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= The work of the International Labor Organization to minimize the unemployment crisis caused by the Coronavirus. = From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Abstract

The rapid spread of Acute Respiratory Syndrome (coronavirus) is now leading to an epidemic worldwide. This has caused many problems in the performance of businesses (both large and small) and has even caused damage to larger industries and businesses. This disease has caused a global unemployment crisis, which varies according to the economies of countries and their performance. This crisis has caused countries with stronger economies to suffer less than countries with weaker economies. But the damage done to countries with stronger economies is significant. Due to the crisis caused by the Corona virus, we are facing a large number of people who have lost their jobs and become unemployed due to the closure of businesses, and this unemployment can also be accompanied by the Corona crisis. Turn into another crisis and have its consequences. Due to unemployment, which is one of the consequences of the Corona virus, in the meantime, the role of the International Labor Organization is highlighted, which must play a role these days and advise countries to leave a significant role in overcoming this crisis.

Introduction

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome (coronavirus) has led to worldwide epidemics. As of April 8, 2020, there are more than 1.4 million cases and 86,000 deaths from the virus worldwide. As a result, countries have adopted repression and mitigation strategies to control the spread of society, including forced social distance, restrictions on emergency medical care, and the closure of unnecessary jobs. Despite these efforts, unfortunately, the corona virus is still going strong. On the other hand, as mentioned earlier, this disease has caused many problems in the operation of businesses, both small and large businesses, as well as damage to larger industries and businesses. The world of work is affected by the global epidemic virus. This social and economic disorder, in addition to threatening public health, also threatens the livelihoods and well-being of millions. The International Labor Organization and its representatives, governments, workers, and employers have an important role to play in combating the prevalence, ensuring the safety of individuals and the stability of jobs. Given that this crisis is a new type of crisis that affects all countries and their economies, and each country is involved in its own way, and like other financial crises, such as the financial crisis of 2007-2008, which affects a specific range of countries. Engaged in construction. In the meantime, the performance of the International Labor Organization is much more important than what can be imagined, because, with its recommendations and actions, it can minimize the effects of this crisis. But in this crisis, the economies of the countries themselves and the developed and developing countries and the contribution of each country to the global cake of the economy in minimizing unemployment and harm to businesses is crucial. The International Labor Organization supports countries by advising and presenting solutions, but in fact it is the countries themselves that are the main players in the face of this crisis, and it is the policies of countries and their decisions that can protect them from the damage of this crisis to the environment. Guide business and the resulting unemployment. This crisis has caused damage to the majority of jobs, and in the meantime, the role of workers is important, and the existence of the crisis has caused their unemployment, and in the meantime, more damage has been done to men, especially the youth, which will be discussed later.

Report of the Secretary-General of the International Labor Organization

Workers and businesses face disaster both in developed countries and in developing economies. "We must act quickly, decisively and unitedly. Proper and immediate action can be the difference between survival and destruction." Guy Ryder, Secretary-General of the International Labor Organization emphasizes that a significant reduction in jobs and jobs for Arab countries 8.1 percent equals 5 million full-time workers, for Europe 7.8 percent equals 12 million full-time workers and for Asia and Oceania 7.2 percent or 125 million workers All the time is anticipated. Accordingly, the sectors most at risk are: accommodation and food services, manufacturing, retail, businesses and executive activities. In the revenue sector, huge losses are forecast among different income groups, especially in countries with an above-average income level, this loss of 7% will be equivalent to the loss of 100 million full-time workers. "This figure is far higher than the effects of the 2007-2008 financial crisis," Ryder said. Perhaps more dramatically, the projected decline can be summed up in the form of a quarterly loss of 195 million full-time jobs worldwide, and this figure is calculated on the initial assumption of a 40-hour workweek. The International Labor Organization, which represents organized labor, staff and countries, supports, in conjunction with the United Nations, an integrated approach to various aspects of the pandemic, including health, the economy and society. "The end-of-year figures are likely to be significantly higher than the World Labor Organization's initial forecast of 25 million jobs lost." According to the International Labor Organization, more than four in five people, or 81 percent of the world's 3.3 billion-strong workforce, are currently facing full or part-time closures. He also said that more than four out of five workers in the world are affected by the closure of the Corona crisis. "This is the biggest test for international cooperation in more than 75 years," Ryder said, adding that jobs and workers in developed and developing countries are facing disaster. If one country fails, we will all fail. "Workers in the informal sector, who make up 61 percent of the global workforce or two billion people, are at risk."

