User:علی ویکی/info 3

To do

 * Turkestan/Khorasan name
 * Uzbekization
 * Template:Tajiks of Uzbelistan
 * Historical sites
 * Tajik/Uzbek relations
 * 1920' Bukhara conflicts
 * 1991 Samarqand conflicts
 * Persian language in Uzbeklistan
 * Minorities/Racism in Uzbekistan

Turkestan name

 * The name Turkestan is of Persian origin and was apparently first used by Persian geographers to describe " the country of the Turks ". It was revived by the Russians as a convenient name for the governorate-general created in 1867 and the terms Uzbekistan, Turkeminstan and etc. were not used untill after 1924.[ref1]
 * On their way southward from Siberia in 1864, the Russians took it, and many writers affirm that, mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan " for their new territory. Upto that time, they assure us Khanates of Bokhara, Khiva and Kokand were known by these names alone. (In Russian Turkestan: a garden of Asia and its people by Annette M. B. Meakin page 44)
 * Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of Turkish peoples.(Lands and peoples: the world in color: Volume 3 by Gladys D. Clewell, Holland Thompson, page 163)
 * These last imparted the name of Turkistan, having migrated from their habitations near the mountains of Bogdo, adjoining to those of Altai.(The American universal geography: or, A view of the present state by Jedidiah Morse, Aaron Arrowsmith, Samuel Lewis Page 643)

