Upper Rideau Lake

Upper Rideau Lake is a freshwater lake located in the municipality of Rideau Lakes, United Counties of Leeds and Grenville in Eastern Ontario, Canada. It is located in the Saint Lawrence River drainage basin and has the highest altitude of any body of water within the Rideau Canal system.

Geography
The village of Westport borders the lake to the West, and the village of Newboro borders it to the South, between Upper Rideau Lake and Newboro Lake.

Hydrology
Upper Rideau Lake is the summit of the Rideau Canal system, with a surface elevation of 124.65 meters (408.9 ft) above sea level. Despite having the highest elevation, Upper Rideau Lake is not at the top of the watershed. Water flows north to the Rideau River but does not flow south to the Cataraqui River.

Inflow comes from Westport Sand Lake- part of the Rideau Lake Subwatershed, while outflow winds through the Narrows Lock and into Big Rideau Lake, which eventually flows to the Saint Lawrence River via the Ottawa River.

Geology
The Rideau Lake Fault is a normal fault which exposes granite that can be observed on much of Upper Rideau Lake's northern shore. The northern half of Upper Rideau Lake is located in the Algonquin Highlands. The bedrock in the Precambrian landscape consists mostly of gneiss and marble and is covered in a very thin layer of mixed glacial sediment. The southern half of Upper Rideau Lake is located between the Algonquin Highlands and the Smiths Falls Limestone Plain. The bedrock here consists of Paleozoic quartzose sandstone, dolomite, and conglomerate covered in a variety of sediments: glacial till, silt, clay, organic deposits, and sand.

History
Before the creation of the Rideau Canal (1826-1832), the Upper, Big, and Lower Rideau Lakes were a single body of water. It was originally intended to remain one lake by excavating the naturally rocky shallows on the Upper Narrows. When this proved to be difficult and resource-consuming, Lt. Colonel John By finalized plans to build a dam and a Narrows Lock, separating the waters and forming Upper Rideau Lake. The creation of Narrows Lock raised the water in the area by approximately 2.5 meters (8 ft), resulting in flooding that swiftly began to alter the land. Drowned shorelines resulted in a number of newly created marshes and many dead-standing trees.

Slack Water System
Water levels along the Rideau Canal system are monitored by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry and Parks Canada. Water levels are managed for recreation, allowing for drafts during the navigation season and for residents with docks, boathouses, and shorefronts. In late May, water levels are at their maximum, gradually declining throughout the summer, reaching the lowest point in October then to the winter operating level. During this cycle, the range of water height is approximately 1 meter (3 ft).

Recreation
Upper Rideau Lake is a popular bass fishing location among locals, other general recreational activities such as boating, swimming, and paddling are available. On shore, there are golf courses, surrounding trails for hiking, snowshoeing, and cross-country skiing. In 2015, Newboro lock station recorded 5,355 vessel passages, while Narrows Lock station reported 6,208.

Foley Mountain Conservation Area
Located on Upper Rideau Lake near Westport, Foley Mountain Conservation Area features 9 km (5.5 mi) of hiking trails, a lookout point, educational programs, discovery centre, picnic sites, and a natural swimming area.

Rideau Trail
Rideau Trail is the longest trail in eastern Ontario, stretching from Kingston to Ottawa. This hiking trail follows the Rideau Canal closely and runs along the northern shore of Upper Rideau Lake.

Fishing Regulations
Upper Rideau Lake is situated within Fisheries Management Zone 18. Licenses, open seasons, and catch limits are governed by the Ontario Fishing Regulations.

Canal Regulations
The Rideau Canal Lock stations operate from mid-May through mid-October each year. Lockage and mooring fees are charged based on vessel length (per foot).

Fish
Rideau Lakes is home to a variety of bass species. During the creation of the canal, the newly flooded surroundings allowed bass populations to thrive as they took advantage of the flooded shoreline habitat. In addition to the abundance of largemouth and smallmouth bass, species of fish in Upper Rideau Lake include sunfish, bluegill, rock bass, black crappie, yellow perch, northern pike, walleye, and lake trout. Ministry of Natural Resources fisheries specialists have reported that the aquatic habitat is stable for warm water fish, as pH conditions are within range for a healthy environment. Fishery quotas have remained unstable, with the exception of the yellow perch quota, which was last increased in 2013.