Earlier, the UN Secretary-General called the Corona outbreak "the worst crisis" since World War II and said it could lead to instability and conflict around the world.

Controlling the corona crisis and compensating for the damage caused by it requires comprehensive work that all organizations and institutions should work according to their expertise and efficiency to minimize this crisis. In the meantime, the role of some organizations and institutions is very colorful and has an important position. These include the role of the World Health Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the FAO, the International Labor Organization, and even UNICEF. Depending on their specific expertise, each can play a role in minimizing the corona crisis and the damage caused by it with their recommendations and actions.

Joint Statement by UNICEF and the International Labor OrganizationAfC submissions by date/19 July 2020 Need more support from working families during the coronavirus epidemic

Basic Business Tips to Help Employers Strengthen Their Support for Families During the Corona Outbreak:

UNICEF and the International Labor Organization said in a statement that as the coronavirus continues to spread and grow exponentially, it is essential that all working families be supported in a way that minimizes the negative consequences for children. Losing a job, closing schools, not having access to childcare facilities or people mean that families, especially low-income families, need more support.

"Families will grapple with the consequences of this epidemic for many years to come, including job losses, long-term stress, and mental health problems," said Dr. Pia Rebello Britto, UNICEF Child Development Officer. "The lack of adequate social support systems for highly vulnerable children also exacerbates their crisis."

In its initial recommendations, UNICEF urges employers to consider how their work decisions during this period will affect workers' families and to provide as much social support for workers as possible.

UNICEF and the International Labor Organization also call on governments to strengthen their social protection measures, especially for vulnerable families, including by supporting employers to create employment and earn income, and to provide financial support for those who work. They lose themselves.

"Social dialogue, consultation and partnership between governments, workers and their employers and their representatives is essential," said Manuela Tomai, director of the International Labor Organization's Department of Labor and Equality. "Effective and lasting results are built on trust and the use of experience."

Family-friendly policies and practices, such as supporting employment and earning, paid leave for family members, floating working hours, and access to child care in emergencies can have significant effects. By doing so, workers can support and care for themselves and their children, as well as increase their productivity and sense of security.

Initial recommendations for employers to reduce the negative consequences of coronavirus are:

I) Follow the recommendations of your national authorities and provide relevant and necessary information to the workforce.

II) Examine whether current workplace policies provide adequate support for workers and their families.

III) When implementing previous or new policies, adopt appropriate practices based on social dialogue, domestic labor laws and international standards. Ensure that all workers enjoy work-related protection measures without discrimination and that all workers are aware of, understand, and comfortable using these measures.

IV) Protect your workplace from any discrimination or social stigma; Educate others to do this and make sure reporting mechanisms are confidential and secure.

V) Enforce family-friendly work regulations so that workers have more freedom in how and when to do their jobs and responsibilities. If floating hours are not possible, consider other options for supporting working parents, including caring for their children.

VI) In the event of an outbreak of coronavirus, support working parents by providing appropriate and safe ways to care for their children.

VII) Prevent danger in the workplace by strengthening occupational safety and health and taking the necessary measures.

VIII) Advise and educate on occupational safety and health and hygiene practices.

IX) Encourage workers to see a doctor if they have symptoms such as fever, cough or shortness of breath.

X) Support your employees in dealing with stress during a coronavirus outbreak.

XI) Follow the government's social protection measures in accordance with Convention 102 of the Social Security Act (Minimum Standards) and the recommendation of the International Labor Organization Social Protection Floor. Company benefits can include, for example, subsidies for workers to access health insurance, unemployment insurance and disability insurance, and must also apply to informal workers.[2]

Coronavirus and the world of work, its impact on business and employment of workers, especially young people

Workplace and business closures

As the new figures show, with more details on the scope of countries' business closure policies, 94% of the world's workers live in countries from which measures are somehow taken to close their workplaces. Although more and more countries are gradually reducing such measures and the return of workers to work, but on May 17, 2020, 20% of the world's workers lived in countries where all areas except workers in the essential sectors Work has been forced to close. Another 69 percent lived in countries where mandatory closures were imposed on certain sections and groups of workers, and another 5 percent lived in countries where closures were recommended.

