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= Philosophy of ecology = The philosophy of ecology is a recently developed and recognised field under the category of philosophy of science. This has been a recently developed and recognised field under the category of philosophy of biology. Central concerns involve diversity-productivity and its role in establishing ‘common good’, environmental issues, and certain overlapping themes that are central to philosophy of science: ‘contingency, complexity, laws and theories’. Integration of ethics within ecology is acknowledged, beyond ‘population, communities, and ecosystems’.

Ecology itself studies the political and ethical interactions between the environment and existence. Philosophy of ecology, therefore, presents understanding of biology and humanities. It can be seen as a discipline of “biohumanities”. Philosophy of ecology is a relatively new field of science that gained considerable attention during the past. Relationships between philosophy and ecology largely underlines the field of environmental ethics.

= Environmental Ethics = Biological spheres are deemed to be threatened by human factors. To abate further degeneration of the natural world, human approaches to improvement and sustainability are necessary. Environmental ethics resulted from the concern of this deterioration with the world. In the protection of environment, biodiversity, and ecosystems.

There is a belief that environmental issues are prominently anthropogenic, and that this stems from anthropocentrism. Refuting this view is proponent in the belief that nonhuman entities are worthy of value. A common belief amongst environmental philosophy is the view that biological entities are morally valuable independent of human standards.

A main concern in environmental ethics is anthropogenically induced mass extinction within the biosphere. The attempt to to interpret it nonanthrocentrically is vital. Environmental Ethics endorses this approach instead. Mass extinction, for example, although regarded as undesirable, shows that these events have value. Paleotonoloy, for example, details mass extinction as pivotal and a precursor to major radiations. Nonanthrocentric views interpret the death of dinosaurs as and preservation of biodiversity is principle to anthrocentric values. The main issue with this interpretation is that there is a lack of judgement in the advantages and disadvantages in its placement within this world. Theories of values should be implemented for anthropocentric measurement.

As ecology is closely entwined with ethics. Understanding environmental approaches require understanding the world, which the role of ecology and environmental ethics. The main issue is the also incorporate natural entities in its ethical concern. Conscious, sentient, living and exiting beings are currently involved.

Mathematical Models
Mathematical models play a role in questioning the issues presented in ecology and conservation biology. It explores the relationship between applications of mathematics and practice.

There are descriptive models, wherein it details single-species population growth, for example, and multi-species models like Lotka-Volterra predator-prey equations. These models presents to explain behavioural activity through the idealisation of the intended target. Normative models describe the current state and how variables should be.

In its application in ecology, complicated biological interactions require explanation, which is where the models come into play. For example, identification and explanations of organisms, and population abundance is essential for understanding the role of ecology and biodiversity. Applications of equations enable providing an inclination of an answer, or a model to suggest an answer for these questions that come up. Mathematical model in particular also provide contextual supporting information regarding factors on a wider, more global scale as well.

The purpose of these models and the differences in normative models and scientific models is that the standard in these models provide different applications. They aid in illustrating decision making outcomes, ad also aid in tacking group decisions. For example, mathematical models incorporate environmental decisions of people within a group holistically. The model helps represent the values of each members, ad the weightings of respect in the matrix. The model will then deliver the final result. In the case of conflict, about proceedings or how to represent certain quantities, the model may be limited in that it would be deemed not of use. Furthermore, the number of idealisations in the model is also presented.

Issues
Issues in environmental ethics require further research. The significance of environmental ethics helps substantiate understanding in to ecology. In the event where ecological value is placed onto an environmental aspect, then this provides premise for further appropriate research, which in itself, aids in understanding biodiversity. In the event where the ideas are misguided, it would help enable greater operations research in environmental decision making.

Future Considerations
In considering the future approaches of philosophical ecology, conceptual issues require further research and discussion.

Along with environmental ethics, other optics such as the complexity-stability hypothesis, ecological issues involving uncertainty, community ecology and its concerns, politics and its role in ethics regarding the environment, as well as concerns involving ecological stability and sustainability. Interaction between philosophers and ecologists enable for optimising research in the field.