User:Æo/sandbox

Might be useful: 🟥🟨🟦🟧🟩🟫🟪⬜️⬛️


 * http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/61289


 * Zhuang Mo: http://www.aseantop.com/content?id=10871


 * Russian Religious Studies Society journal


 * Colloquium heptaplomeres


 * https://mininuniver.academia.edu/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2


 * http://www.religare.ru/download/spbpaganism.pdf

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 * Jiaohua
 * Billioud 2011: Confucian Revival and the Emergence of "Jiaohua Organizations": A Case Study of the Yidan Xuetang
 * Billioud 2007: Jiaohua: The Confucian Revival in China as an Educative Project


 * Anshen liming 安身立命
 * Billioud & Thoraval 2008: Anshen liming or the Religious Dimension of Confucianism


 * Confucian ritual religion 礼教 / 禮教 → Merge with Confucianism, add 「敬天法祖」天祖教
 * Billioud & Thoraval 2009: Lijiao: The Return of Ceremonies Honouring Confucius in Mainland China
 * 2016: Lijiao: Between Rites and Politics


 * Taiping Taoism, influence on folk Taoist orders and folk salvationisms

BH

 * https://www.data.gov.bh/en/ResourceCenter?id=3582&d=1

HU

 * https://www.academia.edu/42898388/Ancient_Gods_New_Ages_Lessons_from_Hungarian_Paganism
 * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290203152_Competitive_pasts_Ethno-paganism_as_a_placebo-effect_for_identity_reconstruction_processes_in_Hungary_and_Romania
 * http://geography.hu/mfk2006/pdf/Pete%20J%F3zsef.pdf
 * https://pea.lib.pte.hu/bitstream/handle/pea/15271/szilardi-reka-phd-2013.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
 * https://erdelyitarsadalom.ro/files/et09/et-bbu-09-06.pdf
 * https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332647830_A_diaszpora_visszavandorlasanak_ideologiai_vonatkozasai_Kozep-Kelet_Europaban_Badiny_Jos_Ferenc_Magyarorszagon
 * https://archive.org/details/B-001-002-866
 * http://rovasokrolunk.uw.hu/project-seaside/kolozsi_adam.pdf
 * https://epa.oszk.hu/02300/02387/00025/pdf/%C5%90si%20Gy%C3%B6k%C3%A9r_2005_1-2_002-029.pdf
 * https://pea.lib.pte.hu/bitstream/handle/pea/15271/szilardi-reka-tezis-hun-2013.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y
 * https://intapi.sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/ausp-2014-0016

Line chart of the trends, 2000–2021
Census statistics 2000–2021:

{{legend|Purple|Orthodox Christianity}} {{legend|DodgerBlue|Lutheranism}} {{legend|Turquoise|Other Christianity}} {{legend|Orange|Other religions}} {{legend|Red|No religion}} {{legend|Black|Not stated}}

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 * https://riposte-catholique.fr/archives/178272

Ethnic
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The decline of Christianity is a phenomenon that, beginning in the twentieth century and continuing in the twenty-first century, is happening in the countries of the Western or Westernised world (Europe, North America, Oceania), in some countries of Eastern Europe, as well as in some non-Western developed and developing countries, to traditional, established forms of the Christian religion, that is to say those historically, socially, culturally and politically consolidated Christian denominations, with or without legal status as the offcial state religion, which until the first half of the twentieth century were the majority religions in these countries. Alongside the secularisation of thought, state institutions and social life, these countries have witnessed a decline in belief and membership of Christian churches and the rise of "various competing religious communities and worldviews". According to some scholars, this decline is occurring not only to traditional, established forms of Christianity, but also to its newest "supposedly robust" forms, such as Evangelicalism.

As of 2019, Christians were 64% of the population of the European Union, 63% of both the populations of Western Europe and Eastern Europe, 76% of the population of Southern Europe, 68% of the population of North America, 65% of the population of the United States, 56% of the combined populations of Australia and New Zealand.

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 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Feiluan_Huang_Yue_Temple_(20170129140634).jpg
 * https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wutai_2009_480.jpg


 * p. 149









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The movement of the Old Believers was the crystallisation of a "mass religious dissent" towards the Russian Orthodox Church, seen as the religion of the central state and the aristocracy, that has always been present throughout Russian history, and that has had a profound impact on the socio-economic and political charater of Russia, being a precursor to the theories and practices of later socialism. The Old Believers were the coalescence of pre-Christian Pagan, Gnostic, and unofficial Orthodox currents, while the Molokans were sects which came into being under the influence of Western Christianity. Historically, at least one quarter of the popultion of imperial Russia belonged to these schismatic movements.

