Travel Air 2000

The Travel Air 2000/3000/4000 (originally the Model B, Model BH, and Model BW, respectively) were open-cockpit biplane aircraft produced in the United States in the late 1920s by the Travel Air Manufacturing Company. During the period from 1924–1929, Travel Air produced more aircraft than any other American manufacturer, including over 1,000 biplanes. While an exact number is almost impossible to ascertain due to the number of conversions and rebuilds, some estimates for Travel Air as a whole range from 1,200 to nearly 2,000 aircraft.

Design and development
The Travel Air Model A was engineered chiefly by Lloyd Stearman, with input from Travel Air co-founders Walter Beech, Clyde Cessna, and Bill Snook and could trace its ancestry back to the Swallow New Swallow biplane. The Travel Air, however, replaced the New Swallow's wooden fuselage structure with a welded steel tube. An interim design, the Winstead Special, was developed by the Winstead brothers from a metal fuselage frame developed at Swallow by Stearman and Walter Beech, but subsequently rejected by Swallow president Jake Moellendick, a decision which triggered the departure of both Stearman and Beech, and the creation of Travel Air. Until the appearance of the all new 12/14/16 series, all subsequent Travel Air biplanes would be derived from the Model A.

The Travel Air biplanes were conventional single-bay biplanes with staggered wings braced by N-struts. The fuselage was fabric-covered welded chromium-molybdenum alloy steel tubes, faired with wooden battens and they had two open cockpits in tandem, with the forward cockpit carrying two passengers side by side.

In common with the Fokker D.VII that they resembled, the rudder and ailerons of the first Travel Air biplanes had an overhanging "horns" to counterbalance the aerodynamic loads on the controls, helping to reduce control forces and making for a more responsive aircraft. These were the distinctive Travel Air "elephant ear" ailerons which led to the airplane's popular nicknames of Old Elephant Ears and Wichita Fokker. Some subsequent models were offered without the counterbalance, providing a cleaner, more conventional appearance with less drag. Pitch forces could be trimmed out with an inflight-adjustable horizontal stabilizer.

Different, interchangeable wings were offered, including a shorter and thinner wing known as the "Speedwing" which improved speed.

A considerable number of engines were installed, including nearly every mass-produced engine in the 90-300 hp range available at the time, and a number of more obscure prototype engines, as can be seen in the list of designation prefixes.

Travel Air entered the specially-modified Model 4000-T in the Guggenheim Safe Aircraft Competition of 1930, but it was disqualified, as were all production aircraft entered during the qualification trials. The Travel Air biplanes were noted for their good flying qualities which may have helped Travel Air outsell all rivals by 1929.

Steam-powered
In 1933, George and William Besler replaced the usual gasoline powered piston engine in a Travel Air 2000 with an oil-fired, reversible V-twin compounding steam engine, which would become the first airplane to successfully fly using a steam engine.

Operational history
In addition to a wide range of normal aircraft applications, the Travel Air biplanes saw extensive use in early motion pictures, where they often stood in for the increasingly scarce Fokker D.VII.

Aside from surplus military aircraft such as the Curtiss JN-4 Jenny and along with their chief competitor WACO, Travel Air biplanes were the most widely used civilian biplanes during the late 1920s and very early 1930s in America.

Travel Air biplanes were popular as executive transports, and many were purchased by wealthy-sportsmen adventurers who entered them in the competitions and air races that were frequently held during that era. Like many aircraft of the period, they also operated as air taxis and provided air charter services, carrying passengers and light air cargo, and some would find their way north where they worked as bushplanes. As the supply of war-surplus aircraft declined and they became available on the used aircraft market, many were also used for barnstorming, which included exhibition and stunt flying, and selling rides. Commercial operators found the Travel Air biplanes to be versatile, owing to their useful payload, rugged construction and (for the times) speed and efficiency.

Towards the end of their career elsewhere, from the late-1930s through the early 1960s, they were increasingly used for the harsh work of bush flying and cropdusting, and Travel Air biplanes were among the most commonly used cropdusters, perhaps second only to surplus Stearman Kaydet biplanes.

Most remaining Travel Air biplanes have been restored, and are in museums, while a small number continue to be used for personal recreation or selling rides and flying at airshows. A 1929 Travel Air normally based in the San Diego area is the oldest regularly flying aircraft tracked by FlightRadar24, an aviation tracking website. A 1927 Travel Air is regularly used to give sightseeing rides from Orcas Island, Washington.

