Tupari languages

The Tuparí languages of Brazil form a branch of the Tupian language family.

Internal classification
The Tupari languages are:


 * Tupari
 * Makuráp
 * Nuclear Tupari
 * Akuntsu–Mekéns (Sakirabiá, Waratégaya)
 * Tuparí, Kepkiriwát, Wayoró

None are spoken by more than a few hundred people.

A more recent internal classification by Nikulin & Andrade (2020) is given below:


 * Tuparian
 * Makurap
 * Core Tuparian
 * Wayoró–Tuparí
 * Wayoró
 * Tuparí
 * Corumbiara
 * Mekéns
 * Akuntsú

Varieties
Below is a list of Tupari language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.


 * Tupari
 * Macuráp group
 * Macuráp - spoken at the sources of the Colorado River (Rondônia).
 * Kanuːa / Koaratíra / Canoê - spoken in the valley of Apidía and on the middle course of the Verde River, Rondônia.
 * Amniapé - spoken at the sources of the Mequéns River.
 * Guaratégaja / Mequen - spoken at the sources of the Verde River and Mequéns River in the same region.
 * Kabishiana - spoken between the Corumbiara River and Verde River, Rondônia.
 * Wayoró / Wyarú - spoken at the sources of the Terevinto River and Colorado River (Rondônia).
 * Apichum - spoken in the same region but exact location unknown.
 * Tupari / Wakaraü - once spoken on the upper course of the Branco River or São Simão River, the same territory; now probably extinct.
 * Kepkeriwát group
 * Kepkeriwát / Quepi-quiri-uate - spoken on the right bank of the Pimenta Bueno River.

Proto-language
Proto-Tuparí reconstructions by Moore and Vilacy Galucio (1994):


 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"