Lost working hours in the first half of 2020 and continued serious effects on employment

The outlook for the second quarter of 2020 remains bleak, with the International Labor Organization estimating that working hours are down 7.10 percent from the last quarter of 2019, equivalent to 305 million full-time jobs (assuming working weeks). 48 hours). From a regional perspective, the Americas (1.13%) and Europe and Central Asia (9.12%) have the highest hours of work lost.

Benefits of testing and tracking for the job market

Testing and tracking infections, according to the World Health Organization, is strongly linked to reducing labor market downtime. The International Labor Organization estimates that testing and tracking can help reduce lost working hours by up to 50 percent. The estimated lost working hours for countries with the lowest testing and tracking rates is about 14%, which is very different from the countries with the highest testing and tracking rates of about 7%. This is an important factor in designing policy measures to facilitate safe and secure return to work.

Extensive testing and tracking help countries make better use of information and learn from severely restrictive measures, while helping to build and maintain the public trust that economic activity requires. Testing and tracking can also help minimize interruptions in the workplace. Young people are doubly skeptical of the Corona crisis, which could lead to the emergence of an "enclosed generation."

Young people are the main victims of the social and economic consequences of the epidemic, and there is a risk that those injured by this phenomenon will become an enclosed generation during their working lives.

The latest statistics show that young people are severely affected by the Corona crisis with numerous shocks, including disruptions in education and training, employment and declining incomes, and further difficulties in finding work.

A total of 178 million young workers worldwide, or more than four in ten young people worldwide, were working in the sectors most affected by the onset of the crisis. Approximately 77% (328 million) of the world's young workers were employed in informal employment, which is comparable to about 60% of adult workers (25 years and older). Informal youth labor rates in Europe and Central Asia range from 9.32 to 4.93 percent in Africa. Even before the crisis, more than 267 million young people were neither employed nor studying, including approximately 68 million unemployed young people.

Technical and vocational training and in-service training are widespread. A joint survey by the International Labor Organization and UNESCO and the World Bank shows that 98% of respondents reported the complete or partial closure of technical and vocational schools and training centers. Although more than two-thirds of distance learning is now done, and mostly online, a small number of low-income countries have made the transition.

Another new global survey by the International Labor Organization and partners in the Global Jobs for Youth Initiative shows that more than one in six young people surveyed have stopped working since the start of the Corona crisis. Among young people who are still at work, working hours have dropped by 23%. In addition, about half of young students' report delays in completing their current education, while 10% predict that they will not be able to complete their studies at all. On the standard mental health scale, more than half of young people surveyed have been exposed to anxiety or depression since the onset of the epidemic.

Policy answers

The International Labor Organization calls for a swift and comprehensive policy response to prevent long-term harm to young people in terms of education and labor market prospects. To respond to the Corona crisis, governments must provide comprehensive solutions to these challenges and consider elements of all four aspects of the International Labor Organization's policy framework to address this problem.

Policy interventions targeting young people should be provided within the framework of comprehensive, inclusive and forward-looking employment policies, including the effective implementation of employment guarantees and skills, with incentive and better improvement packages.

By further testing and tracking contagions, along with closely monitoring the impact of the crisis on the companies and workers in the most affected sectors, including those in the informal economy, the establishment and sustainability of recovery with richer employment will be facilitated.

Given the potential for restructuring the economy in the post-corona period, support should be analyzed in sectors that are able to create appropriate and efficient employment.

Continuation of severe effects of closure on workers

The vast majority of workers around the world live in countries that have experienced some form of closure. About one-fifth of these workers live in countries where all workplaces are closed except for essential ones. According to the latest version of the Oxford Database to track government actions on the corona, 20 percent of the world's workers lived in countries where closure was required for all major workplaces except for the necessary workplaces. Another 69 percent lived in countries where certain sections or groups of workers were required to close their workplaces, and 5 percent lived in countries where closures were recommended.