As the 2000/3000/4000 series was nearing the end of its development cycle, a pair of new designs, the Travel Air 12 and 14 were developed to replace it - the 12 as a slightly smaller two-seat trainer, and the larger 14 as a direct replacement, even to continuing some of the marketing names. Both would fly while Travel Air retained its identity, but would be incorporated into the Curtiss-Wright line with the same numbers.

Movie industry
Travel Air biplanes were widely used in 1920s/1930s war movies, particularly to represent the airplanes they were patterned after: Germany's Fokker D-VII fighter, the top fighter of World War I. In the motion picture industry, they were known as "Wichita Fokkers." In fact, Hollywood's demand for Travel Air biplanes was so intense that Travel Air's California salesman, Fred Hoyt, coaxed Travel Air co-founder and principal airplane designer, Lloyd Stearman, to come to Venice, California in 1926 to exploit the movie industry demand for his aircraft by starting the short-lived independent Stearman Aircraft Company (re-opened back in Wichita in 1927).

Some of the many movies using Travel Air biplanes (2000 and 4000, in particular) included:
 * Wings (1927) won the first-ever Academy Award for Best Picture for its technical accuracy
 * Flying Fool (1929) early leading roles for William Boyd, later famous as "Hopalong Cassidy")
 * Hell's Angels (1930) extravagant war epic by Howard Hughes
 * The Dawn Patrol (1930)
 * Heartbreak (1931)
 * Ace of Aces (1933) featured five Travel Air Model Bs, and numerous other aircraft.
 * Hell in the Heavens (1933)
 * Flying Devils (1933)
 * Murder in the Clouds (1934)

Variants
Date from Aerofiles

Early letter designations
Initially Travel Air assigned letters to each type, with a suffix denoting the engine.
 * Model B:Similar to Model A with a split axle undercarriage, also fitted with a 90 hp Curtiss OX-5. Redesignated as 2000.
 * Model BH:1926 Model B powered with a 150-180 hp Hispano-Suiza 8A or Wright model E water-cooled V-8 engine. Redesignated as 3000.
 * Model BW:1926 Model B with a 200 hp Wright J-4 9-cylinder radial engine. Redesignated as 4000.

Numerical designation sequences
Variants were distinguished with prefixes and suffixes in a particular order, and denoting different fittings. The prefix S, preceding all other prefixes meant it was a Seaplane and was fitted with floats. Next it was wings. B was the Standard wing, not to be confused with the original basic elephant ear wing, and D indicated the aircraft was fitted with a Speedwing. The engine code followed this, and due to the long service period when considerable experimentation occurred, a wide variety of engines were installed in production airplane as follows:
 * A - 150 hp Axelson B engine 7-cylinder radial engine
 * B - 220 hp Wright J-5 Whirlwind 9-cylinder radial engine
 * C - 170-185 hp Curtiss Challenger 6-cylinder radial, or Curtiss C-6 inline engine
 * D - 150 hp Aeromarine B 6-cylinder inline engine
 * E - 165 hp Wright J-6-5 Whirlwind 5-cylinder radial engine
 * J4 - 200 hp Wright J-4 Whirlwind 9-cylinder radial engine
 * K - 100 hp Kinner K-5 5-cylinder radial engine
 * W - 110 hp Warner Scarab 7-cylinder radial engine
 * L - 225 hp Lycoming R-680 9-cylinder radial engine
 * V - 180 hp Velie ML-9 9-cylinder radial engine
 * W - 125 hp Warner Scarab S-50 radial 7-cylinder engine
 * 9 - 300 hp Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind 9-cylinder radial engine

Following the engine code in a very small number of cases, M, indicated that it was a single seater configured as a Mailplane, and then the model number. The same system was also used with the later numerical desigation sequence. The sole example of the mailplane seems to have been the BM-4000, a Wright J-5 powered mailplane, of which 7 were built. Not all possible variations were built. Suffixes were also added that were specific to modifications made and often referred to conversions or post-production versions.