Tajiks in Uzbekistan

 * A persian based culture has an ancient heritage in the oasis regions of Central Asia.... It was Soviet nationality policies that created Uzbek and Tajik as separate ethnicities.
 * The Soviet years are linked with a politicization of ethnicity, and the demise of the old Persian-based culture.(Neil Melvin (2000) ''Uzbekistan: transition to authoritarianism on the Silk Road - Page 49-50')
 * Tajiks are also found in the mountainous areas outside Tashkent, in the Fergana valley, Jizzakh province, Surkhan darya and Kashka Darya. ['']
 * Soviet census in 1920 shows that a large number of Persian speakers disappeared into the category of Uzbek during the process of territorial delimitation suggested that the figure might be closer to six million, or twice the number located in the nominal Tajik republic. The ambiguous nature of Tajik and Uzbek identity in many regions makes it impossible to say how many Tajiks there are in Uzbekistan.['']
 * From the middle 1960', education in Tajik scaled down causing tension in Bukhara and Samarqand and the Tajik populated rural centers nearby. in the late 1980', significant inter-ethnic tension emerged between Tajiks and Uzbeks. In the middle of 1988, demonstrations took place in Samarkand and Bukhara with some participants demanding that territories with majority Tajik population be united with Tajikistan. It was reported that many of these actions were co-ordinated by Tajik Liberation Front, a shadowy and small movement. A society of Uzbekistani Tajiks was formed by Bekmuhamedov since 1991.['']
 * Since independence the position of Tajiks hasn't improved. Tajiks also appear to have been marginalised from the new areas of economic activity.... Tajiks also lack significant formal representation at the highest level.['']
 * despite the aggressive nation-building policies of Uzbekistani government, as yet there has been little violent confornation between Tajiks and Uzbeks.['']
 * As many Tajiks are bilingual, the new laws of language had little affect upon them.
 * A process of genocide concerning the Tajik people was initiated following the soviet delimitation policies when two-thirds of the inhabited by Tajik was incorporating within the Uzbek republic. [Rahom masov]
 * Uzbekistan's other main language is Tajik, which is widely spoken in Samarqand, Bukhara, and other regions in the east of the country that border Tajikistan. When the borders were set, the Tajik population was arbitrarily split between the two countries.(MaryLee Knowlton (2005), Uzbekistan, page 91)
 * Tajiks in Uzbekistan are divided into two fairly different groups: Tajiks of Samarqand and Bukhara and those of foothills. The latter about whom not much has been written.....they live in the valleys which run down into the plains of Uzbekistan, and thus have little lateral communication between them. From west to east, going clockwise from Tashkent, one has the Tajiks of borjmollah, then in the Ferghana valley those of Chadak, Chust, Kasansoy, Marhamat (Andijan), Sukh and Rishtan. Then after Tajikistan, Surkhan Darya. These Tajiks have almost no solidarity link with the Tajiks of Samarqand and Tajikistan.[Olivier Roy (2000), The new Central Asia: the creation of nations,p.70]
 * The district of Sukh is attached to Uzbekistan, enclaved within Kyrgyzistan, but with a population that is 95% Tajik and 5% Kyrgyz and no one single Uzbek.[p.70]
 * The Yaghnobis of the Upper Zarafshan valley who speak an east Iranian language driving directly from Soghdian were classified as a nation up until 1926, but then disappeared from the lists (census list) to become Tajik, and were finally deported to the plains of North Tajikistan in 1970 (This was the last mass deportation of Soviet era.)[p.71]
 * In Azerbaijan, two populations speaking Iranian languages, The Talysh and the Tats were redefined as Azeri back in the 1920s.[p.71]
 * This assimilation to the dominant ethnic group also applies to recognised nationalities. The tajiks of Uzbekistan were object of discreet but persistent policy of Uzbekisation. This was launched by F.Khojayev in 1924 and was based on a notion employed in Russification: since the Uzbeks were at a more advanced stage of development (they were already officially a nation in 1924, whereas Tajikistan was only an autonomous republic), it was seen as progressive to declare oneself as Uzbek when one was Tajik. (a similar argument applied in Azerbaijan). During 1970s and 1980s the Samarqand Tajiks complained that they were constantly being required to refer to themselves as Uzbeks.[p.71]
 * The concept of Uzbek in 1924 was not that of a nationality conscious of itself: There was no Uzbek national movement and what predominated were localist, tribal and infra-ethnic identities.[p.72]
 * Azerbaijani's leading writer, Mirza Fath Ali Akhundzade (1812-78) who wrote his play in the vernacular and campaigned for a simplified and adapted Arabic alphabet, used to refer to himself as a Persian. He called the language he used Turki rather than Azeri.[p.72]
 * The notion Azeris' or Azerbaijani emerged as a result of the period of independence in 1919-20.[p.72]
 * The distrcit of Surkhan Darya in Uzbekistan is majority Tajik speaking.[p.69]
 * The Taleshis and Tats were merged with Azeris because they were suspected of being too Persian.[p.68]
 * ....., On the other hand, there could be no question of developing a Persian identity which might be fostered by a rising Iran. Thus the Tajiks were broken up in 1924, to the benefit of Uzbeks.[p.67]
 * As a consequence, Jews of Bukhara and Azerbaijan who had a strong identity and speak respectively Persian and Tat.[p.65]
 * A model of genre is ti be found in a book by the liguinst Oranski, whose erudition is universally recognised. When he wrote a handbook presenting an overview of the ancient and present-dat Iranian languages, he had to use three different terms to define one language (Persian)-Faarsi, or the Persian of Iran, Tajik and Dari, or Afghan Persian. Ruling policy made it impossible for him to decribe Tajik as a Persian language, but the situation was more embarrassing in the case of Dari, because any Afghan speaker would refer to it as Faarsi.....There could be no more elegant way of admiting that the definition of the statues of a language, and by the same token of a ethnic group, is first and foremost political.[p.64]
 * Chaghatay was defined as Old Uzbek even though there were no Uzbeks among the population that spoke Chaghatay before the sixteen century.[p.62]
 * In 1920....Abdurrauf Fitrat, the leader of Jadid, made Uzbek the national and official language in place of Persian (even though he himself wrote mainly in Persian)[p.60 and p.72]
 * Magazines in Samarqand: Danesh va Amuzegar; Avaz-i Tajik-e Kambaghal. [p.73]
 * From the mid 1960s, growing Uzbek nationalism in Uzbekistan struck against the Tajik culture and language. Official support for the Tajiks was reduced and schools were closed, which caused tension in Bukhara and Samarkand and nearby rural areas. In the 1980s, tension between Uzbeks and Tajiks increased, and in 1988 demonstrations in samarqand and Bukhara demanded....[Lena Jonson - 2006, Tajikistan in the new Central Asia: geopolitics, great power - Page 112]
 * Uzbekistan had a favored position during Soviet times.[Lena Jonson - 2006, Tajikistan in the new Central Asia: geopolitics, great power - Page 112]
 * In Ferghana valley, both Tajik and Uzbek languages are in use by Tajiks. [Great Britain. United Kingdom National Commission for U.N.E.S.C.O. - 1978, Bilingualism in education: report on an International Seminar, Page 26]
 * Tajiks has lost their state independence their language played such a significant role durig succeeding centuries that many Tajik and Uzbek poets, among them Alishe Navoi, wrote in both the Uzbek and Tajik languages.[p.26]
 * Tajiks of Chust and Kassansai districts of Uzbekistan know the Tajik and Uzbek languages well from childhood.[p.26]
 * Bilinguis situation. [p.26]
 * the Tajiks have never reconciled themselves to the loss to the Uzbeks of their major cultural centers in Samarqand and Bukhara following the artificial redrawing of the borders in 1924.[Çiğdem Balım-Harding - 1995 Turkey--political, social, and economic challenges in the 1990s - Page 30]
 * the population of Tajiks in Uzbekistan is estimated over nine million [Lena Jonson, "Tajikistan in the New Central Asia", Published by IBTauris, 2006. pg 108]


 * There are also substantial Shia communities (of the 'Twelver' sect, ie the main Shia grouping) in and around Bukhara and Samarkand. They are known as Ironi. (Shirin Akiner, Minority Rights Group - 1997, Central Asia: conflict or stability and development: Issue 6)

Ottoman crimes in Azerbaijan and southern Caucasus
اوج ستيزه‌گري مردم آذربايجان در مقاومت مردم تبريز در برابر تصرف اين شهر از سوي قواي عثمان پاشا، در دوره شاه محمد خدابنده تجلي كرد

