Transgender archaeology

Transgender archaeology is an approach to archaeology that encompasses how transgender studies and its theoretical approaches can be a tool to understand past cultures and communities around the world. This approach diversifies cisgender approaches to archaeological practice. In 2016, a special issue of the Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory was dedicated to papers that challenged a binary approach to gender. Researchers such as Mary Weismantel have discussed how understanding past gender diversity can support contemporary transgender rights, but have called for transgender archaeology to "not re-populate the ancient past ... but to offer a subtler appreciation of cultural variation". Jan Turek, writing in 2016, described how archaeological interpretation can be limited since "current gender categories do not always correspond with those of a former reality".

This approach draws on and can be applied to a range of disciplines in the field, including figurative analysis, bioarchaeology, and others. For figurines from coastal Ecuador, many of these objects combine both masculine and feminine attributes through either physical characteristics or dress. These figures, interpreted as potentially non-binary or transgender, are found in the Tumaco-La Tolita culture, as well as from Bahía and Jama Coaque cultures. Similarly, analysis of late Bronze Age figurines from Knossos demonstrated that for both faience figurines and ivory bull-leaper figurines, "sexed differences are not clearly marked in a binary fashion". Alberti argues that any sexed differences are highly dependent on the socio-religious context of the figurines, rather than specifically gendered identities. The importance of context is also echoed in work on non-binary and intersex visibility in Roman archaeology.

Bioarchaeological estimates of sex are based on identification of potentially dimorphic features, yet neither gender nor biological sex are entirely binary categories. However, some characteristics that are often viewed as sexually dimorphic may not, depending on the age of the individual whose body is being analysed. For example, cranial robustness tends to be associated as a male characteristic, yet it can also be considered a female characteristic because the effects of menopause can produce the same. Additionally, the categorisation of sex uses a spectrum of female, probable female, ambiguous sex, male and probable male. This is dependent on the confidence of the researcher in the estimation, rather than focus on the possibility of "sex-gender fluidity" in the past.

Studies that support interpretations of gender fluidity include ones on pre-Columbian Maya burial practices, multiple Hidatsa genders during the pre-Columbian era, mortuary practices in Chumash communities, communities during the Copper Age on the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria, the excavation and interpretation of a 5,000-year-old person by the Czech Archaeological Society, the reassessment of grave Bj.581 at Birka, non-binary gender expression in Inuit cultures, Roman Galli,  a 1,000-year-old person who likely had Klinefelter syndrome from Finland, the life of Elagabalus, prehistoric burials in Europe, historical archaeology around the Engabao community in Ecuador, material cultures in medieval England,  dress in eighteenth-century Ireland, and many others.