorial (sculpted in 1907; unveiled in 1908) in Percy Street, Newcastle, which is Grade II* listed. He and Charles Septimus Errington (1869–1935) were first asked to submit plans for the monument in 1904, and in 1905 it was announced that Macklin had won the competition to execute the work. Macklin's wife Alys was the model for two of the figures on the top and at the base of the monument: Peace and Victory. Standing 24m tall, it is the oldest and largest war memorial in the city, memorialising "373 officers and men of Northumbrian regiments who fell in the South African War". It was unveiled by Lieutenant-general Sir Laurence Oliphant on 22 June 1908, in front of a crowd of about 30,000. Afterwards, the chairman of the Executive Committee, Sir Henry Scott, spoke of "the success of [Macklin's] efforts and the artistic beauty of the result". By 2016, it had become known as the "Dirty Angel" or the "Mucky Angel", and Newcastle City Council had granted planning permission to repair and refurbish the memorial.

Bust of Alderman Sir Charles Frederick Hamond, Newcastle, 1905
Macklin created a bust of Sir Charles Frederick Hamond for Leazes Park, Newcastle, in 1905. As of 2018 the bust was still there.

Land Wars Memorial, Auckland, New Zealand, 1920
Macklin's second "chief work" was the Land Wars Memorial at Auckland, New Zealand. This memorial, in Symonds Street, is also known as the Māori War Memorial, and Zealandia War Memorial. It was designed by Macklin who won the design competition in 1914, and was unveiled on 18 August 1920. It is dedicated to "all the soldiers who had fallen during the Land Wars of the 19th century, including "the British, Australians and New Zealanders, along with the Maori allies". It has, "a draped female figure representing Zealandia offering a palm [now missing] to those who had died for the country during the Land Wars". This statue was cast in a Paris foundry.

Bangor War Memorial, County Down, 1927
Macklin's third "chief work" was the Bangor Memorial, County Down, a listed building, The site, materials, and Macklin as designer, were chosen on 27 April 1925. Macklin was present when the Bangor war memorial was unveiled on Empire Day, 24 May 1927, by the Duke of Abercorn, in the presence of the Bishop of Down, Connor and Dromore, a crowd "of several thousands", and much attendant ceremony. The Herald and County Down Independent gave the following description:

"The memorial is outstandingly artistic. Its proportions are well-balanced and it is altogether at once graceful and symmetrical as viewed from the distance ... perhaps one of the prettiest settings is when it is seen from the junction of High Street and Prospect Road, using the latter as sort of vista, but pretty as it is from the distance, it loses none of its decided charm on even close approach, and, indeed on reaching the foot of the gentle knoll which it surmounts, it becomes genuinely impressive. The approach including the leading-up stepways, guards and coplings are of the very best concrete. So is the series of terraced mountings and all ramps. The pedestal plinth, oversails and cornice are, like the shaft, of beautifully-cut Portland stone laid in mathematically harmonised ashlar work, the hardness being broken at intervals by the introduction half-courses. The shaft is obelisk and carries throughout the true Egyptian ratios ending in a quadrafacial pyramid of correct proportions. The deadly dulness of the ordinary obelisk has been got rid of by the introduction of a collar of four panels showing delightful Celtic interlacing in basso relievo. On the southward face of the shaft there is shown one of the foci of the Roman lictor, with conventional additions. On the oversail on this side is a figure alleged to be of Erin holding the palm branch of victory but giving, none the less a sense of mourning – a charmingly thought-out idea. The Lion of Victory also stands out in alto relievo, and very gracefully on the opposite side is a massive bronze shield on which are graven the names of the fallen heroes whom it commemorates. On the Southern face midway up the shaft is the legend Died in the service of their country, and, on the panel of the pedestal is carved: The Great War 1914–1918. On the Northern end raised on repoussé bronze is the Latin legend Dulce et Decorum est pro Patria Mori. Altogether the War Memorial was worth waiting for and is a credit to Bangor."

Collections
Macklin has at least 20 works in various national collections, including Scolton Manor museum, Belfast Harbour Commissioners, Bangor Castle, Shipley Art Gallery, Ulster Museum, Newcastle University, South Shields Museum & Art Gallery, and the Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle. In 1892, the Central Exchange Art Gallery, or Newcastle Art Gallery, was established. Macklin had one item in its original collection: "a small but very clever portrait" titled Recollections.

Institutions
In October 1900, Macklin was elected a member of the Royal Society of British Artists, being proposed by its president Wyke Bayliss.

In Newcastle
Macklin was a freemason, of Delaval Lodge, Northumberland, and an active member of the Archaeological and Architectural Society of Durham and Northumberland. He was a founder member of the Pen and Palette Club where he would "dash off a speaking likeness of the principal guest, on the inside of an envelope". That club was instigated on 11 November 1899 at a meeting of local artists and worthies at Macklin's studio in Blackett Street. Macklin was also a member of Brunswick Cycling Club in Newcastle. Politically, Macklin was an active Unionist, and a member of Newcastle Liberal Club.

In London
While in London, Macklin was a member of the Savage Club, together with George Loraine Stampa. When visiting the Sports Club in St James's Square, they "decorated the walls" with some comic sketches which offended some Sports Club members. However, when advised of the artist's professional standing, the members varnished the drawings and protected them with plate glass.

In Northern Ireland
On 22 March 1928, a meeting of Ulster artists, attended by Macklin, "decided to form an Ulster Academy of Arts". The same year, Macklin was elected chairman of the Academy, which later became the Royal Ulster Academy. In 1931 Macklin was "chairman of the conference of painters, sculptors and architects which decided to form an academy of arts for the Province [of Northern Ireland]".