Birds, reptiles, amphibians & mammals
Upper Rideau Lake inhabits a large diversity of wildlife. Commonly observed birds include the common loon, great blue heron, green heron, osprey, turkey vulture, pileated woodpecker, Canada goose, mallard duck, common merganser, hooded merganser, ring-billed gull, and trumpeter swan. Commonly observed reptiles and amphibians include the map turtle, painted turtle, snapping turtle, northern leopard frog, American bullfrog, garter snake, northern water snake, and black rat snake. The most commonly observed mammals include squirrels, chipmunks, coyotes, foxes, porcupines, skunks, beavers, otters, muskrats, mink, raccoons, and white-tailed deer.

Endangered Species
Upper Rideau Lake is home to a range of endangered and at-risk species. Endangered species include the loggerhead shrike and spotted turtle. Threatened species include the golden-winged warbler, least bittern, peregrine falcon, chimney swift, red-headed woodpecker, grey fox, Blanding's turtle, musk turtle, and black rat snake. Special concern species include the cerulean warbler, Louisiana waterthrush, short-eared owl, yellow rail, red-shouldered hawk, southern flying squirrel, five-lined skink, map turtle, snapping turtle, Eastern milk snake, and ribbon snake.

Water Quality
The Rideau Valley Conservation Authority rated the water quality of Upper Rideau Lake as poor in their 2014 Watershed Report (data collected from 2005-2014). Contributing factors to these ratings include elevated nutrient concentrations, periods of reduced oxygen availability, clear water, and occasionally elevated pH levels. High nutrient concentrations are part of the natural aging process of a lake. In this case, aging may be accelerated due to a high runoff of nutrients from residential shoreline areas, as well as areas of drowned land resulting from the construction of the Rideau Canal. High nutrient concentrations have enabled the excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae blooms.

Westport Sewage Discharge
In April 2014, The Village of Westport dumped 24 million liters (63 million gallons) of untreated sewage into Upper Rideau Lake, following a roughly 3 year long collapse of their sewage treatment system. With a sewage lagoon ready to burst, millions of liters were shipped away for treatment, while two emergency discharges of over 12 million liters (31 million gallons) went directly into the lake, fueling blue-green algae growth. Before 1996, the Village of Westport had no treatment plan in place and would dump untreated sewage twice annually into the lake. In 2018, the Village of Westport completed a Large Subsurface Disposal System (LSSDS) costing roughly $3,000,000 to treat the sewage. As of March 2019, there have been no discharges for the past 12 months.

Blue-Green algae concerns
In August 2014, toxins were confirmed to be present in blue-green algae blooms. Leeds, Grenville & Lanark District Health Unit issued a public health notice warning not to drink the lake water or allow pets or livestock to do so. This outbreak can be attributed to the sewage dump, erosion, high spring runoff, and changes in the zebra mussel population among other causes. Blue-green algae blooms, although not always toxic, are a recurring issue for inhabitants of Upper Rideau Lake.

Sustainability
Plans for the management, protection, and sustainability of the Rideau Canal, including Upper Rideau Lake, are:


 * Rideau Canal National Historic Site of Canada Management Plan (2005)
 * Rideau Canal World Heritage Site Management Plan (2005)

Organizations that serve to ensure the long-term wellness of the lake are:


 * Upper Rideau Lake Association (founded 1989). This non-profit organization focuses primarily on water quality and improving the lake environment.
 * Friends of the Rideau (founded 2009). A non-profit organization working to promote enjoyment of the Rideau Canal, and to preserve its natural culture and heritage.

Solar Farm
North Burgess Solar Project, owned by Northland Power, is located North of Upper Rideau Lake on Highway 14. This green energy facility is a 10 MW ground-mounted photovoltaic solar project operating 40,000-50,000 solar panels and 30 DC to AC inverters. It is estimated to power approximately 2,000 Ontario homes.