The movement of Sophiology was codified within the Russian Orthodox theological tradition.

Moreover, since their inception in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Russian revolutionary movements had sympathy for folk Old Belief and sectarianism, promoted their study and even drew upon them to formulate new religions for the masses, for instance the early Bolsheviks' "God-Building" movement. Joseph Stalin spported the early ideas of a "Slavic Vedism", that is to say the common Indo-European origin of ancient Vedic and Slavic cultures. The scholar Aleksandr Pyzhikov attributes the success of the Soviet project to the "collective psychology" of the Old Believers.

when the policies of perestroika ("restructuring") and glasnost ("openness") allowed for more initiative and freedom for religious organisations.

Russians gravitated to a variety of both established and emerging new religions to fill the "spiritual vacuum" left by the collapse of Soviet ideology.

This, together with the rise of a wide variety of new religious movements, continues the synthesis of the long-time tradition of Russian esoteric and spiritual philosophy and folk religion.

and "Orthodox"

The scholar Ullrich Kleinhempel has indeed found that there is an overlapping between the categories of those Russians who identify themselves as "believers without religion", Russian esotericism, Eastern/Hindu, Neopagan, and new religious movements, and even those who identify themselves as "Orthodox", representing a long-established, syncretic Russian spiritual tradition.

According to the scholar Ullrich Kleinhempel, most of those who identified themselves as Christians without denomination in the 2012 Arena Atlas are most probably adherents of forms of Protestantism who choose not to identify as "Protestants", chiefly Baptists and Pentecostals. At the same time, the category of those who identified as "believers without any religion" likely represents the fluid milieu of Russian esotericism and pantheistic-panentheistic philosophies, which have been firmly entrenched in Russian spiritual culture for long time, and are interwoven with the categories of "Paganism" and "Hinduism". The same category of "Orthodox", and the Russian Orthodox Church hierarchy, has always been intertwined and interacting with esoteric and philosophical traditions which were often identified as "popular Orthodoxy" or "double faith" (dvoeverie), going from the preserved cult of Mokosh, to Sophiology and the theme of "Holy Russia". The category of "believers without religion" may also contain new religious movements such as Roerichism, which are crystallisations of the Russian esoteric and philosophical tradition, Eastern and Neopagan ideas. This Russian esoteric, Eastern/Neopagan, and New Age spiritual culture is viewed as part of high and mainstream culture in Russia, unlike in the West where it has remained a marginal phenomenon. It also has a role in Eurasianism, the contemporary leading cultural and political view in Russia. The Russian Orthodox Church has inclusive and tolerant attitudes towards some of these movements (though they represent its primary challenge and competitors) compared to Western Protestant and Catholic churches.

The Old Believers originated as the channelling of a "mass religious dissent" towards the Russian Orthodox Church that has always existed throughout the history of Russia. As a response to a series of reforms of the Russian Orthodox Church enacted by Patriarch Nikon since 1653, a large part of the Russian population "went into schism" (Raskol). The schismatics (Raskolniks) saw the central government and the Church as the "kingdom of the Antichrist", and were persecuted with increasing taxes and even the burning of whole villages. It is estimated that at least one fourth of the population of the Russian Empire belonged to these dissenting religious movements, which were the coalescence of Pagan, Gnostic and unofficial Orthodox currents.

The Old Belief had a pivotal role in the rise of a Russian capitalism which bore characteristics of socialism: The Old Believers lived in peasant communities where resources were collectivised in trusts called obshchak ("commune"). The persecutions came to an end with Catherine II's policy of enlightened absolutism, and in 1777 she permitted by decree to the peasants (may of whom were Old Believers) to enroll in the merchant classes. The Old Believers saw the opportunity to gain independence within a hostile state, and obshchak were invested in collectively owned business entreprises, which infused Russian capitalism with Old Believers' collectivist ideas.