! gloss !! Proto-Tuparí
 * ‘sweet potato’ || *gwagwo
 * ‘tapir’ || *ɨkwaay
 * ‘macaw’ || *pet+'a
 * ‘one’ || *kiẽt
 * ‘small’ || *Dĩĩt
 * ‘fish’ || *pot
 * ‘fowl’ || *õkɨra
 * ‘seed’ || *kit
 * ‘neck’ || *gwotkɨp
 * ‘heart’ || *ãnõã
 * ‘to know’ || *toã
 * ‘to give’ || *ñũã
 * ‘to speak’ || *mãYã
 * ‘sun, year’ || *ŋgiahkop
 * ‘stone’ || *ŋwa+'i
 * ‘earth’ || *kɨy
 * ‘fire; firewood’ || *agopkap
 * ‘mountain’ || *(n)dzo
 * ‘person’ || *aotse
 * ‘mother’ || *ñä
 * ‘husband’ || *mẽt
 * ‘hammock’ || *ẽ/*ĩnĩ
 * ‘seat’ || *ãβõ-pe
 * ‘seat’ || *ñãp-pe
 * ‘hair’ || *Dap
 * ‘tooth’ || *ñããy
 * ‘hand’ || *mbo
 * ‘nail’ || *mbo-ape
 * ‘skin’ || *pe
 * ‘liver’ || *pia
 * ‘foot’ || *mbi
 * ‘breast’ || *ŋẽp
 * ‘blood (n)’ || *a
 * ‘blood (n)’ || *eYɨ
 * ‘tobacco’ || *pitoa
 * ‘maize’ || *atsitsi
 * ‘axe’ || *gwi
 * ‘knife’ || *ŋgɨtpe
 * ‘timbo’ || *ŋĩk
 * ‘mortar’ || *ẽndzɨ
 * ‘salt’ || *ŋgɨɨt
 * ‘meat’ || *ñẽt+'ã
 * ‘water (n)’ || *ɨgɨ
 * ‘basin’ || *βãẽkɨt
 * ‘dust’ || *ñõ'õ
 * ‘path’ || *pee
 * ‘night’ || *ŋĩndak
 * ‘leaf’ || *Dep/*deep
 * ‘Brazil nut tree’ || *kãnã
 * ‘Brazil nut tree’ || *arao
 * ‘assai (palm)’ || *gwit+'i
 * ‘banana’ || *ehpiip
 * ‘cotton’ || *ororo
 * ‘genipap’ || *tsigaap
 * ‘peanut’ || *araɨgwi
 * ‘pepper’ || *kõỹ
 * ‘armadillo’ || *ndayto
 * ‘tail’ || *okway
 * ‘snake’ || *Dat/*daat
 * ‘lizard’ || *Dako
 * ‘turtle’ || *mbok+'a
 * ‘caiman’ || *gwaYto
 * ‘crab’ || *kera
 * ‘achiote’ || *ŋgop
 * ‘horn’ || *apikɨp
 * ‘paca’ || *gwãnãmbiro
 * ‘deer’ || *ɨtsɨɨ
 * ‘dog’ || *ãŋwẽko
 * ‘ocelot’ || *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt
 * ‘agouti’ || *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã
 * ‘bat’ || *ŋwari+'a
 * ‘coati’ || *pi'it
 * ‘capuchin monkey’ || *sahkɨrap
 * ‘spider monkey’ || *ãrĩmẽ
 * ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) || *ãmãnã
 * ‘peccary’ || *Daotse
 * ‘collared peccary’ || *Daotsey
 * ‘louse’ || *ãŋgɨp
 * ‘flea’ || *ñõk
 * ‘wasp’ || *ŋgap
 * ‘termite’ || *ŋgub+i
 * ‘big ant’ || *Dat+'a
 * ‘cockroach’ || *a
 * ‘cockroach’ || *eβape
 * ‘cicada’ || *ŋõtŋõna
 * ‘scorpion’ || *kɨtnĩŋã
 * ‘snail’ || *ɨ̃ỹã
 * ‘piranha’ || *ipñãỹ
 * ‘surubim’ || *ãnõrẽ
 * ‘mandi’ || *mõkoa
 * ‘toucan’ || *yo
 * ‘toucan’ || *ñõkãt
 * ‘duck’ || *ɨpek
 * ‘vulture’ || *ɨβe
 * ‘vulture’ || *ako
 * ‘hawk’ || *kẽỹ+'ã
 * ‘hummingbird’ || *mĩnĩt
 * ‘owl’ || *popoβa
 * ‘partridge’ || *kwãŋwã
 * ‘basket, big’ || *ãŋgerek
 * ‘canoe’ || *kɨp-pe
 * ‘clothing’ || *pe
 * ‘to drink’ || *ka
 * ‘to take’ || *ara
 * ‘to blow’ || *ɨβa
 * ‘to vomit’ || *ẽkẽt
 * ‘to push’ || *mõrã
 * ‘to swim’ || *tĩptĩpnã
 * ‘to see’ || *to'a
 * ‘to see’ || *-tso-
 * ‘hot’ || *ahkop
 * ‘good’ || *poat
 * ‘new’ || *pahgop
 * ‘old’ || *poot
 * ‘name’ || *Det
 * ‘sour’ || *kãỹ
 * ‘other’ || *nõõ
 * ‘smooth’ || *atsik
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãnde
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘crab’ || *kera
 * ‘achiote’ || *ŋgop
 * ‘horn’ || *apikɨp
 * ‘paca’ || *gwãnãmbiro
 * ‘deer’ || *ɨtsɨɨ
 * ‘dog’ || *ãŋwẽko
 * ‘ocelot’ || *ãŋwẽko Dĩĩt
 * ‘agouti’ || *ŋwãkɨ̃ỹã
 * ‘bat’ || *ŋwari+'a
 * ‘coati’ || *pi'it
 * ‘capuchin monkey’ || *sahkɨrap
