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Distribution and Habitat Section Outline

(Defler, T. 1996)

·       Group studied for 1,800 hours from June 1984 – Sept. 1987 in eastern Colombian Amazon used a home range of about 760 ha. 90% overlapped the ranges of three other groups. Within the study area woolly monkeys occurred at a density of 5.5 individuals/km’ and average day range was 2,880 meters

·       Home range increases as group sizes change and may also be affected by soil fertility

·       Choice in habitat appears to be influenced by floristic diversity

(Di Fiore, A. and Rodman, P.S. 2001)

·       Distribution was modified from Fooden 1963 and shows L. lagotricha (see map)

·       Yasuni groups utilized the smallest home ranges reported for any population of the species (108 to 124 ha), while also traveling the greatest distances each day (Di Fiore, 1997). Yasuni and Tinigua groups seem to live in somewhat smaller and more spatially cohesive social groups compared with other woolly groups elsewhere.

·       Differences in ranging may be tied to ecological differences and soil fertility, ref. to Defler 1996.

(Fooden, Jack. 1963)

·       Relatively widespread in the upper Amazonian basin and adjacent regions

·       West of the Rios Negros Tapajos, Colombian drainage of the Orinoco south of Rio Arauca, and upper Rio Magdalena Basin of southern Colombia (see map)

·       Western Brazil, eastern and central Colombia, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, probably northern Bolivia. Range is sea level to 3,000 meters

(Peres, C.A. 1994.)

·       Study area was 900 ha plot of lowland terre firme forest near headwaters of Urucu river, Tefe, Amazonas, Brazil. Type of range is considered to be typical for species.

·       Geographic range consists of many large, intact forests

·       Movement of groups is tied to availability of food source

Primate Info Net

·       Found in Amazonian South America -- Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fooden 1963; Ramirez 1988; Wallace & Painter 1999)

·       Woollies should be found in Venezuela (Bodini & Péres-Hernàndez 1987)

·       Report of L. lugens from Venezuela near Colombian border (Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976). Genus distribution extends from Rio Negro and Rio Tapajós in Brazil west throughout the upper Amazon basin (Defler 2004; Emmons 1997)

·       Distributions of individual species generally not well defined (Aquino & Encarnación 1994)

·       L. cana southeastern-most of woolly monkey species (Fooden 1963; Aquino & Encarnación 1994; Iwanaga & Ferrari 2002)

·       Recently reported pop. from Bolivia, Madidi National Park (Wallace & Painter 1999)

·       L. poeppigii is in W. Brazil, E. Ecuador and NW Peru ( http://www.redlist.org ; Fooden 1963). South and east of Amazon and Napo Rivers, east of Andes, north of  Marañón River and south of Marañón River, west to Huallaga River, continuing south to Aguaytia and Pachitea Rivers ( http://www.redlist.org ; Aquino & Encarnación 1994).

·       L. lugens in Colombia, reported from Venezuela, near Colombian border ( http://www.redlist.org ; Fooden 1963; Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976). Within Colombia, L. lugens extends as far north as Guaviare River with isolated populations in the Córdoba Department and in southeastern Bolívar Department in the northwest of the country (Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976; Defler 2004). L. lugens extend to near the Venezuelan border east of the Cordillera Oriental (Defler 2004). East, L. lugens meets distribution of L. lagotricha along lower Guayabero River (Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976).

·       Habitat types include lowland rainforest, terra firme rainforest, old-levee forest, cloud forest, low-ground forest, seasonally flooded forest, hilly forest, terrace forest, transition forest, igapó forest, creekside lowland forest and palm swamps (Kavanagh & Dresdale 1975; Soini 1986; Peres 1994a; Defler 1996a; Peres 1996; Bennett et al. 2001; Cant et al. 2001; Stevenson 2006).

·       Primary forest preferred (Soini 1986; Stevenson 2006).

·       L. lugens found up to 3,000 meters above sea level (Defler 1996b)

·       At Tinigua National Park, Colombia, L. lagotricha use tropical lowland forests, including mature forest (79%), open-degraded forest (8%), flooded forest (10%), and secondary forest (4%) (Stevenson 2006). Highly seasonal rainfall, dry season December through March, average rainfall of 278.2 cm (109.5 in) during rainy remainder of the year (Stevenson 1998; Stevenson et al. 2000; Stevenson 2006).

·       L. cana study site in Upper Urucu River, Brazil rainfall averaged 302.8 cm (119.2 in), dry season July through September (Peres 1994a; 1996)

(Stevenson, P. R. 1998)

·       Study site located in tropical rainforest on W. margin of Duda River, Tingua National Park, Colombia, highly seasonal rainfall, dry season Dec-March w/ rain the rest of year

·       89% rolling hills dissected by brooklets, 11% flooded plains near river margins

(Stevenson, P. R. 2006)

·       3 year study in Tinigua Park, Colombia, tropical lowland forest in Eastern park, avg. annual precipitation for the three study years was 2,782 mm.

·       Central Amazon region pop range over larger areas than groups in upper Amazonia (Stevenson et al. 1994; Di Fiore and Rodman 2001; Di Fiore 2003), up to five times in magnitude, and are associated with variations in population densities, which are negatively correlated with fruit production (Stevenson 2001), could be influenced by soil fertility.

·       Mature forest consistently preferred -- tend to avoid open-degraded forests (fruit production is generally lower than in mature forests). Diet and activity budgets associated with temporal patterns of fruit production. Daily path length positively correlated with group size and monthly fruit abundance and negatively correlated with habitat quality.

(Stevenson, Pablo A., et al. 1994)

·       13 month study in Tingua National Park, Colombia, eastern border with highly seasonal rainfall, dry season Dec-March w/ rain the rest of year

·       Woolly monkeys spend most time in tall, mature forest with continuous canopy where fruit production is higher over degraded or flooded forests

·       Change in habitat use correlated with fruit availability

·       L. lagotricha is widespread in the Amazon basin with four allopatric subspecies: L.l. lagotricha, L.l. poeppiggi, L.l. cana, L.l. lugens (Fooden, 19631)

·       Home range size varies among groups and localities, usually ranges from 250 to 760 ha (Nishimura & Izawa, 1975; Defler,1987)

·       Most common vegetation type was mature forest (53%) followed by open degraded forest (34%) and flooded forest (11%). Remaining 2% was composed of riparian forest and a secondary human disturbed forest.

·       Woolly monkeys preferred mature forest (82%) to open-degraded forest (11%) and flooded forest (5%)

·       Size of home range estimated at 169 ha.

·       Home range for study group is much smaller than for other woolly monkey groups reported