1000 series designations

 * 2000:Improved Model B with 90 hp Curtiss OX-5 engine. First Travel Air to be Type Certified.
 * C-2000 - 160 hp Curtiss C-6 6-cylinder inline engine
 * D-2000 - OX-5-powered racing aircraft with reduced-span wings and narrower fuselage. Later converted to Model 11.
 * S-2000 - Unofficial designation for floatplane version of 2000. Also used for 2000 powered by 100 hp Curtiss OXX-6 (twin ignition version of OX-5).
 * SC-2000 - 160 hp Curtiss C-6 powered landplane with undercarriage of B-4000. At least three converted.
 * 2000-T - 115 hp Milwaukee Tank V470 air-cooled derivative of OX-5. 15 built.
 * 3000:Improved Model BH with 150-180 hp Hispano-Suiza 8A or Wright model E water-cooled V-8 engine. Estimated 51 built.
 * D-3000 - Reduced span wings - used for racing.
 * 4000:Three seat aircraft powered by 220 hp Wright J-5 or Wright J-4 radial engine.
 * 4000-T - 300 hp Wright J-6 Whirlwind radial engine, converted C-4000 for 1930 Safe Airplane competition, Curtiss-built wings
 * 4000-CAM - 120 hp Fairchild-Caminez 447 four-cylinder radial engine, also designated 8000 and later Curtiss-Wright CW-8
 * 8000:Also designated 4000-CAM, 120 hp Fairchild-Caminez 447 X engine, became Curtiss-Wright CW-8
 * 9000: 125 hp Ryan-Siemens Sh 14 7-cylinder radial engine. Four converted from Travel Air 4000 or 3000. Later designated Curtiss-Wright CW-9

Late numerical sequence

 * 4:originally 4000 series
 * 4-B - 240 hp Wright J-6
 * 4-D - 220 hp Wright J-5, E-4000.
 * 4-P/PT - 140 hp ACE LA-1 (later became Jacobs LA-1)
 * 4-S - 4000 with experimental Powell engine
 * 4-U - 130-165 hp Comet 7-D or 7RA 7-cylinder air-cooled radial
 * W-4-B - Ted Wells Special Single seat competition aircraft modified from D-4000
 * Z-4-D - 4-D crop duster with 300 hp Wright J-6 Whirlwind
 * 11 :Modified D-2000 with Wright J-6 Whirlwind 9-cylinder radial engine and a narrower fuselage for competition
 * B-11D: 240 hp Wright J-6 Whirlwind, modified 4-D for competition in the National Air Races

Curtiss-Wright designations

 * CW-8
 * Curtiss-Wright designation for Travel Air 8000
 * CW-9
 * Curtiss-Wright designation for Travel Air 9000
 * CW-11
 * Curtiss-Wright designation for Travel Air 11

Operators

 * Peruvian Air Force - operated at least one Travel Air E-4000 at the start of the Leticia Incident in 1932.
 * Peruvian Air Force - operated at least one Travel Air E-4000 at the start of the Leticia Incident in 1932.

Surviving aircraft and aircraft on display

 * 206 (NC1081) – 2000 at the Golden Age Air Museum in Bethel, Pennsylvania.
 * Travel-Air.jpg]]490 (NC5290) – 2000 airworthy at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum in Maryland Heights, Missouri.
 * 321 (NC3947) – 3000 airworthy at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum in Maryland Heights, Missouri.
 * 475 (NC2709) – 4000 airworthy at the Kelch Aviation Museum in Brodhead, Wisconsin.
 * 669 (NC6217) – 2000 static display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California.
 * 720 (CF-AFG) – 2000 on static display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa, Ontario.
 * 721 (NC6282) – 2000 on static display at the Shannon Air Museum in Fredericksburg, Virginia.
 * 766 (NC6425) – 4000 in airworthy storage at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison, Texas. Removed from public display when the museum indefinitely closed on 1 January 2024. To be moved to North Texas Regional Airport in Denison, Texas.
 * 850 (NC9049) – 4000 airworthy with the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon.
 * 1151 (CF-JLW) – D-4D at the Reynolds-Alberta Museum in Wetaskiwin, Alberta.
 * 1340 (NC434N) – D-4D (ex-E-4000) on static display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C.
 * 1365 (NC174V) – 4000 airworthy at the Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida.
 * 1379 (NC477N) – D-4000 airworthy at the Owls Head Transportation Museum in Owls Head, Maine.
 * 1224 (NC648H) – E-4000 airworthy at the EAA Aviation Museum in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
 * 516 (NC5427) – 4000 airworthy in the United Kingdom

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
(Partial listing, only covers most numerous types)


 * Alexander Eaglerock
 * American Eagle A-101
 * Brunner-Winkle Bird
 * Buhl-Verville CA-3 Airster
 * Command-Aire 3C3
 * Parks P-1
 * Pitcairn Mailwing
 * Spartan C3
 * Stearman C2 and C3
 * Swallow New Swallow
 * Waco 10

Related lists

 * List of aircraft
 * List of civil aircraft