Tulun Beg Khanum

Tulun Beg Khanum (Tūlūn-Bīk Ḫānum; died 1386) was a princess of the Golden Horde at the time of the Great Troubles. Exceptionally for this political formation, she served as female monarch and had her name inscribed on coins minted in 1370–1371 at Sarai and Mokhshi.

It appears that she served as a stopgap ruler, appointed by the beglerbeg Mamai to reign between the death of his protégé Khan ʿAbdallāh (1361-1370) and his next protégé, Khan Muḥammad-Sulṭān (1371-1379). She is titled king (khan) on some coins and queen (khanum) on others. She was the only woman on the Khan's throne in the Ulus of Jochi. At the end of 1371 or the beginning of 1372, Mamai replaced Tulun Beg on the throne with the young Muḥammad-Sulṭān. The origins and identity of Tulun Beg Khanum are not stated expressly, but she has been identified plausibly as the otherwise unnamed daughter of Khan Berdi Beg, who was married to the kingmaker Mamai. This would make Tulun Beg the last monarch of the Golden Horde demonstrably descended from Batu Khan.

Following his defeat by the Russians at Kulikovo in 1380, Mamai was defeated by a new Khan of the Golden Horde, Tokhtamysh, and fled to the Crimea, where he was murdered in late 1380 or early 1381 by agents of Tokhtamysh, after being turned out by the local Genoese and by his own governor. Even before Mamai's death, his harem fell into Tokhtamysh's hands after the Battle of the Kalka, and Tulun Beg married the new Khan Tokhtamysh. He treated the corpse of his former rival Mamai with honor and extended his protection over Mamai's family.

Tulun Beg appears to have been implicated in an obscure plot against Tokhtamysh in 1386, and was executed. In the words of the Russian Rogožsk Chronicle, "This same year, Tsar Tokhtamysh himself killed his own Tsaritsa, named Tovlunbek." Related to these events may be the unexplained appearance of coins with the name of the long-dead Berdi Beg, Tulun Beg's father, in this period.

Genealogy

 * Genghis Khan
 * Jochi
 * Batu Khan
 * Toqoqan
 * Mengu-Timur
 * Toghrilcha
 * Uzbeg Khan
 * Jani Beg
 * Berdi Beg
 * Tulun Beg Khanum