In the 1840s, the government of the empire began to investigate domestic grassroots capitalism; one of the investigators, August von Haxthausen, was one the first to study and classify folk religious movements throughout Russia in 1843. He distinguished folk religions into "Old Believers" who pre-dated the Raskol and, in his opinion, continued Pagan and Gnostic traditions; "Old Believers" who arose in the seventeenth century as a consequence to Patriarch Nikon's reforms; and Spiritual Christianity (or Molokanism), a group of sects which came into being after the Raskol, during the reign of Peter the Great, under the influx of Western Christianity. The elites began to talk of a "folk Orthodoxy", a hybrid faith different from official Orthodox Christianity, which harboured beliefs which were perilously close to Western socialism: universal equality, collective property, and rejection of hierarchy. This gave way to new persecutions.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the findings of the studies were made public and folk religious dissenters attracted the sympathy of Russia's progressive political circles. Afanasy Shchapov noted that dissenting folk religious movement, desite the diversity of beliefs, were all unified by their opposition to the state and the Church, and defined them as a spatially dispersed "oppositional religious confederate republic". Early revolutionaries (Alexander Herzen, Nikolay Ogarev, Mikhail Bakunin), Narodniks (Populists), and early Bolsheviks of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century continued to be interested in Russian folk religious dissenters and their radical forms of society. In his A Writer's Diary, Fyodor Dostoevsky defined Old Belief as "the people's Orthodoxy", or the "horizontal Church", opposed to the "Orthodoxy of the elites". Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich was assigned by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party the task of studying "Russian schism and sectarianism", and in 1908–1910 a faction of the Bolsheviks, represented by Anatoly Lunacharsky, Alexander Bogdanov, Maxim Gorky, and Vladimir Bazarov, formulated the "God-Building" movement (Bogostroitelstvo), whose aim was to create a new religion for the proletariat through a synthesis of socialism with folk religion. The studies of this period provided a better understanding of Old Belief, also clarifying the distinction between the Popovtsy ("Priested") Old Believers, opposed to official Orthodoxy but integrated into its institutional framework, and Bezpopovtsy ("Priestless") Old Believers, without sacerdtal hierarchy or formal institutions, representing the more Pagan variety of popular religion.

Hinduism in Russia is to some extent intertwined with Russian esotericism and Neopagan movements, as they legitimise each other in the light of the shared Indo-European roots of Slavic and Indian cultures. The idea of "Slavic Vedism" was strongly supported by Joseph Stalin, who sought for autochthonous roots of ideological legitimisation.

According to the scholars Ullrich Kleinhempel and Veronika Chernishkova, new religious movements are to be identified within the large population of "believers without religion", overlapping with the long-time traditions of Russian esotericism and spiritual philosophy (even cultivated within the "Orthodox" establishment), new Eastern and Neopagan movements. The scholars Brigit Menzel, Michael Hagemeister and Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal have studied these various phenomena under the overarching name of "Russian New Age". According to Chernishkova, a common denominator of these movements is pantheism, the idea that God is the universe itself, an "interconnected energetic oneness", and is to be found in humanity, too; thus these movements are characterised by an absence of "sacred–profane" and "divine–human" dichotomies, and a soteriology of this world (salvation is the welfare of this world), and belief in reincarnation and ascension through levels of psychophysical existence.

Some scholars also include aong these movements Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism, Rodnovery and the spread of Siberian shamanism, though the latter two claim societal, governmental and legal acceptance as "traditional religions".

The paradigmatic example of syncretic yet self-defined Christian new religious movements in Russia is the Church of the Last Testament (Vissarionism) and the first forms of Tolstoyism. Tolstoyism is a loose syncretic religious movement which began in the late nineteenth century, was suppressed in the 1930s, and enjoyed a revival in the 1970s and 1980s, based on the ideas of Leo Tolstoy. Its first wave combined ideas of Christian socialism, anarchism and pacifism, while since the 1970s Tolstoyans began to absorbe Eastern religious ideas. Foreign new religions, such as the Unification Church and the Church of Scientology, were able to enter Russia since the 1990s and engage in large-scale proselytism at all levels of society, in forms unseen even in Western countries.

Other Theosophical, Roerichian or New Age-inspired movements in Russia include the Bulgarian-originated Universal White Brotherhood (Dunovism), founded in the first half of the twentieth century by Peter Deunov and Omraam Mikhaël Aïvanhov, and its Ukrainian iteration the Great White Brotherhood (Yusmalos), founded in the 1990s by Yuri Krivonogov and Maria Tsvigun.

Other New Age movements in Russia include Radasteya, Bogoderzhavie ("God-Power", or the Interregional Social Movement of Spiritual Union), and the belief in the spiritual healing power of pyramids (pyramidology), led by Alexander Golod and Valery Uvarov, with tens of specially-built "Golod pyramids" throughout Russia and a large pyramid citadel being built in Tomsk under the direction of Uvarov. The 2010s saw the rise and worldwide spread of AllatRa, a Russian-Ukrainian New Age religion.

Data from the early 2000s showed that about 10% of the Russian population, or 15 million people, belonged to new religious movements. Studies covering seventeen years of observation have shown that new religious movements are the most dynamic and fastest growing among all religions in Russia.