Many countries have reduced workplace closures so that workers can gradually return to work. Since the beginning of April, several countries, which initially closed all workplaces except the necessary ones, have reduced these measures. This means a reduction in the share of workers from early April living in countries where workplace closure is mandatory for all but the workplace, along with an increase in the share of workers living in countries where workplace closure is mandatory for some sectors or groups. they do.

Unprecedented loss of working hours in the first half of 2020

According to the latest data confirming previous estimates of lost working hours, the crisis continues to be accompanied by an unprecedented decline in economic activity and working time, 8.4% of estimated working hours during the first quarter of 2020 (approximately 135 Million full-time jobs, assuming a 48-hour workweek), have been lost since the fourth quarter of 2019. This means a slight upward revision of about 7 million full-time jobs from the International Labor Organization's third monitoring report, which shows that in the first quarter of 2020 the crisis is more severe than previously estimated, especially in middle-income countries. High and high income have been impressive. Estimated decline in activity in the first quarter of 2020 is unequal in different regions. While the number of working hours in the first quarter of 2020 in Asia-Pacific fell to 5.6 percent (down 6.11 percent in East Asia), all other major regions experienced a decline of 3 percent or less in the first quarter. This pattern of the labor market is closely related to the time of disease outbreaks and physical distance in different parts of the world. The stimulus to global patterns in working hours lost in the first quarter is largely due to the exceptional impact of the corona crisis in China during the quarter. The outlook for the second quarter of 2020 is very bad. As of May 17, 2020, estimates show that working hours in the current quarter (second quarter) will decrease by about 7.10% compared to the last quarter of 2019, which is equivalent to 305 million full-time jobs (assuming 48 Hours per week). From a regional perspective, the United States, Europe, and Central Asia show the greatest lack of working hours. In the Americas, the loss of working hours in the second quarter is expected to reach 1.13 percent of pre-crisis levels. In Europe and Central Asia, the decline is estimated at 9.12 percent. For all other regions this rate is higher than 5.9%. South and South and Western Europe are the regions that show the most growing revisions to the loss of working hours (more than one percent) from the Organization's third monitoring report on the deteriorating situation in South America and the impact of the measures taken. The labor market in Europe has been tighter than expected. However, through intensive testing and tracking, some countries were better able than others to control corona expansion and minimize restrictions on economic activity. Many countries are gradually reducing their holiday activities so that workers can return to work, while monitoring how these changes will affect working hours, employment and income in the coming months is crucial.

The impact of the corona crisis on young people is faster and more severe; Immediate action is necessary to avoid the risk of creating an enclosed generation

Even in the best of times, young people (15 to 24 years old) are more likely than adults (25 years and older) to be unemployed or have a worse quality job. The global youth unemployment rate in 2019 (6.13%) was much higher than the pre-global financial crisis rate in 2007 (ie 12%). More than three-quarters of young workers (especially in Africa and South Asia) were employed in informal jobs in 2019, making them vulnerable to economic crises and shocks. Beyond the long-term challenges, the corona crisis is affecting young people around the world in three ways:

I) Disruption in education and training that can reduce job opportunities and potential income in the future.

II) The current wave of job losses and the collapse of start-ups is reducing incomes and employment (and threatening wages at work).

III) Creating more barriers to finding a job, re-entering the labor market and trying to transfer to better jobs.

In the current situation, the deprivation of young people from the labor market due to the long-term effects is one of the greatest dangers for society. In the long run, the crisis of the education and labor market crisis not only disrupts the quality and quantity of jobs, but also exacerbates inequalities between and within countries.

Young people also faced labor market challenges before the Corona crisis

Prior to the Corona crisis, unemployment affected 267 million young men and women. Nearly one-fifth of the world's youth, or 267 million people, have no job or education. The rate of non-employed and non-educated NEET young women is more than 31%, which is comparable to 9.13% of young men and reaches 40% in low-middle-income countries. A significant number of young people, especially young women, are underutilized in the labor market, including those in unemployment at this time, as well as the potential workforce, which includes discouraged workers who have given up looking for work.

When employed, young people focus on jobs that make them vulnerable to the loss of income and jobs during the current crisis. Approximately 77% or 328 million young workers worldwide are in informal employment, compared to about 60% of adult workers (25 years and older). Informal employment is characterized by worse working conditions, with poorer union representation, and less support through employment.