اوج قتل عام‌هاي آنها در سال 993ق [964 خ] در هنگام تصرف تبريز، در همين شهر صورت گرفت. «قاضي احمد قمي» از قلت عام هفت و هشت هزار نفر از مردم بي‌گناه تبريز سخن گفته است. وي مي‌نويسد:25 تمامي ينكچريان خود را به كوچه‌ها و محل‌ها انداخته، هركس را به نظر درآوردند به درجه شهادت رسانيده و از ديوار باغچه به خانه‌ها درآمده هركس را كه در نقب‌ها و زيرزمين‌ها پنهان شده بود، بيرون آورده به قتل رسانيدند (....) قريب هفت هشت هزار نفر به قتل درآورده، صد نفر از پيرزنان طعمه شمشير ساختند و چند تن از سادات صحيح‌النسب و علما و صلحا در اين قتل عام شربت شهادت چشيدند و اطفال شيرخواره را پاي به شكم نهاده به عالم آخرت رسانيدند و موازي هفت هشت هزار نفر از ساده‌رخان مه لقا و دختران سمن سيما و زنان حورلقا و اطفال مسلمانان از تبريزيان اسير نموده در ميانه خريد و فروخت نمودند (...) مجملاً از ظهور اسلام تا غايت، اين نوع قتل‌عامي بر زمره مومنين سمت ظهور نيافته بود و هيچ يك از سلاطين كفر جرأت به اين امر شنيع نكرده بودند كه از اين عثمانِ [عثمان پاشا] بي‌ايمان نسبت به مسلمانان صادر شد...

(ref:خلاصه التواريخ، ج1، ص 89-788، و نيز اسكندر بيك تركمان، ج1، ص 310 و نيز دون ژوان ايراني، ص 216.)

بيت شعر از ميرجعفر تبريزی درباره از كشتار مردم در ماه مبارك رمضان

تبريز چو كربلا شد از شيون و شين

فرقي كه بود همين بود در ما بين

كان بهر حسين در محرم بوده است

اين در رمضان بهر محبان حسين

در آخر ماه روزه تبريز الحق

گرديد چو كربلا ز خون ناحق

مورخان عثماني از جمله «حريمي» كه رساله‌اي به نام «فتح تبريز

از سحرگاه دست به هجوم همه‌جانبه زده، اموال و اسباب و دارايي اهالي شهر را چنان مورد غارت و چپاول قرار دادند كه صد مرتبه بتر از عملي كه تيمور در حمله به سيواس مرتكب شده بود را مرتكب شدند.

(ref:1- TẤRỈH-ỈOSMAN PAŞA,S.B1-82 (65a))

term
It is in September 1918 that the term Azerbaijan was applied for the first time to eastern Transcaucasia.(Levon Chorbajian, Patrick Donabédian, Claude Mutafian, The Caucasian knot: the history & geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh, p.81

Sites
Turkmenistan and Uzbek:

 ,, , ,  Farghana Valley:

Khudoyarkhan Palace · Dakhma-i-Shakhon · Margilan ancient city · ·  ·

Tashkent:

Zenghi-Ata Complex · Sheikhantaur Complex · Khazret-Imam Ensemble · Zenghi-Ata Mosque · Khoja Ahror Vali Mosque · Tilya-Sheikh Mosque · Namazgoh Mosque · Barak-khana Medressah · Medressah Kukeldash · The Abdulkasim Medressah · Khavendi Takhur Sheikh Mausoleum · Mausoleum Kaldyrgach-biy · The Yunus-khan Mausoleum · Mausoleum of Abubakr Mukhammad Kaffal Shashi · Mausoleum of Zainuddin-bobo Sheikh ·  ·

Khorezm:

Minaret Islam-Khoja · Minaret Kalta-Minor · Medressah Shirgaziz-khan · Medressah Mukhammad Amin-khan · Djuma Mosque · Ak-Mosque · Bogbonli Mosque · Seid Allauddin Mausoleum · The Akshi-Bobo Bastion · Pakhlavan-Makhmud Complex · Makhmud Rakhim-khan Palace ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

Bukhara: Ark Citadel · Varakhsha Palace · Ismail Samani Mausoleum · Chor-Minor Medressah · Kalyan Minaret · Mausoleum Chashma-Ayub · Medressah Ulugbek · Kalyan Mosque · Sitorai Mokhi-Khosa Complex · Bakhauddin Nakshbandi Complex · Namazgokh Mosque · Medressah Modari-khan · Baland Mosque · Seifeddin Bokharzi Mausoleum · Medressah Nadira Divan-Begi · Kukeldash Medressah · Miri-Arab Medressah · Lyabi-khauz Ensemble

Navoi:

Chashma · Fortress Nur ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

Samarqand:

Mausoleum of the Prophet Daniil · Rukhabad Mausoleum · Ak-Saray Palace · Gur-Emir Mausoleum · Chapan-ata Mazar · Ulugbek Observatory · Bibi-Khanym Mosque · Hazret-Hyzr Mosque · Shakhi-Zinda Necropolis · Registan Square · Imam al-Bukhari Memorial Complex · ·  ·  · · ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·  ·

Category:History of Iran Category:Central Asia