 * ‘spider monkey’ || *ãrĩmẽ
 * ‘honey marten’ (kinkajou?) || *ãmãnã
 * ‘peccary’ || *Daotse
 * ‘collared peccary’ || *Daotsey
 * ‘louse’ || *ãŋgɨp
 * ‘flea’ || *ñõk
 * ‘wasp’ || *ŋgap
 * ‘termite’ || *ŋgub+i
 * ‘big ant’ || *Dat+'a
 * ‘cockroach’ || *a
 * ‘cockroach’ || *eβape
 * ‘cicada’ || *ŋõtŋõna
 * ‘scorpion’ || *kɨtnĩŋã
 * ‘snail’ || *ɨ̃ỹã
 * ‘piranha’ || *ipñãỹ
 * ‘surubim’ || *ãnõrẽ
 * ‘mandi’ || *mõkoa
 * ‘toucan’ || *yo
 * ‘toucan’ || *ñõkãt
 * ‘duck’ || *ɨpek
 * ‘vulture’ || *ɨβe
 * ‘vulture’ || *ako
 * ‘hawk’ || *kẽỹ+'ã
 * ‘hummingbird’ || *mĩnĩt
 * ‘owl’ || *popoβa
 * ‘partridge’ || *kwãŋwã
 * ‘basket, big’ || *ãŋgerek
 * ‘canoe’ || *kɨp-pe
 * ‘clothing’ || *pe
 * ‘to drink’ || *ka
 * ‘to take’ || *ara
 * ‘to blow’ || *ɨβa
 * ‘to vomit’ || *ẽkẽt
 * ‘to push’ || *mõrã
 * ‘to swim’ || *tĩptĩpnã
 * ‘to see’ || *to'a
 * ‘to see’ || *-tso-
 * ‘hot’ || *ahkop
 * ‘good’ || *poat
 * ‘new’ || *pahgop
 * ‘old’ || *poot
 * ‘name’ || *Det
 * ‘sour’ || *kãỹ
 * ‘other’ || *nõõ
 * ‘smooth’ || *atsik
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãnde
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘vulture’ || *ɨβe
 * ‘vulture’ || *ako
 * ‘hawk’ || *kẽỹ+'ã
 * ‘hummingbird’ || *mĩnĩt
 * ‘owl’ || *popoβa
 * ‘partridge’ || *kwãŋwã
 * ‘basket, big’ || *ãŋgerek
 * ‘canoe’ || *kɨp-pe
 * ‘clothing’ || *pe
 * ‘to drink’ || *ka
 * ‘to take’ || *ara
 * ‘to blow’ || *ɨβa
 * ‘to vomit’ || *ẽkẽt
 * ‘to push’ || *mõrã
 * ‘to swim’ || *tĩptĩpnã
 * ‘to see’ || *to'a
 * ‘to see’ || *-tso-
 * ‘hot’ || *ahkop
 * ‘good’ || *poat
 * ‘new’ || *pahgop
 * ‘old’ || *poot
 * ‘name’ || *Det
 * ‘sour’ || *kãỹ
 * ‘other’ || *nõõ
 * ‘smooth’ || *atsik
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãnde
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘to see’ || *to'a
 * ‘to see’ || *-tso-
 * ‘hot’ || *ahkop
 * ‘good’ || *poat
 * ‘new’ || *pahgop
 * ‘old’ || *poot
 * ‘name’ || *Det
 * ‘sour’ || *kãỹ
 * ‘other’ || *nõõ
 * ‘smooth’ || *atsik
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãnde
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘other’ || *nõõ
 * ‘smooth’ || *atsik
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãnde
 * ‘rotten’ || *ãkwĩ
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘straight’ || *kɨɨt
 * ‘distant’ || *gwetsok
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }
 * ‘2nd person’ || *ẽt
 * }

Syntax
In all Tuparian languages, the main clauses follow the cross-linguistically rare nominative–absolutive pattern. Person prefixes on the verb are absolutive, i.e., they index the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) and the patient argument ('direct object') of a transitive verb (P). Person pronouns, which follow the verb (either cliticizing to it or not) are nominative: they may encode the sole argument of an intransitive verb (S) or the agent argument of a transitive verb (A), but not the patient of a transitive verb (P). The example below is from Wayoró.

 V:verb  Eamõjãn (en).

/e-amõc-a-t (ẽt)/

2-dance-TH-NFUT (2.NOM)

s-V (S)

‘You danced.’

Etopkwap nã on.

/e-top-kʷ-a-p nã õt/

2-see-PL-TH-p FUT 1.NOM

p-V {} A

‘I’ll see you every day.’