Informal employment rates for young people in low-income countries increase to more than 95% and 4.91% in low-income middle-income countries, more than 8% higher than adults (25 years and older) The highest informal rate in Africa (93.4 Percent), Asia-Pacific (4.84 percent). Another reflection of informal activity is the prevalence of self-employment among young people, with 8.39% of young people self-employed worldwide, although this share varies from 10.8% in Europe and Central Asia to 1.70% in Africa. Self-employment includes many successful entrepreneurs, but it also includes the poor and informal youth working masses in both urban and rural areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries.

Young people earn less than adults aged 25 to 54 and are more vulnerable to income shocks. Analysis of data from 64 countries (30% of the world's young employees) shows that the average hourly income for adults aged 25 to 54 is higher than the hourly income of young people. This reflects the fact that young people tend to work in low-income jobs and sectors (many of which have been severely affected by the Corona crisis). As a result, young people are particularly vulnerable to income shocks due to lower savings. Young people under the age of 30 make up about 70% of international immigrants. Many young immigrants have suffered from the effects of workplace and border closures and have been unable to return to work or return home.

In some high-risk areas, young people are severely affected by coronary heart disease

Prior to the Corona epidemic, 178 million young people worldwide, or more than four out of every 10 young workers, worked in four sectors most affected by the crisis, with more young people than adults 25 and older. Wholesale and retail are concentrated in the severely affected sectors, especially in housing and food services. Disruption of the supply chain will have devastating consequences for employment in production, affecting young people, especially young women, in sectors such as the garment industry in low- and middle-income countries, where nearly three-quarters of young people. Severely affected sectors are active (131 million) in informal employment This vulnerable group is the most numerous in middle-income countries, where 54 million young people are working informally in severely affected sectors since the onset of the coronary crisis. they do. While young women make up less than 39 percent of global youth employment, approximately 51 percent of youth employment is in housing and food services, 7.41 percent in wholesale and retail trade, 8.43 percent in real estate and other services. Due to the widespread closure of schools and the lack of cheap childcare services, the double burden of paid and unpaid work for young women, especially women with young children, is intensifying. At the forefront of responding to this pandemic are 8.11 million young people working in the healthcare and social care sectors. Approximately 74% of the young people working in this sector are women.

Youth unemployment is growing faster and higher during the Corona crisis

Recent data show a massive increase in youth unemployment since February 2020, especially for young women. In Canada, from February to April 2020, the unemployment rate increased by just over 6% for adults but increased to 3.14% for young men (1.27%) and 4.20% for young women (28.4%). A similar scenario has occurred in the United States. There, the unemployment rate for young men (16 to 24 years old) has increased comparatively from February to April 2020 (from 5.8 to 24 percent), while it has risen for young women (16 to 24 years old, from 5.7 to 8.29 percent). It has been even more. A similar trend has been observed in youth unemployment rates in other countries (Australia, China, Ireland, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and Switzerland).

However, changes in the unemployment rate do not reflect the full extent of the crisis. Labor force participation rates for young people around the world have also dropped significantly. Available data show that youth labor force participation fell from February to April 2020 by 1.7% in Australia, 7.11% in Canada, 9.1% in the Republic of Korea and 5.7% in the United States.