 * In 2019, the Russian Public Opinion Research Center estimated that 65% of Russians were Christians (63% Orthodox, 1% Catholic and 1% Protestant), 5% were Muslim, 6% were believers without religion, 15% were not believers, 6% were undecided and 3% were "unknown". Religious beliefs varied considerably among age groups, with Orthodox being 74% among 60+ years-old Russians and 23% among 18 to 24 years-old Russians, Muslims being 1% and 9% in the same age groups, and not religious people being 14% and 37%.
 * In 2015, according to data collected for the "Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project" by the Association of Religion Data Archives, 48.2% of Russians were Christians (44.6% Orthodox, 1.5% Pentecostal, 1.1% Protestant, 0.5% Catholic and 0.5% other Christians), 10.6% were Muslims (10% Sunni and 0.6% Shia), 1.4% were followers of ethnic religions, 0.5% were Buddhists (0.4% Vajrayana and 0.1% other Buddhists), 0.1% were of other religions, 8.2% were not religious and 31% were "unknown".
 * In 2013, Sreda conducted a small-sampled survey of religion among the scholars participating to the research project "Faith and religion in modern Russia", mostly young and well educated. The result was that 47% of them were Christians (39% Orthodox), 4% were Muslims, 3% were atheists, 3% were of other religions, 13% were not religious, and 30% did not answer.


 * In 2015, according to data collected for the "Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project" by the Association of Religion Data Archives, 58.1% of Belarusians were Christians (50.3% Orthodox, 5.9% Catholic, 0.8% Pentecostal, 0.7% Protestant and 0.4% other Christians), 0.3% were Muslims, 0.1% were followers of other religions, 40.3% were not religious and 1.3% were "unknown".


 * In 2015, according to data collected for the "Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project" by the Association of Religion Data Archives, 48.1% of Hungarians were Christians (32.7% Catholic, 12.1% Protestant, 0.3% Pentecostal, 0.1% Orthodox and 2.8% other Christians), 0.1% were religious Jews, 0.2% were followers of other religions, 19.6% were not religious and 32% were "unknown".


 * In 2018, according to a study jointly conducted by London's St Mary's University's Benedict XVI Centre for Religion and Society and the Institut Catholique de Paris, and based on data from the European Social Survey 2014–2016, among the 16 to 29 years-old Czechs 8% were Christians (7% Catholic, 1% other Christians), 1% were of other religions and 91% were not religious.
 * In 2015, according to data collected for the "Religious Characteristics of States Dataset Project" by the Association of Religion Data Archives, 5.6% of Czechs were Christians (3.9% Catholic, 0.9% Protestant, 0.2% Orthodox, 0.1% Pentecostal and 0.5% other Christians), 0.1% were Buddhists, 0.2% were followers of other religions, 24.3% were not religious and 69.8% were "unknown".

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 * https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=judith%20schlehe%20and%20weber%202001&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA650&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
 * p:13 "neither ‘really authentic Tibetan Buddhism, nor fully its own tradition’"
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=judith%20schlehe%20and%20weber%202001&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA650&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
 * p:13 "neither ‘really authentic Tibetan Buddhism, nor fully its own tradition’"
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=judith%20schlehe%20and%20weber%202001&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA650&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
 * p:13 "neither ‘really authentic Tibetan Buddhism, nor fully its own tradition’"
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4olreTVoj0C&q=judith+schlehe+and+weber+2001&pg=PA283&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=judith%20schlehe%20and%20weber%202001&f=false
 * https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA650&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
 * p:13 "neither ‘really authentic Tibetan Buddhism, nor fully its own tradition’"
 * p:13 "neither ‘really authentic Tibetan Buddhism, nor fully its own tradition’"

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 * p. 131 have "become conscious of the value of their religion and have begun calling it as Sarnaism"
 * p. 173
 * p. 327 Christian Mundas returning to Sarnaism
 * p. 43 Sarna Dharam or Sarnaism "drew its ingredients from both inside and outside India"
 * p. 253
 * p. 62 Munda
 * p. 158 Oraon
 * pp. 27 ff
 * p. 172 Birsaism teaches endogamy, and therefore intermarriage is possible only among Sarnaists / p. 230 Birsaites have replaced the picturesque rituals of traditional Sarnaism with a religion of simple prayers and inexpensive rituals. / Ulgulan ("The Upheaval") religio-political movement started by Birsa Munda from Chotanagpur, aimed at freeing Munda tribals from colonialism by recreating ancient traditions.
 * p. 143

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