The decline in adult labor force participation aged 25 and over is between 4.0 percent in the Republic of Korea and 2.4 percent in Canada. Due to the limitations of job search, the challenge is that young people do not lose their belonging to the labor market in this way, as this makes it more difficult for them to rejoin the labor market once the labor economy has recovered. There is evidence that young people are suffering from the long-term and devastating effects of long-term unemployment, also known as "scarring", especially when entering the labor market during a recession. Empirical evidence shows that entering the labor market during a recession can negatively affect youth labor market outputs for a decade or more. Due to unfavorable economic conditions, young people fail in their initial attempt to find a job or end a job that does not match their educational background. Given that the recession caused by the Corona crisis is far more severe than previous fertilizers, it is likely that the long-term loss of wages will be experienced by all young groups failing to graduate from high school or university during the 2019-2020 academic year. They will face more competition for fewer jobs in the coming years. Preliminary results suggest that more than one in six young people surveyed has stopped working since the onset of the Corona crisis, while the proportion is higher among high-income countries, with young workers in countries of all levels. Earnings have been severely affected. For young people who remain in their jobs, working hours are reduced by 23% (21% for young women, 24% for young men) and also have a broad impact on income, with 43% since the onset of the disease. Young workers are aware of the significant reduction in working hours. Young men (46%) report more income decline than young women (38%). Approximately three out of four young workers (71%) still employed work part-time or part-time, while young women (74%) work this way more than young men (68%). These effects, ambiguities and uncertainties can have a significant impact on the mental health of young people. In this critical situation, 60% of young women and 53% of young men surveyed predict their career prospects with uncertainty or fear. Half of all young students' report delays in completing their current education, while 10% expect to never be able to complete their studies again. On the standard mental health scale, approximately half of all young people surveyed were exposed to anxiety or depression from the onset of the epidemic. Of note are young people who have the highest risk of anxiety or depression from the onset of the epidemic.

Four main pillars in dealing with the Corona crisis according to the standards of the International Labor Organization

Immediate support for organizations and workers around the world on an unprecedented scale must now be provided in the four pillars of the ILO's policy framework for responding to the Corona crisis.

Column 1; Stimulating the economy and employment:

I) Active financial policies.

II) Consistent monetary policies.

III) Giving loans and financial support to specific sectors, including the health sector.

Column 2; Support for enterprises, jobs and incomes:

I) Expansion of social support for all.

II) Implementation of employment maintenance measures.

III) Providing financial / tax exemptions and other exemptions to enterprises.

Column 3; Support for workers in the workplace:

I) Strengthening technical protection and occupational health measures.

II) Compliance with work methods (including telework).

III) Prevention of discrimination and deprivation of access to health care for all increases in paid leave.

Column 4; Relying on social dialogue for solutions:

I) Strengthening the capacity and resilience of employers 'and workers' organizations.

II) Strengthening the capacity of governments.

III) Strengthening social dialogue, collective bargaining and labor relations institutions and processes.

Organization monitoring report

The urgent need for political action to address the impact of the crisis on young people is emphasized to prevent the destruction of a generation's productive potential.

Investing in testing and tracking is rewarding Testing and tracking is associated with less disruption and disruption in the workplace and can help increase consumer confidence, which in turn should stimulate demand. It should be ensured that every testing and tracking program is carried out as part of a government-led initiative, and that appropriate data protection and safeguards are put in place to collect and process data to protect workers' data privacy and prevent discrimination. Illegal is prevented.

Immediate, large-scale, targeted responses to employment policies, along with macro-supportive policies, are needed to prevent today's young people from becoming an "isolated generation." This crisis will have long-term consequences unless appropriate policy interventions are taken to address young people around the world, especially the most vulnerable during such a severe recession. All policy measures should address other specific challenges for young women.

Given the risk of long-term damage to the youth labor market outlook as well as their overall well-being and health, governments need comprehensive solutions with elements of all four pillars of the International Labor Organization's policy framework to address the Corona crisis, including supporting education development. And provide skills for young people, including digital and e-learning skills, work-based learning, entrepreneurship, social support, and improving rights and conditions in the workplace.

Implementing comprehensive employment and training programs is very promising if such approaches are possible. The EU Youth Guarantee Scheme is an example of a periodic anti-unemployment policy that provides comprehensive and rapid intervention in times of crisis to protect young people from long-term deprivation of the labor market. By combining support for the entry or re-entry of vulnerable youth into education, training or employment with macroeconomic stabilization, such programs can improve overall employment.

In low-and middle-income countries, including those experiencing war and economic fragility, comprehensive youth responses are needed, including employment programs and guarantees, but they must be adapted to the specific circumstances of such countries and they may They need internal and external support in financing and implementing these programs.

References https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_743326. Missing or empty |title= (help) [2. https://www.unicef.org/documents/family-friendly-policies-and-other-good-workplace-practices-context-covid-19-key-steps 2. https://www.unicef.org/documents/family-friendly-policies-and-other-good-workplace-practices-context-covid-19-key-steps] Check |url= value (help). horizontal tab character in |url= at position 3 (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)

Categories: AfC submissions by date/19 July 2020